Date_____________

Name___________________________________________ 27

Exploring the Definition of the Derivative

Lab 5

1. Open the document Lab 05 Definition of Derivative h approaches 0. Press / to move to page 1.2. 2. Find the value of the derivative of f (x) = x 2 + 1 at x = 2 . Investigate graphically, numerically, and analytically. Press / to move to page 1.3. Graphically 3. Page 1.3 shows the graph of f (x) = x 2 + 1 , the point point units horizontally away from , the value of , and a . Plot the point which is horizontally

h = 2 units away from on the graph below, sketch in the line passing through the two points, and compute the slope of the line in the space to the right of the graph.

4. The definition of the derivative states that approaches . In the step above, h = 2 . Double click on the value of and change it so that h = 1 . As in the step above, plot and compute using and the new point where h = 1 .

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28 5. Let where . As in the step above, plot and compute using . and the new point

6. As 7. As

gets closer and closer to approaches

, the slope of the secant line is approaching _______.

, the secant line approaches the _______________________ line.

Numerically 8. Page 1.4 is a Calculator page. The slope of the secant line passing through

and

the point where h = 2 using function notation has been calculated. Record the slope in the table below. 9. Does this calculation agree with your calculation in question 3? _________________
f (x + h) f (x) h f (x + h) f (x) h

2 1 0.5 0.1 0.01 10. Repeat the calculation for each value of 11. As the 12. As the -values approach -values approach

-2 -1 -0.5 -0.1 -0.01 in the table above.

from the right, the slope is approaching ________. from the left, the slope is approaching _________.

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29 Analytically 13. On page 1.5, enter lim

h 0

f 1(2 + h) f 1(2) f (2 + h) f (2) . Record f (2) = lim =____. h 0 h h

14. In the space below, show the algebra and calculus to justify your answer. a. Write the definition of the derivative. b. Substitute for c. Expand and simplify. d. Factor. e. Reduce. f. Take the limit. and f (2) .

15. Enter lim

h 0

f 1(x + h) f 1(x) f (x + h) f (x) . Record f (x) = lim =_____________. h 0 h h

In the space below, show the algebra and calculus to justify your answer. a. Write the definition of the derivative. b. Substitute for f (x + h) and f (x) . c. Expand and simplify. d. Factor. e. Reduce. f. Take the limit.

16. Does this make sense when x = 2 ? Why? ____________________________________________________________________

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30 Repeat the steps above for each problem below. Press / to move to the next problem. Problem 2 17. Find f (2) if f (x) = x 2 + 1 . Use the Graphs & Geometry page and the first Calculator page to graphically and numerically verify your answer. Record f (2) = lim
f (2 + h) f (2) =____________. h

h 0

18. In the space below, show the algebra and calculus to justify your answer.

19. Enter lim

f 1(x + h) f 1(x) f (x + h) f (x) . Record f (x) = lim =_____________. h 0 h 0 h h In the space below, show the algebra and calculus to justify your answer.

20. Does this make sense when

? Why?

_____________________________________________________________________

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31 Problem 3 21. Find f (1) if f (x) = x 2 + x . Use the Graphs & Geometry page and the first Calculator page to graphically and numerically verify your answer. Record f (1) = lim
f (1 + h) f (1) =____________. h

h 0

22. In the space below, show the algebra and calculus to justify your answer.

23. Enter lim

f 1(x + h) f 1(x) f (x + h) f (x) . Record f (x) = lim =_____________. h 0 h h In the space below, show the algebra and calculus to justify your answer.
h 0

24. Does this make sense when x = 1 ? Why? ___________________________________________________________________

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32 Summary 25. Numerically, _____________.

26. Analytically,

_____________when f (x) = _________________.

27. Graphically,

represents ____________________________________

____________________________________________________________________.

(x + h)4 x 4 = __________ =__________ when f (x) = ________. 28. Analytically, lim h 0 h

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------29. Numerically, lim

(2 + h)3 + (2 + h)2 (2)3 + (2)2 h

h 0

) = _____________. ) = ______________________

30. Analytically, lim

(2 + h)3 + (2 + h)2 (2)3 + (2)2 h

h 0

when f (x) = _________________. 31. Graphically, lim

(2 + h)3 + (2 + h)2 (2)3 + (2)2 h

h 0

) represents _______________

____________________________________________________________________. 32. Analytically, lim

(x + h)3 + (x + h)2 (x)3 + (x)2 h

h 0

) = _____________ =____________

when f (x) = _________________. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Date_____________

Name___________________________________________ 69

Constructing Trapezoidal Sums

Lab 13

1. Open the document Lab 13 Trapezoidal Sums. Press / to move to page 1.2. 2. Estimate the area between the -axis and f (x) = 9 x 2 between x = 2 and x = 2 using four trapezoids. Press / to move to page 1.3. Graphically 3. Page 1.3 shows the graph of f (x) = 9 x 2 . Change the defined values on page 1.3 to reflect the problem. Since the given interval is x = 2 to x = 2 , let a = 2 and b = 2 . 4. If the height of each trapezoid is the same, find the -value at the start and end of each height for each trapezoid. Enter these values as indicated. 5. The length of each base should be determined by the -value at the respective -value. Is this true for each trapezoid drawn? If not, re-enter the values until they are correct. Trap approx=_____________ 6. Sketch the trapezoids on the graph provided and record the value of the area approximation. Numerically 7. In the space below, show how to compute the area of each trapezoid. Find the sum of the area of the trapezoids.

8. Is the sum computed above the same as the sum computed on page 1.3? If not, check your work with a classmate or the teacher. Revise to find the correct areas and sum.

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70 Analytically 9. In the space below, use function notation to compute the area of each trapezoid. Find the sum of the area of the trapezoids using page 1.4, a calculator page.

10. Using function notation, write a single expression to compute the area approximation using four trapezoids. Algebraically simplify this expression by factoring and combining like terms.

11. Confirm that the expression above yields the same sum as computed on page 1.3. If not, check your work with a classmate or the teacher. Revise to find the correct expression and sum. 12. Describe the pattern that can be used to find an area approximation using trapezoids.

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71 Repeat the steps above for each problem below. Press / to move to the next problem. Problem 2 13. Estimate the area between the -axis and f (x) = 4 x 2 between and using four trapezoids. Graph the four trapezoids and compute the value of the trapezoid approximation using function notation.

Trap approx=_____________

Problem 3 14. Estimate the area between the -axis and between x = 1 and x = 2 using four trapezoids. Graph the four trapezoids and compute the value of the trapezoid approximation using function notation.

Trap approx=_____________

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72 15. Estimate the area between the -axis and f (x) = x 2 + 2 between x = 2 and x = 3 using four trapezoids. Graph the four trapezoids and compute the value of the trapezoid approximation using function notation.

Problem 4

Trap approx=_____________

Summary 16. Draw four trapezoids that would approximate the area between the scatter plot and the -axis. Then compute the value of the trapezoid approximation using function notation.

17. Write an expression that will approximate the area under the curve f (x) and the -axis using the four trapezoids that have been drawn.

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Date_____________

Name___________________________________________ 79

Constructing Slopefields

Lab 15

1. Open the document Lab 15 Constructing Slopefields. Press / to move to page 1.2. dy 2. Find the particular solution to the differential equation = 2x 1 given that the dx point 1, 1 lies on the solution. Press / to move to page 1.3.

Graphically and Numerically 3. On page 1.3, use the minimized slider bar to numerically adjust the value of xv to see dy = 2x 1 drawn at the given x-value. the slopefield for the differential equation dx Record the slope at each x-value in the column.

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0

1 2 3 4 5

4. Describe how the graph of the differential equation

dy = 2x 1 is drawn. dx

_____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 5. Graphically, the parent function of the solution to the given differential equation appears to be _____________________________________________________________________

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80 Analytically 6. In the space below, show the algebra and calculus to find the general solution to the dy separable differential equation = 2x 1 . dx

7. Find the particular solution to the differential equation .

dy = 2x 1 given when x = 1 , dx

On page 1.3, adjust the corresponding slider bars for xo and yo to plot the initial condition. Double click on f 1(x) and enter the particular solution found above. 8. Does the graph of the solution following the shape of the slope field and pass through 1, 1 ?

If yes, sketch the solution on the provided graph. ___________________________________

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81 Repeat the steps above for each problem below. Press / to move to the next problem. Problem 2 9. Find the particular solution to the differential equation lies on the solution.
dy 1 given that the point = dx x 2

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 10. Show the algebra and calculus to find the particular solution to the separable differential equation.

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82

Problem 3 11. Find the particular solution to the differential equation point lies on the solution.
dy = cos(x) given that the dx

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 12. Show the algebra and calculus to find the particular solution to the separable differential equation.

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83 Problem 4 13. Find the particular solution to the differential equation point lies on the solution.
dy = 2sin(2x) given that the dx

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 14. Show the algebra and calculus to find the particular solution to the separable differential equation.

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84 Summary 15. Sketch the slope field for the differential equation using the provided table

and graph. Find and graph the particular solution given that the point 1, 0 lies on the solution.

( )

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

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Date_______________

Name___________________________________________ 85

Exploring Accumulation Functions

Lab 16

1. Open the document Lab 16 Accumulation Functions. Press / to move to page 1.2. 2. Investigate what function is created as the signed area under the function f (x) = 4 x 2 , beginning at the lower bound a = 0 , is accumulated. Press / to move to page 1.3. Graphically 3. On page 1.3 is a graph of f (x) = 4 x 2 and the shaded region from a = 0 to x = b which represents the area between the curve and the x -axis. There is also a point b, I whose x -coordinate is the value of b and whose y -coordinate is the definite integral of f (x) from x = a to x = b . Grab and drag the open circle (point b ) on the x -axis and observe the location of the plotted point b, I .

( )

( )

Use greater than, less than and equal to for the first blank; below, above, and neither for the second blank; and positive, negative, and zero for the third blank. 4. Between the origin and the positive x -intercept, the value of b is _______________ the value of a , the area between the graph of f (x) and the x -axis is ____________________ the x -axis, and the value of the definite integral I is ____________________.

()

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86 5. Between the origin and the negative x -intercept, the value of b is _______________ the value of a , the area between the graph of f (x) and the x -axis is ____________________ the x -axis, and the value of the definite integral (I ) is ____________________. 6. When b is at the origin, the value of b is _______________ the value of a , the area between the graph of f (x) and the x -axis is ____________________ the x -axis, and the value of the definite integral (I ) is ____________________. 7. How are the area and the definite integral related? Does it matter whether the value of b is greater than, less than, or equal to the value of a ? Explain your answer. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 8. Between the positive x -intercept and positive infinity, what happens to the area and the value of the definite integral? ____________________________________________________________________ 9. Between the negative x -intercept and negative infinity, what happens to the area and the value of the definite integral? _____________________________________________________________________ 10. Explain how the area being above or below the x -axis and whether b is greater than, less than, or equal to the value of a affects the value of the definite integral. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 11. How does this explain the statement that the definite integral is the signed area? _____________________________________________________________________ 12. Would there be values of b other than when a = b for which the definite integral is zero? How would you estimate the values of b at which the definite integral is zero? ____________________________________________________________________
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87 Graphically, Numerically and Analytically 13. For any value of b , there is a value for the definite integral, which creates the function g(x) =

g(x) will be the values of I , the value of the definite integral. Press / ^ to
collect and plot the current point b, I which is x, g(x) . 14. On page 1.4, the collected values are shown in a List &Spreadsheet page. Plot enough ordered pairs on the grid to sketch a graph of g(x) =

f (t) dt . The upper bound x will be the different values of b and

( )

f (t) dt .

15. Press / G and enter a guess for the plotted function by editing f 2(x) . This function represents g(x) =

f (t) dt =

______________________________. On page 1.5 enter your guess.

( 4 t ) dt to confirm
2

16. Move to page 1.6, which is a graph of g(x) =

drag the point x and observe the slope of the curve. Press / ^ to collect and plot the current point x, m .

f (t) dt entered in f 2(x) . Grab and

17. On page 1.7, the collected values are shown in a List & Spreadsheet page. Plot enough ordered pairs on the grid to d x f (t) dt . sketch a graph of g (x) = dx 0 18. Press / G and enter a guess for the plotted function in f 3(x) . This function represents g (x) =

d x f (t) dt = dx 0

_______________________________.

d x 4 t 2 dt to dx 0 confirm your guess.

On page 1.8 enter
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88 For the following exercises, as the value of b is dragged, the points on the accumulation function are automatically plotted. Sketch the accumulation function, guess g(x) then verify that g(x) fits the data, and calculate g '(x) using a calculator page. Press / to move to the next problem. 19. Investigate what function is created as the signed area under the function f (x) = 4 x 2 , beginning at the lower bound a = 1 , is accumulated.
x

Problem 2

g(x) =

f (t) dt = ___________________

g (x) =

d x f (t) dt = ________________ dx 1

20. Investigate what function is created as the signed area under the function f (x) = 4 x 2 , beginning at the lower bound a = 2 , is accumulated.
x

Problem 3

g(x) =

f (t) dt = __________________

g (x) =

d x f (t) dt = _______________ dx 2

21. Describe how the value of the lower bound a creates any differences or similarities between the accumulation functions and their rates of change. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________
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89 Problem 4 22. Investigate what function is created as the signed area under the function f (x) = sin(2x) , beginning at the lower bound a = , is accumulated. 2

g(x) =

f (t) dt = ____________________

g (x) =

d x f (t) dt = ________________ dx 2

Problem 5 23. Investigate what function is created as the signed area under the function f (x) = e x , beginning at the lower bound a = 0.5 , is accumulated.

g(x) =

0.5

f (t) dt = ___________________

g (x) =

d x f (t) dt = _______________ dx 0.5

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90 Summary 24. Explain the relationship between f (x) and g(x) . _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 25. Explain the relationship between f (x) and g (x) . _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 26. How does the lower bound affect the graph of the accumulation function? _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 27. How does the lower bound affect the graph of the derivative of the accumulation function? _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 28. Sketch a graph of the accumulation function

g(x) =

Describe how you created the graph of g(x) . ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

f (t) dt using the graph shown.

29. How would the graphs of

f (t) dt and

f (t) dt compare?

_____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________
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