McGraw-Hill HANDBOOKS VZV ee HANDBOOK SECOND EDITION | CeCe rai eos ROMER TCoR Cee TRI Tae / Slee ERC ReedOGG OG oGa GG ¢ Crier Ce Ge OO GO O POG See Valve Handbook Philip L. Skousen Second Edition McGraw-Hill ew York Chicago San Lonaon "ade Menieo Cysts Sem Dein ‘San Juan “Seoul Singapore Sytney TorontoGo ev © GO Oo Oy OF OD Cae c v Oe uo A? C2 UD Cataloging-in-Publication Data ison file with the Library of Congress. Copyright © 2004, 1998 by Ths McGraw-Hill Companies, Ine. Alt rights reserved, Printed in the United States of Amerce, Except as permitted lander the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publica- Hon may be reproduced or dstibuted in any form or By any mens, 3 stored ina data base or eetreval system, orthout the pris mission ofthe publisher 1234567890 DOCMOC 0987654 ISBN 0-07-143773.8 ‘The sponsoring editor for this book was Kennet McCombs, etn sup sees Caroline Levine a the pradctan supervisor ts Shera Sout. 230 set in Palatino by Wayne Palmer ef MeCrate Hill Professionals Highs, Ni composition it Printed and bound by RR Dorsey McGraw-Hill books are available at special quantity discounts to ase as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training pro grams. For more information, please write to the Director of 5 Sales, McGraw-Hill, Two Fenn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Or eon your local bookstore. ‘This book is printed on recycled, acid-free paper contain- Ang a nimn of 50% recycled, de-ikad fi Talormation contained in thi work hasbeen obtained by ‘The McGraw Fil Comparses, In. (McGraw-Hill) frm ources beloved tobe Tehsble, However, neither MoGraw= Hil nor its authors guarantees the accuracy oe completeness of any information published Berein and hether NkGrave- Fl noe ts authors hall be resporsibte for any error, ams> $a, or damages arising ov of use ofthis information. This ‘work published withthe indertanding that Meer nd its authors are suppiying information but aze not ‘tempting to render engineering or other professional ser ‘erst such services are required the assistance of a appro rst professional should be sought. Contents Preface to the Second Edition ix Preface to the First Edition x Chapter 1, Introduction to Valves 1.1 The Valve 1 1.2 Valve Classification According to Function 2 1.3 Classification According to Application 8 1.4 Classification According to Motion 10 1.5 Classification According to Port Se 12 1.6 Common Piping Nomenclature 12 Chapter 2. Valve Selection Criteria 2.1 Valve Coefficients 17 2.2 Flow Characteristics 18 2.3 Shutoff Requirements 32 2.4 Body End Connections 33 2.5 Pressure Classes 43 2.6 Face-to-Face Criteria 45 2.7 Body Material Selection 46 2.8 Gasket Selection 51 2.9 Packing Selection 57 17( 9.4 Choked Flow 368 9.5 High Velocities 369 9.6 Water-Hammer Effects 370 9.7 High Noise Levels 371 9.8 Noise Attenuation 392 9.9 Fugitive Emissions 413 4.1 Introduction to Control Valves 129 4.2 Globe Contrcl Valves. 130 4.3 Butterfly Control Valves 157 4.4 Ball Control Valves 170 4.5 Eccentric Plug Control Valves. 179 7] vi Contents Contents vii © Chapter 3. Manual Valves a7 Chapter 8. Actuator Sizing 319 c 3.1 Introduction to Manual Valves 7 8.1 Actuator-Sizing Criteria 319 98.2 Manual PlugVaives 79 8.2 Sizing Pheumatic Actuators 927 Cc 3.3 Manual Ball Valves 85 8.8 Sting Electromechanical and Electrobydraulie 3.4 Manual Butterfly Valves 92 Actuators 837 c 3.5 Manual Glote Valves 102 Manual Gate Valves 109 c $7 cect ete Chapter 9. Common-Valve Problems 339 3.8 Manual Diaphragm Valves 124 9.1 High-Pressure Drops 939 co 9.2 Cavitation 343 c Chapter 4. Controt Vaives 129 93 Flashing 396 c Chapter 5. Manual Operators and Actuators 185 Bibliography 435 C 5.1 Introduction to Manual Operators and Actuators 185 5.2 Manual Operators 188 a 5.3 Pneumatic Actuators 196 index 439 7 5.4 Nonpneumatic Actuators 217 C 5.5 Actuator Performance 223, 5.6 Positioners 224 ~ 5.7 Auxiliary Hardwheels 230 ~ 5.8 External Failure Systems 234 _ 5.9 Common Accessories 242 s Chapter 6. Smart Valves and Positioners 287 6.1 Process Contiol 257 4 6.2 Intelligent Systems for Control Valves 266 6.3 Digital Positioners 272 . Chapter 7. Valve Sizing 277 . 7.1 Introduction to Valve Sizing 27 7 7.2 Valve-Sizing Nomenclature 281 ~ 7.3 Body Sizing of Liquid-Service Control Valves 287 ~ 7.4 Body Sizing of Gas-Service Control Valves 306 7OG ue ? cy Oy C Preface to the Second Edition When the first edition of Valve Handbook was published by McGraw- Hill in 1998, the valve industry was in the midst of an evolutionary era, which was driven by significant advances in digital communica- tions. Six years later smart valves, digital positioners, a universal field bus, field communication technology, complementary software, and wireless internet technology have ali driven process control closer to the final control element. The second edition of Valve Handbook has been updated in accordance with the extensive progress valve manu- facturers have made toward incorporating smart final control elements into the process control system, Not only has smart technology changed the face of control valve fune- tionality, it also has been impiemented into many manual valve and actuator designs. This edition also explains the advances the process industry has made toward a universal fieldbus for plants employing digital process control systems, as well as the use of field communica tion protocol technology for plants where analog process control sys- tems are still in use As with the first edition, Valve Handbook continues to focus heavily ‘on current information about the purpose, design, and operation of the most common styles of manual vaives, control valves, actuators, and accessories. It also provides in-depth information about common valve problems and a wide range of solutions for these problems.nee ee ee eee ee ee oe eet 7 Preface to the Second Edition Acknowledgments The following individals and organizations contributed to the con- tent of the second edition and their assistance is greatly appreciated: Robert Sogge, Fisher Controls International (division of Emerson Process Management); Mark Francis, Valve Manufacturers Association; Masoneilan, a division of Dresser Measurement and Controls; The Fieldbus Foundation; The HART Communication Foundation; the edi- tors of Control Engineering magazine (published by Putman Media). As with the first edition, 1 would like to thank my wife Patty and daughters Lindsay, Ashlee, and Kristin for their continued support. Also, I would like to acknowledge the help from the following profes- sional colleagues and friends: Mike Storrs, Greg Swenson, Scott Folster, Steve Thoresen, Claude Gubler, and Alan Macdonald...and especially to my esteemed colleague, Connor Storrs, who provided valuable insight and ccmmentary into this edition. Philip L. Skousen, ABC January 2004 Preface to the First Edition The editors at McGraw-Hill first approached me about writing this handbook after reviewing an article that I authored for The Valve Magazine. They indicated that they were interested in having me author a valve handbook, using my common denominator writing, style. I liked the challenge that they proposed, and T accepted. Now, after literally hundreds of hours, dozens of shone calls and facsimiles, and four drafts, the handbook is ready for the valve-using public. When I began my career with Valtek Intemational in 1975, | was like many who have started out in this industry: My only experience with a valve was taking a pair of pliers to a leaky faucet in the bathroom. But spending three years in the engineering depstt ment at Valtek and then some 18 years as a technical communicator cured me of the notion that 4 process valve is just a larger version of a smple faucet. True, the two are related in a number of ways and they boih work by the same scien- tific principles. However, the engineering design and complexity of process valves can be imamense. The process services they are installed in can sometimes be brutal—even capable of destroying a valve in hours if misapplied. To me this is an exciting and dynamic industry, especially with the advent of smart technology, which has lifted the sci- ence and application of valves to a whole new level Twenty years ago, when I first picked up 2 drawing pencit (yes, computer-aided design was still a couple yzars away), if one wanted a