INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFAPPLIEDENGINEERINGRESEARCH,DINDIGUL Volume1,No1,2010 Copyright2010AllrightsreservedIntegratedPublishingAssociation RESEARCHARTICLEISSN 09764259

InvestigationonColdformedCsectionLongColumnwithIntermediate Stiffener&CornerLips UnderAxialCompression

2 M.Meiyalagan1 M.Anbarasu andDr.S.Sukumar3 1

P.G.Student,DepartmentofCivilEngineering,GovernmentCollegeofEngineering, TamilNadu,India. 2 ResearchScholar,DepartmentofCivilEngineering,GovernmentCollegeofEngineering,Tamil Nadu,India 3 AssistantProfessorandHead,DepartmentofCivilEngineering,GovernmentCollegeof Engineering, TamilNadu,India mariyapmei_dd@yahoo.co.in

Abstract ThePresentthesisworkaimsatthestudyofbucklingbehaviorofopenweb Opencrosssectionwithintermediatestiffener&cornerLipsundercompression.Introduction dealswiththegeneralideaaboutcoldformedsteelmembers,problemsoninvestigation need for this Thesis, objective of the investigation, scope of the thesis methodology. Literature review details the review of the literature on torsional flexural buckling, Distortional buckling, Channel section with Stiffened Lip and Cold formed members and Openwebsections.Expressionsfordistortionalbucklingstress&flexuraltorsionalbuckling stresshasbeenobtainedformonosymmetricopencrosssectioncompressionmembers.Four testspecimens havebeenfabricatedwithgeometryofC Sectionwithstiffenedboth WebandFlangewith variousthicknessandexperimented.NumericalanalysisusingFEM SoftwareANSYS11isperformedonthetested modelsandtheresultsarecompared withtheExperimentalresults.DesignformaximumLimitstrengthofColumnsusingIndian Standard(IS801 1975)istobecalculated. Comparison of experimental and analytical results using ANSYS and Indian Standardmethodvaluesarepresentedunderresultsanddiscussion.FinallyConclusion andscopeforfutureworkispresentedbasedontheresults.

1.Introduction Coldformed steel products are found in all aspects of modern life in the home,theshop,thefactory,theoffice,thecar,thepetrolstation,therestaurant,andindeed in almost any imaginable location. Theusesof these products are many and varied, ranging from tin cans to structural piling, from keyboard switches to mainframe building members. Nowadays, a multiplicity of widely different products, with a tremendousdiversityofshapes,sizes,andapplicationsareproducesin steelusingthe coldformingprocess. Coldformedsteelproductssuchassectionshavebeencommonlyusedinthe metalbuildingconstructionindustryformorethan40 years.Thepopularityofthese products has dramatically increased in recent years due to their wide range of application, economy, and ease of fabrication, and high strengthto weight ratios. In market various shapes of these products are available Csections are predominantly used in light load and 28

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mediumspansituationssuchasroofsystems.Theirmanufacturingprocessinvolvesforming steel sections in a cold state (i.e. without application of heat) from steel sheets of uniform thickness. The use of coldformed steel structures is increasing throughout the world with the productionofmoreeconomicsteelcoilsparticularlyincoatedformwithzincoraluminum/ zinc coatings. These coils are subsequently formed into thinwalled sections by the coldforming process. They are commonly called Light gauge sections since their thickness has been normally less than 2.0 mm. However, more recent developments have allowedsectionsupto25mmtobecoldformed,andopensectionsuptoapproximately8mm thickarebecomingcommoninbuildingconstruction.Thesteelusedforthesesectionsmay haveayieldstressrangingfrom250MPato550MPa.Thehigheryieldstresssteelsare also becoming more common as steel manufacturers produce high strength steel more efficiently. Further, the shapes which can be coldformed are often considerably morecomplex thanhotrolledsteelshapessuchasIsectionsandunlippedchannelsections.Thecold formed sections commonly have mono symmetric or point symmetric shapes, and normallyhavestiffeninglipsonflangesandintermediatestiffenersinwideflangesandwebs. Bothsimpleandcomplexshapescanbeformedforstructuralandnonstructuralapplications asshowninFigure.Specialdesignstandardshavebeendevelopedforthesesections. The market share of coldformed structural steelwork continues to increase in the developedworld.Thereasonsforthisincludetheimprovingtechnologyofmanufactureand corrosion protection which leads, in turn, to the increase competitiveness of resulting products as well as new applications. Recent studies have shown that the coating loss for galvanized steel members is sufficiently slow, and indeed slows down to effectively zero, thanadesignlifeinexcessof60yearscanbeguaranteed.

TypicalColdFormedSteel

Therangeofuseofcoldformedsteelsectionsspecificallyasloadbearingstructural componentsisverywide,takingintheAutomobileindustry,Shipbuilding,Railtransport,the

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Aircraft industry, Highway engineering, Agricultural and Industry equipment, Office equipment,Chemical,Mining,Petroleum,NuclearandSpaceindustries. 1.1Application Coldforminghastheeffectofincreasingtheyieldstrengthofsteel,theincreasebeing the consequence of cold working well into the strainhardening range. These increases are predominantinzoneswherethemetalisbentbyfolding.Theeffectofcoldworkingisthus toenhancethemeanyieldstressby15%30%.Forpurposesofdesign,theyieldstressmay beregardedashavingbeenenhancedbyaminimumof15%. In general, coldformed light gauge steel structural members provide the following advantagesinbuildingconstruction: v Cross sectional shapes are formed to close tolerances and these can be consistentlyrepeatedforaslongasrequired. v Cold rolling can be employed to produce almost any desired shape to any desiredlength. v Pregalvanizedorprecoatedmetalscanbeformed,sothathighresistanceto corrosion,besidesanattractivesurfacefinish,canbeachieved. v All conventional jointing methods, (i.e. riveting, bolting, welding and adhesives)canbeemployed. v Highstrengthtoweightratioisachievedincoldrolledproducts. v Theyareusuallylightmakingiteasytotransportanderect v As compared with thicker hot rolled shapes, more economical design can be achievedforrelativelylightloadsand/orshortspans. v Unusual sectional configuration can be economically produced by cold forming operation, and consequently favorable strengthtoweight ratios can beobtained. v Loadcarryingpanelsanddeckscanprovideusefulsurfacesforfloor,roof,and wall constructions, and in other cases they can provide enclosed cells for electricalandotherconduits. v Load carrying panels and decks not only withstand loads normal to their surfaces,buttheycanalsoactassheardiaphragmstoresistforceintheirown planes if they are adequately inter connected to each other and to supporting members. 1.2CharacteristicsOfColdFormedSteelStructuralMembers v v v v v v v v v v Compared with other materials such as timber and concrete, the following qualitiescanberealizedforcoldformedsteelstructuresmembers. Lightness Highstrengthandstiffness Easeofprefabricationandmassproduction Fastandeasyerectionandinstallation. Substantialeliminationofdelaysduetoweather. Moreaccuratedetailing. Nonshrinkingandnoncreepingatambienttemperature. Formworkunneeded. Termiteproofandrot proof.

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v v

Uniformquality. Combination of the above mentioned advantages result in cost saving during constructions.

1.3BehaviourUnderAxialcompression NonSymmetricopenwebcrosssections(whosecentroiddoesnotcoincidewithshear centre) will undergo flexural torsional buckling. Single symmetric sections will likely to failflexuralbuckling,orflexuraltorsionalbucklingdependingontheiractualsizes.Double symmetrical members, may be susceptible to lateral torsional buckling (flexural buckling) duetothepresenceoftheimperfections.Puretorsionalbucklingmodesarelikelytooccurfor pointsymmetricsectionsinwhichthe shearcentreandcentroidcoincides.Lateraltorsional buckling (or flexural torsional buckling) FT is a combination of flexural buckling (F) and torsional buckling (T). Long columns fail in flexural or flexural torsional buckling and shortcolumnsindistorsionalbuckling. 1.4TypesofBuckling i) ii) iii) LocalBuckling DistorsionalBuckling Eulersbuckling(Flexuralorflexural torsional)

1.5LocalBuckling: The plate elements of Cold formed sections are normally thin higher plate slendernessratioandhencetheybucklelocallybeforeyieldstressisreached,Localbuckling mode of a given thin walled member depends, on its i) cross section geometry (shape & dimensions)andii)andsupportconditions.Theelasticlocalbucklingofthinelementsdoes notimmediatelyleadtofailure.Theelementscancarryadditionalloadinthepostbuckling strength before failure occurs. The Post buckling strength of elements having relatively large flat width tothicknessratio may be several times the load that causes localbuckling. Consequently all the cold formed design specifications take into account the post bucklingstrength. 1.6FlexuralBuckling: Inthismodecompressionbucklesoutweakerprincipleaxis&collapsesoccuratrate following excessive buckling deformation (no twisting). Normally, Long columns will undergoflexuralbucklingalonghalfwavelengths. 1.7TorsionalBuckling: IntheTorsionalbucklingmode,themembersfailsbytwistingaboutthelongitudinal axisthroughtheShearcentre(Nobending). 1.8Flexural TorsionalBuckling:

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Due tothe smaller thickness the section have low torsional stiffness and their shear centre and centroid are located away from each other. This causes flexural torsional buckling(simultaneousbendingandtwisting).

1.9DistorsionalBuckling: Distorsional buckling, also known as Stiffener buckling or Local torsional buckling is mode characterised by a rotation of the flange at the flange Web junction in numbers with edge stiffened elements. In members with intermediate stiffened elements distorsionalbucklingischaracterizedbydisplacementoftheintermediatestiffenernormalto theplaneoftheelement. 2.ExperimentalStudy: TogetinsightofthebehaviourandthemodeoffailureofCsectionColumnofOpen Crosssection withWebStiffenedUnderCompression. PropertiesofSpecimen: OneSpecimen ineachthicknessistestedtodeterminethemodulusofelasticityand yieldstressforsteel. TensionTestonSteelSheet: IS 1608 2005 (Part I) prescribes the method of conducting tensile test on steel sheetstriplessthan3mmandnotlessthan0.5mmthick. TestSpecimen: v v The test piece has a width b of 20mm and gauge length lo of 80mm. However,ifthe nominalthicknessais notgreaterthan2mm,thetestpiece mayhaveawidthof12.5mmandagaugelengthloof50mm. Thetestpiecegenerally hasenlargedends inwhichcasethere isatransition radiusofnotlessthan20mmbetweenthegripedendsandtheparallellengths. The Width of the enlarged ends is not less than 20mm and not more than 40mm.alternativelythetestpiecemayconsistofastripwithparallelsides. Theendsofthetestpiecemetalheldinsuitablegripsinthetestingmachinein suchawaythatthecentrelineofpullcoincideswiththe longitudinalaxisof thetestpiece.

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The parallel length is kept between Lo + b/2 & Lo + 2b.

TensiontestonSteelSheet Where, Lo=OriginalGaugelength Le=Parallellength Lt=Totallength b=Widthofthetestpiece 2.1RateofLoading If the Yield stress is to be determined, the speed of the machine should be so regulatedthattherateofincreaseofstressonthetestpieceisnotmorethan1Kg/Sq.mm/Sec. fromastressvs.approximately5Kg/Sq.mmuntiltheyieldpointisreached.TheGraphswere plottedandtheYoungsmodulusandtheYieldstresswerecalculated. Stressin N/mm2 0 0.035714286 0.071428571 0.107142857 0.142857143 0.214285714 0.25 0.285714286 0.321428571 0.372559524 0.38672619 0.428571429 0.429194444 0.40297619

LoadinKN 0 0.9 1.8 2.7 3.6 5.4 6.3 7.2 8.1 9.3885 9.7455 10.8 10.8157 10.155

Deflectioninmm 0 0.009 0.023 0.0276 0.0437 0.06325 0.069 0.07245 0.08855 0.09545 0.2944 0.3887 0.4025 0.7935

Strain 0 0.0001 0.000256 0.000307 0.000486 0.000703 0.000767 0.000805 0.000984 0.001061 0.003271 0.004319 0.004472 0.008817 33

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11.43 11.745 12.165 12.73125 12.8625 13.25625 13.335 13.335 11.85 11.27 10.8 10.26 9 7.4835 6.9 6.513
0. 6 0. 5 0. 4

1.0005 1.2075 1.8124 2.093 2.4025 2.9877 3.3005 3.7007 3.77775 4.002 4.0825 4.2205 4.4137 4.7173 4.8185 4.98295

0.453571429 0.466071429 0.482738095 0.505208333 0.510416667 0.526041667 0.529166667 0.529166667 0.470238095 0.447222222 0.428571429 0.407142857 0.357142857 0.296964286 0.273809524 0.258452381

0.011117 0.013417 0.020138 0.023256 0.026694 0.033197 0.036672 0.041119 0.041975 0.044467 0.045361 0.046894 0.049041 0.052414 0.053539 0.055366

S 0. 3 tr e 0. 2 s 0. 1
0 0 0. 01 0. 02 0. 03 0. 04 0. 05 0. 06

Strain

Result: Thickness(mm) 1.76 TestSection: The program involved fabrication of four specimens of Long column web stiffenedrack section with opencross section of variousthickness 1mm,1.2mm,1.6mm& 2mmrespectivelyareaslistedbelow. SectionDimensions Specimen Length No (L)mm Section 1 A(mm) B(mm) C(mm) D(mm) E(mm) Thick (tinmm)
2 YoungsModulus(N/mm ) 5 2.1x10 2 YieldStress(N/mm ) 357.17

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1 2000 2 2000 3 2000 4 2000 Section 2 1 2000 2 2000 3 2000 4 2000

60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60

60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60

15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15

10 10 10 10 20 20 20 20

14.1 14.1 14.1 14.1 21.2 21.2 21.2 21.2

1 1.2 1.6 2 1 1.2 1.6 2

2.2TestSet up&Instrumentation:

TheexperimentalarrangementsareshowninFig.below.

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Initialarrangements

LAnglearrangementsforTranslationresistance

TestProcedure: 1.Thetestspecimenhasbeenfixedintothetestsetupasshowninfig.above,bythe useof corner L angle, used forfree rotations (i.e. moment free) andcompletely avoidingthetranslationofthemember. 2.Check the alignments and fix the LVDT (for testing the deflection) & Strain gauges (formeasuringstrain)atanecessarylocations. 3.TheloadcellarefixedbetweentheProvingring&thesupportandconnecteditin to theDatalogger. 4.ApplyaxialUniformlyDistributedload,bytheuseofmechanicalScrewJack. 5.NecessaryreadingsaretakenfromProvingring&fromtheDataLogger. 6.Graphsareplottedasfromtheresultsobtained. 36

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7.Calculations are made theoretical (as per codes & from Literatures) and comparing withexperimentalresults. 8.TheExperimentalresultsalsobecomparewiththeNumericalresults(ByFinite ElementmethodasdonebyusingANSYS(AnalyticalSystems)Software. 3.ComparisonofExperimentalTestResultswithANSYSsoftware:

Modeoffailureinbucklingfor1mmthicknessspecimen

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Modeoffailureinbucklingfor1.2mmthicknessspecimen

Modeoffailureinbucklingfor1.6&2mmthicknessspecimen

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BucklingmodefailurepredictioninANSYSSoftware

StressbehaviorofspecimenbyANSYSPackage

ComparisonofExperimentalTestResultswithNumericalAnalysis(asperIS801 1975): SpecimenNo Areainmm2 Experimental UltimateLoadinN Theoretical PermissibleLoadinN

Specimen 1 1 2 3 4 308.2 369.84 493.12 616.4 Specimen 2 1 2 3 4 332.4 398.88 531.84 664.8 17283 17283 30226 61971 16967 22193 32979 54029 15050 17038 32522 58891 16977 22210 33010 54118

3.1Comparison As compare to the Experimental test results with Theoretical analysis the following variationhasbeenencountered:

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ThemaximumpermissibleloadfoundinNumericalanalysis(asperIS8011975)is approximately same for 1.6mm thick of 2000mm length column as found in experimentalultimateload,butforthesectionsofthickness1mm&1.2mmismuch higherandfor2mmthickcolumnismuchlesser. ItistogiveforthefurtherstudyregardingtheNumericalanalysisinLongColumn.

4.Conclusion Load carrying capacity should decreases with increase in Length and Width to Thickness(W/t)ratio. Due to minimum thickness of cold rolled steel, considering the Local, torsional & distorsionalbucklingcharacteristicsforitsbehaviorstudy. The ultimate compressive strength test is used to check the yield point for quality controlpurposeandcompressiontestdeterminesthecompressiveyieldpoints. if the failure is occur in the distorsional mode then the elastic distorsional stress is usedtopredicttheultimatestrength. For light gauge plate elements, the buckling occurs at low stresses resulting due to compressionorbendingorbearing. Theultimatestrengthismanytimesmorethanthecriticalstress,becauseofitspost bucklingstrength. Mostofthefailuresoccursat1/3distancefor1,1.2mmelements&atcentrefor1.6, 2mmelements. From the experimental investigation 2mm thick cold formed steel Long column withWebStiffenedispreferablefor C Section.

5.Reference

1. Ben Young and Gregory J. Hancock.[2002], Tests of Channels Subjected to CombinedBendingandWebCrippling,JournalofstructuralengineeringMarch(2002). 2. Ben Young,[2004] Tests and Design of FixedEnded Cold Formed Steel Plain Angle Columns,JournalofstructuralengineeringASCE/December(2004)19311940. 3. Ben Young, and Ehab Ellobody,[2005] Buckling Analysis of ColdFormed Steel LippedAngleColumns,journalofstructuralengineering,October(2005)15701579. 4. By Byoung Koo, Leeand Suk Ki Km[2006], Elasticas and Buckling Loads of Shear Deformable Tapered Columns with Both Hinged Ends, KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering,Vol.10,No.4(2006)275281. 5. Rahai A.R., Kazemi. S,[2006] Buckling analysis of nonprismatic columns based on modied vibration modes, Department of Civil Engineering, Amirkabir University of TechnologyAvailableonline22December(2006).

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6. Ben Young, Experimental Investigation of ColdFormed Steel Lipped Angle ConcentricallyLoadedCompressionMembers. 7. Demao Yang, Gregory J Hancock,[2003] Compression Tests of ColdReduced High StrengthSteelChannelColumnsfailingintheDistortionalMode,CentreforAdvanced StructuralEngineering January(2003). 8. Schafer B. W.,[2002] Local, Distortional, and Euler Buckling of ThinWalled Columns,JournalOfStructuralEngineeringMarch(2002)289 299. 9. Talikoti1R.S,BajoriaK.M.,[2005]Newapproachtoimprovingdistortionalstrengthof intermediate length thinwalled open section columns, Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering,5(2005) 10.Vaidotas apalas, Michail Samofalov, Viaeslavas arakinas,[2005] Fem Stability Analysis Of Tapered Beamcolumns, Journal Of Civil Engineering And Management(2005),VolXi,No.3.

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