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Assoc Prof Tan Kiang Hwee Department of Civil Engineering National University of Singapore
2/16/2004
concept of strut-and-tie models !their applications to new construction (and strengthening works)
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Tan K H, NUS
cases where strut-and-tie models are applicable or appropriate !formulate strut-and-tie models in structural concrete members !design the reinforcement according to the strut-and-tie models
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Contents
!B-
!Concept
Geometric Layout Design of Struts Nodes and Nodal Zones Design of Ties Detailing
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! Design
High Wall Corbel Dapped-Beam Transfer Girder Deep Beam with Opening (Stepped (Non-Prismatic) Beams)
! (Examples
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!regions
of relatively uniform stresses !Bernoulli hypothesis of linear strain distribution applies !internal forces or stresses are derived from statics !Standard methods of Codes apply
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!significantly
non-linear strain
distribution !near concentrated loads, corners, bends, openings and other discontinuities !internal flow of forces well described by strut-and-tie models !conventionally design by thumb-rule
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Components
! concrete
compression
struts ! steel tension ties ! nodes (nodal zone) where struts and ties meet
!
Dual purpose
! describe
concrete
steel
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Load path ?
Boundary forces/stresses
Major requirements
! S-T
model must be in equilibrium with applied loads (statically admissible field) ! Strength of struts, ties and nodal zones must equal or exceed forces in these members (safe) ! Sufficient to consider only axes of struts and ties in the early design stage; need to consider widths in general ! Struts must not overlap each other ! Ties may cross struts or other ties ! Angle between a strut and a tie joined at a node should not be less than 25 degrees.
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Basic steps
!
! ! !
Compute internal stresses on boundaries, subdivide boundary and compute force resultants on each sub-length; or Compute action effects on boundaries Draw truss to transmit forces Check stresses in individual truss member
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Filimi=minimum
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"
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Superposition of models
"
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Exercise 1
!
Explore the application of strut-and-tie model in the design of anchorage zone of a post-tensioned beam
compression
or
tension
Stress contours
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Exercise 2
!
A T-beam is post-tensioned with a cable anchored at the centroid of the section at its end. Given that the area of the flange is one-third of the overall crosssection, explain by sketching in the following figures, how you would obtain the required reinforcement to resist bursting tension in the web due to the prestressing force.
x-section
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strut-&-tie model
reinforcement
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Compression struts
! line
Tension ties
! band
Nodes
! bounded
by compressive forces (CCC) ! anchoring one tension tie (CCT) ! anchoring more than one tie (CTT, TTT)
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: strength reduction factor Fn : nominal strength of the member Fu : force in the member due to factored loads
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Struts
! Types
of struts
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! Factors
affecting fcu
!Load
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Prismatic strut
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Bottle-shaped strut
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Nodal zones
! Forces
must be in equilibrium
! CCC,
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CCC
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CCT
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Ws = wt cos + lb sin
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Ties
! Spread
! Strength
! Anchorage
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Reinforcing Requirements
! Minimum
reinforcement
i
bs i) i/
!To
(A s
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Summary
!
Isolate D-region and compute force resultants on boundaries ! Draw truss to transmit forces
! use
of elastic analysis, crack patterns ! equilibrium of forces, width of struts, anchorage of ties
!
Provide steel reinforcement for ties & check concrete stresses in struts and nodes where necessary
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534 kN 534 kN
100 mm
Example 1
267 565
Column on wall
263 2438 x 305 mm wall
187
534
534
=P/A+M/I
4.67 MPa
427 203
MacGregor
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213
890
241 mm
763
457 mm
457 mm
222
99 2
115 5
371
292
745
Final layout
1510
96
89
100 mm
Example 2 -
Corbel
fc=35 MPa fy=414 MPa Short member cantilevering from a column or wall
305 x 127mm bearing plate
486 x 486mm
MacGregor
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4T25 3T25
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406 356 2T13 C = 1155 kN; a = C/(0.82fcb) = 127mm bef = a+l/6 = 127+413/6 = 196 mm l Asfy [(C/4)(1-a/bef)] = 203 kN As 490 mm2
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516
38 5
369
52 3
37
686 mm
443
H=74 V=369
381 mm
369
76 5
369
443
419 mm
553
516
37
MacGregor 2/16/2004
4T13 U stirrups 2T13 1T13 U bar 4T20 welded to angle 2T13 U bars 2T20 U bars 4T25 bars
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178 mm
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700
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10450 mm
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6579 kN
6543 kN
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Right end: V=6543 - 11x(140.4x0.6) = 5616 kN reqd Av=(5616/9)x103 (410x610) =2537 mm2/m use 22 U-stirrups @ 300 mm c/c (2540 mm2/m) For K-UU, D= (624+84.2)/sin 280 = 1508 kN reqd width w =D/(bfce) =D/(0.5bfc) =123 mm For S-UU, w=65 mm 6579 Average w = 94 mm kN assume all struts to be 100 mm and lower tensile tie located at mid-height 2/16/2004 of truss node at UU. Left end: To ensure ductility, at least 30% of shear to be transmitted by stirrups; the rest by a major diagonal strut. try 22 U-stirrups @ 225 mm c/c (Avfyv=854 kN per 600 mm spacing) V transmitted by stirrups = 3x854 = 2562 kN = 39% of 6579 kN V transmitted by strut H-AA = 6579-2562-6x84.2 =3512 kN 6543 For H-AA, D = 5102 kN; w=416 mm. kN Combined truss For E-AA, D = 1174 kN; w=96 mm.
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Schlaich
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Check concrete stresses: Stresses under bearing plates: p=3000x103/(700x400) = 10.7 MPa < 1.0 fcd=17 MPa A=1070x103/(500x400) = 5.4 MPa < 0.8 fcd=13.6 MPa B=1930x103/(500x400) = 9.7 MPa < 0.8 fcd=13.6 MPa Required depth of compression zone: C=T= 1070 kN d 1070x103/(400x1.0fcd) = 135 mm < 400 mm OK (Nodes taken 200 mm below top surface.)
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Further reinforcement
stirrups 2/16/2004
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References
!
J.G. MacGregor, REINFORCED CONCRETE: Mechanics and Design, 3rd Ed., Prentice-Hall, 1997, Ch. 18. A.H. Nilson, D. Darwin and C.W. Dolan, Design of Concrete Structures, McGraw-Hill, 2003, pp. K.H. Reineck (Ed), Examples for the Design of Structural Concrete with Strut-and-Tie Models, ACI SP-208, 2002, 244 pp. Strut-and-Tie Resource Web Site http://www.cee.uiuc.edu/kuchma/strut_and_ti e/STM/
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Further reading:
!
J. Schlaich, et al., Toward a Consistent Design of Structural Concrete, J. of Prestressed Concrete Institute, V.32, No. 3, 1987, pp.74-150. P. Marti, Basic Tools of Reinforced Concrete Beam Design, ACI Journal, V. 82, No. 1, Jan-Feb 1985, pp. 46-56. Tan, K.H. and Naaman, A.E., "Strut-and-Tie Model for Externally Prestressed Concrete Beams", ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 90, No. 6, USA, November-December 1993, pp. 683-691. Tan, K.H., Shear Strengthening of Dapped Beams Using FRP Systems", Fifth International Symposium on Fibre Reinforced Plastics for Reinforced Concrete Structures (FRPRCS-5), Cambridge, UK, July 16-18, 2001, Vol. 1, pp. 249-258. Mansur, M.A., Tan, K.H. and Weng, W., Effects of Creating an Opening in Existing Beams, ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 96, No. 6, USA, November-December 1999, pp. 899-905.
Tan K H, NUS
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