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  • CH 10 Mitosis

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    Anonymous rFtiDaRu
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    Cell growth and division is regulated to maintain cell size. As cells grow larger, their surface area to volume ratio decreases, limiting nutrient absorption. Cells therefore divide through mitosis before reaching a critical size. Mitosis has four phases - prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase - where chromosomes condense and duplicate, align, separate into daughter cells, and decondense. Cyclins regulate entry into and progression through the cell cycle, while cancer results from dysregulated cell growth and division.

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    Ch 10 Mitosis

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    Cell growth and division is regulated to maintain cell size. As cells grow larger, their surface area to volume ratio decreases, limiting nutrient absorption. Cells therefore divide through mitosis before reaching a critical size. Mitosis has four phases - prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase - where chromosomes condense and duplicate, align, separate into daughter cells, and decondense. Cyclins regulate entry into and progression through the cell cycle, while cancer results from dysregulated cell growth and division.

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    22 vues27 pages

    CH 10 Mitosis

    Transféré par

    Anonymous rFtiDaRu
    Cell growth and division is regulated to maintain cell size. As cells grow larger, their surface area to volume ratio decreases, limiting nutrient absorption. Cells therefore divide through mitosis before reaching a critical size. Mitosis has four phases - prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase - where chromosomes condense and duplicate, align, separate into daughter cells, and decondense. Cyclins regulate entry into and progression through the cell cycle, while cancer results from dysregulated cell growth and division.

    Droits d'auteur :

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Téléchargez comme PPS, PDF, TXT ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd
    Signaler comme contenu inapproprié
    sur 27

    Cell Growth and Division

    Chapter 10

    Why are cells so small?

    DNA
    Messages from the nucleus must be able to reach all parts of the cell

    Diffusion
    Nutrients must enter and wastes must leave If the cell was too big, diffusion would happen too slowly

    Why are cells so small?


    Surface

    Area vs. Volume

    As a cell grows larger, the volume increases faster than the SA A bigger cell needs more nutrients, but has relatively less SA to take in those nutrients

    Surface Area vs. Volume


    Cell Size
    Surface Area (lw6) Volume (lwh) SA to Volume Ratio

    5 cm
    150 cm2

    10 cm
    600 cm2

    125 cm3

    1000 cm3

    150/125 = 600/1000 6:5 = 6:10

    Cell Cycle

    Cells divide before growing too large Before dividing, cells must prepare Preparation = Interphase
    G1 phase: Cell grows larger S phase: Cell makes new DNA for daughter cell G2 phase: Cell makes new organelles for daughter cell

    Cell Cycle

    Chromosomes

    Centromere

    Each chromosome is replicated during the S phase A replicated chromosome has two identical sister chromatids connected by a centromere

    Sister Chromatids

    Mitosis

    Mitosis

    Four Stages:
    Prophase (pro- means first) Metaphase (meta- means middle/after) Anaphase (ana- means apart) Telophase (telo- means far away/end)

    Prophase

    Chromatin condenses into chromosomes Nuclear envelope and nucleolus disintegrate Centrioles migrate to opposite ends of the cell Spindle fibers form in foot ball shape across cell

    Chromosomes condensing

    Prophase

    Metaphase

    Chromosomes line up in the middle (equator) of the cell Spindle fibers attach to centromeres

    Anaphase

    Sister chromatids separate Spindle fibers shorten, pulling chromatids to opposite ends of cell Animal cells begin to pinch in Plant cells begin to form cell plate in the middle

    Anaphase

    Telophase

    Nuclear membrane built from ER around each set of chromosomes Nucleolus reforms in each nucleus Chromosomes become mass of chromatin

    Telophase

    Two cells dividing into four

    Cytokinesis

    Final division of cytoplasm resulting in two daughter cells Animals CM pinches together Plants Cell plate forms new CM dividing the daughter cells

    Plant Cell Division

    Which phases can you see?


    Anaphase

    Metaphase

    Prophase

    Telophase

    Interphase

    Knowing when to divide

    Cyclins
    Protein that regulates the cell cycle in eukaryotes

    Internal regulators tell the cell when to enter mitosis External regulators control the rate of the cell cycle

    Cellular Response to Injury

    Effect of Cyclins
    Cytoplasm is removed from cell in mitosis Cytoplasm is injected into a second cell in G2 phase

    Second cell enters mitosis

    Cancer

    Cancer results when cells do not respond to cell cycle regulators Cells grow unregulated, forming a tumor Tumor damages surrounding tissue

    Leukemia Blood cancer

    Mammary (Breast) Cancer

    Skin Cancer

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