A MINI PROJECT REPORT ON

RELAY BASED ELECTRICAL CONTROL FORWARD REVERSE RUNNING LIGHT WITH BULB LOAD
(SUBMITTED TO DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGENEERING IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF ACADAMIC REQUIREMENT OF AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF)

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING BY

RAMSAGAR.P SANDEEP KUMAR.P SRIKANTH.T

(08911A0274) (08911A0287) (08911A02A1)

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF Prof. S.M. ZAFARULLAH (H.O.D, EEE)

VIDYA JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(Affiliated to JNTU) AZIZNAGAR, C.B.POST, MOINABAD, HYDERABAD 500075.

Vidya Jyothi Institute of Technology

Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad
Phone: Off.: 08413-235300 08413-235399 Fax: 08413-235509

DEPARTMENT OF ELETRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGENEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mini Project Work entitled RELAY BASED ELECTRICAL CONTROL FORWARD AND REVERSE RUNNING LIGHT WITH BULB LOAD is a bonafied work of

RAMSAGAR.P SANDEEP KUMAR.P SRIKANTH.T

(08911A0281) (08911A0287) (08911A02A1)

Submitted in partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING to VIDYA JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY under my guidance and supervision. The result embodied in this thesis has not been submitted to any other university or institute for the award of any degree or diploma.

H.O.D: Prof. S.M. ZAFARULLAH

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

We take this opportunity to express our sincere thanks and gratitude with deep reverence to our H.O.D (EEE) Prof. S.M. ZAFARULLAH sir for his guidance and encouragement throughout the endeavor for completion of our project.

We are also grateful to our sir who has taken deep pain and special interest in our project to encourage our innovative ideas to complete this project. Sir has given an esteemed guidance in every aspect to complete the project, without his dedicated effort in our project we could not achieve our goal of completing the project work successfully.

We are also very thankful to our guide Asst. Prof. VIJAY KUMAR sir under whose supervision we learnt so many unknown things. We are thankful to sir who has given his valuable suggestions and cooperation during the entire project.

Project Associates:

RAMSAGAR SANDEEP KUMAR SRIKANTH

(08911A0274) (08911A0287) (08911A02A1)

ABSTRACT

From 230 V AC a DC supply of + 5 V is obtained. The power supply is given to the other blocks. The pulse generator at a particular frequency generates the clock pulses. The clock pulses are counted by a counter and gives output after every 10 pulses. The counter drives the transistors, which form the relay firing circuit. The transistors fire the relays and they provide sufficient current to the load. Decorative bulbs are connected as load for each relay. The bulbs are sequentially turned ON and OFF in forward and reverse way. The IC 555 works as the pulse generator and feeds the clock pulses to IC 4017. IC4017 is the heart of this circuit. It works as a counter and gives the output after every 10 pulses. It drives the transistors, which in turn fire the relays. Automation of everything in this world had much importance. This project makes automation of the sequential systems such as traffic light signaling. As sequential signaling make use of the decade counter IC 4017.It is the heart of the project. As the working is automatic, there is no need for any supervision. It illustrates the idea that the lights that sequentially turn on and off that are used in almost in every function. The overall design cost is also less which makes it attractive.

INDEX
CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM 2. COMPONENTS 2.1 TRANSFORMER 2.2 BRIDGE RECTIFIER 2.3 FILTER 2.4 VOLTAGE REGULATOR 7805 2.5 555 TIMER IC 2.6 DECADE COUNTER IC 4017 2.7 TRANSISTOR 2.8 RELAY 3. WORKING MODEL OF RELAY BASED ELECTRICAL CONTROL FORWARD AND REVERSE RUNNING LIGHT WITH BULB LOAD 3.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 3.2 DISCRIPTION 3.3 ADVANTAGES 3.4 APPLICATIONS 4. CONCLUSION 5. REFERENCES

1. INTRODUCTION
In this Project relay based electrical control forward reverse Running Lights the bulbs get turned off and on sequentially. The 3 main ICs are used for making the circuit. IC7805 it is an voltage regulator IC This circuit is a small +5V power supply hence this is used to provide the regulated supply .The IC 555 works as the pulse generator and feeds the clock pulses to IC 4017. IC 4017 is the heart of this circuit. It works as a counter and gives the output after every 10 pulses. It drives the transistors, which in turn on the relay. From 230 V AC a DC supply of +5V is obtained. The power supply is given to the other blocks. The pulse generator at a particular frequency generates the clock pulses. The clock pulses are counted by a counter and gives output after every 10 pulses. The counter drives the transistors. The transistors fire the relays and they provide sufficient current to the load. Decorative bulbs are connected as load for each relay. The bulbs are sequentially turned ON and OFF in forward and reverse way. The IC 555 works as the pulse generator and feeds the clock pulses to IC 4017. IC4017 is the heart of this circuit. It works as a counter and gives the output after every 10 pulses. And instead of all these main components other components like resistors and capacitors are also having important role in the project. After connecting the whole components according to the circuit diagram the output can be achieved by switch on the supply. From the 230V supply a supply of 9v is taken and that 9v supply is applied to the 7805 IC from which 5V regulated supply is obtained, because all the ICs work on low voltage and also the voltage rating of the LEDs is up to 5V. And in this way we get the desire output by using the different components.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Transformer

Bridge Rectifier

Filter

Voltage Regulator

555 Timer

Load

Relay

Transistor

Decade Counter (IC 4017)

2. COMPONENTS
2.1. Transformers:

A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through inductively coupled conductors. The relationship between electromotive force (EMF) or "voltage" and magnetic flux was formalized in an equation now referred to as "Faraday's law of induction": Working Principle: It is based on faradays law of electromagnetic induction. Electro Magnetic induction: The phenomenon by which an emf is induced in a conductor when it is cut by magnetic flux is known as electromagnetic induction. Faradays first law: It states that, whenever a conductor cuts a magnetic field or vice versa an emf is induced in it and it sets up in such a direction so as to oppose the cause of it. Faradays second law: It states that the magnitude of induced emf is equal to the rate of change of flux linkage.

The negative sign represents that the induced emf or current sets up in a direction so as to oppose the cause of it to satisfy LENZ LAW . Winding arrangements: Transformer mainly consists of 2 windings Primary winding Secondary winding Primary winding: The one which is connected to a voltage source and creates the flux is called as a primary winding. Secondary winding: The winding where the voltage is induced by induction is called a secondary winding. TYPES: Step up transformer: If the secondary voltage is more than that of the primary the transformer is called a step up transformer. Step down transformer: If the secondary voltage is less than that of the primary the transformer is called a step down transformer. Insulation: The insulation used in the case of electrical conductors in a transformer is varnish or enamel in dry type of transformers. In larger transformers to improve the heat transfer characteristics the conductors are insulated using un-impregnated paper or cloth and the whole core-winding assembly is immersed in a tank containing transformer Oil.

Transformer universal EMF equation: If the flux in the core is purely sinusoidal, the relationship for either winding between its rms voltage Erms of the winding , and the supply frequency f, number of turns N, core cross-sectional area a and peak magnetic flux density B is given by the universal EMF equation

If the flux does not contain even harmonics the following equation can be used for half-cycle average voltage Eavg of any wave shape. APPLICATIONS: A major application of transformers is to increase voltage before transmitting electrical energy over long distances through wires. Transformers are also used extensively in electronic products to step down the supply voltage to a level suitable for the low voltage circuits they contain. The transformer also electrically isolates the end user from contact with the supply voltage.

2.2. Rectifier:
A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which is in only one direction, a process known as rectification.

BRIDGE RECTIFIER: Another type of circuit that produces the same output waveform as the full wave rectifier circuit above is that of the Full Wave Bridge Rectifier. This type of single phase rectifier uses four individual rectifying diodes connected in a closed loop "bridge" configuration to produce the desired output.

The four diodes labeled D1 to D4 are arranged in "series pairs" with only two diodes conducting current during each half cycle. During the positive half cycle of the supply, diodes D1 and D2 conduct in series while diodes D3 and D4 are reverse biased and the current flows through the load as shown below. ADVANTAGES: The need for center tapped transformer is eliminated. The PIV is one half that of the center tap circuit. DISADVANTAGES: The only Disadvantage of using Bridge rectifiers is that it requires four Diodes.

APPLICATIONS: The primary application of rectifiers is to derive DC power from an AC supply. Virtually all electronic devices require DC, so rectifiers find uses inside the power supplies of virtually all electronic equipment. Converting DC power from one voltage to another is much more complicated. One method of DC-to-DC conversion first converts power to AC, then use a transformer to change the voltage, and finally rectifies power back to DC.

2.3. Filter:
Filter is any circuit that will remove some parts of a signal or power source, while allowing other parts to continue on without significant hindrance.

If we place a capacitor at the output of the full-wave rectifier the capacitor will charge to the peak voltage each half-cycle, and then will discharge more slowly through the load while the rectified voltage drops back to zero before beginning the next half-cycle. As a result, the actual voltage output from this combination never drops to zero. The output voltage, while not pure dc, has much less variation (or ripple, as it is called) than the unfiltered output of the rectifier.

2.4. Voltage regulator 7805:

A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. A voltage regulator may be a simple "feed-forward" design or may include negative feedback control loops. It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or electronic components. Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC or DC voltages.

7805 ICs have three terminals and are most commonly found in the TO220 form factor, although smaller surface-mount and larger TO3 packages are also available from some manufacturers. These devices typically support an input voltage which can be anywhere from a couple of volts over the intended output voltage, up to a maximum of 35 or 40 volts, and can typically provide up to around 1 or 1.5 amps of current (though smaller or larger packages may have a lower or higher current rating).

The 7805 series has several key advantages over many other voltage regulator circuits which have resulted in its popularity: 7805 series ICs do not require any additional components to provide a constant, regulated source of power, making them easy to use, as well as economical, and also efficient uses of circuit board real estate. By contrast, most other voltage regulators require several additional components to set the output voltage level, or to assist in the regulation process. Some other designs (such as a switching power supply) can require not only a large number of components but also substantial engineering expertise to implement correctly as well. 7805 series ICs have built-in protection against a circuit drawing too much power. They also have protection against overheating and short-circuits, making them quite robust in most applications. In some cases, the currentlimiting features of the 7805 devices can provide protection not only for the 7805 itself, but also for other parts of the circuit it is used in, preventing other components from being damaged as well.

2.5.555 Timer IC:

555TIMER:

The 555 Timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, pulse generation and oscillator applications. It has been claimed that the 555 gets its name from the three 5 k resistors used in typical early implementations. The part is still in wide use, due to its ease of use, low price and good stability.

Depending on the manufacturer, the standard 555 package includes over 20 transistors, 2 diodes and 15 resistors on a silicon chip installed in an 8-pin mini dual-in-line package (DIP-8). Ultra-low power versions of the 555 are also available, such as the 7555 and TLC555. The 7555 is designed to cause less supply glitching than the classic 555 and the manufacturer claims that it usually does not require a "control" capacitor and in many cases does not require a power supply bypass capacitor. OPERATING MODES: Monostable mode: in this mode, the 555 functions as a "one-shot". Applications include timers, missing pulse detection, bounce free switches, touch switches, frequency divider, capacitance measurement, pulse-width modulation (PWM) etc Astable - free running mode: the 555 can operate as an oscillator. Uses include LED and lamp flashers, pulse generation, logic clocks, tone generation, security alarms, pulse position modulation, etc. Bistable mode or Schmitt trigger: the 555 can operate as a flip-flop, if the DIS pin is not connected and no capacitor is used. Uses include bounce free latched switches, etc. ASTABLE MODE: In astable mode, the 555 timer puts out a continuous stream of rectangular pulses having a specified frequency. Resistor R1 is connected between VCC and the discharge pin (pin 7) and another resistor (R2) is connected between the discharge pin (pin 7), and the trigger (pin 2) and threshold (pin 6) pins that share a common node. Hence the capacitor is charged through R1 and R2, and discharged only through R2, since pin 7 has low impedance to ground during output low intervals of the cycle, therefore discharging the capacitor. In the astable mode, the frequency of the pulse stream depends on the values of R1, R2 and C:

The high time from each pulse is given by

The low time from each pulse is given by

Where R1 and R2 are the values of the resistors in ohms and C is the value of the capacitor in farads. Note 1: The power capability of R1 must be greater than.

Note 2: particularly with bipolar 555s, it is essential to avoid low values of R1 as the discharge current capability of the IC is limited. If the limit is reached, the discharging output DIS will not be saturated (i.e. not essentially at GND as assumed for the timing calculations), so the capacitor voltage will not discharge from 0.67*Vcc towards 0, and the output low time will be greater than as given in the above equation.

 To achieve a duty cycle of less than 50% a diode can be added in parallel with R2 towards the capacitor. This bypasses R2 during the high part of the cycle so that the high interval depends only on R1 and C.

2.6. Decade counter IC 4017:

The IC 4017 is a versatile IC of the CMOS family which has got wide range of applications. Internally it consists of a 10 stage decade counter/divider. When a clock pulse is applied to it externally, its outputs become logic 'hi' and 'lo' sequentially (one after the other). It has got numerous applications, for example in circuits where sequential switching are required and also in decorative ornamental lighting, where the lights are switched on and off sequentially giving it a 'running' effect. Pin configurations of this IC are as follows: Pin 1 to pin 7 and pins 8, 9, 10 are all the outputs of the IC. Pin 16 is for the positive supply and pin 8 is ground. Pin 15 is the reset point of the IC. A logic '0' to this pin (or by connecting it to the ground), gives a green signal to the IC, so that it can function. Logic '1' or a positive supply here will bring its proceedings to a standstill and will reset it. At this position pin 3 of the IC4017 stays at logic '1' where as all other outputs are logic 'lo'. Pin 14 is the clock input of the IC 4017. An external clock signal to this point will make logic '1' to proceed sequentially, beginning from pin 3 and ending at pin 11. The cycle is repeated as long as the clock persists at pin 14. The period of time each output stays logic '1' will depend on the time period of the positive peaks of the clock signal. With the rising edge of every clock pulse, the 'logic 1' will shift from one output to the other serially. Pin 13 is the clock enable point. A logic '1' to this pin will stop the IC 4017 from proceeding and its output will freeze at that instant at the particular output. Even if the clock signal at pin 14 is ON, the output cant shift as long as pin 13 is held at logic'1', therefore this point should be grounded. On the contrary if pin 14 is held at logic'1' and clock signal is applied at pin 1, every falling edge of the pulse will make the outputs to change state sequentially.

The count advances as the clock input becomes high (on the rising-edge). Each output Q0-Q9goes high in turn as counting advances. For some functions (such as flash sequences) outputs may be combined using diodes.

The reset input should be low (0V) for normal operation (counting 0-9). When high it resets the count to zero (Q0 high). This can be done manually with a switch between reset and +Vs and a10k resistor between reset and 0V. Counting to less than 9 is achieved by connecting the relevant output (Q0-Q9) to reset, for example to count 0,1,2,3 connect Q4 to reset. The disable input should be low (0V) for normal operation. When high it disables counting so that clock pulses are ignored and the count is kept constant. The 10 output is high for counts 0-4 and low for 5-9, so it provides an output at 1/10 of the clock frequency. It can be used to drive the clock input of another 4017 (to count the tens).

2.7. Transistors:
Transistors are semiconductor devices which are made up of either silicon or germanium. Further, transistors are of two types i.e., PNP and NPN. In PNP type, a thin layer of n-type material is sandwiched between two layers of p-type material. In NPN type, a thin layer of p-type material is sandwiched between two layers of n-type material.

PNP Transistor NPN Transistor The emitter-base junction is forward biased and collector-base junction is reverse biased. Due to the forward bias on the emitter-base Junction an emitter flows through the base into the collector. Through the collector-base junction is reverse biased, almost the entire emitter current flows through the collector circuit.

Operation of transistor Operation of NPN transistor: The forward bias applied to the emitter base junction of an NPN transistor cause a lot of electrons from the emitter region to crossover to the base region. As the base is lightly doped with P-type impurity. The number of electrons that combine with holes in the P-type base region is also very small. Hence a few electrons combine with holes to constitute a base current IB. the remaining electrons (more than 95%) crossover into the collector region to constitute a collector current IC. thus the base and collector current current summed up gives the emitter, i.e. IE=-(IC+IB) In the external of the NPN bipolar junction transistor, the magnitudes of the emitter current IE, the base current IB and the collector IC are related by IE=IC+IB. Operation of PNP transistor: The forward bias applied to the emitter- base junction of a PNP transistor cause a lot of holes from the emitter region to crossover to the base region. As the base is lightly doped with N-type impurity. The number of electrons base region is very small. Hence a few electrons combine with holes to combine with electrons in the N-type base region is also very small. Hence a few electrons combined with electrons to constitute a base current IB. the remaining holes (more than 95%) crossover into the collector region to constitute a collector current IC. Thus the collector and base current when summed up gives the emitter current, i.e.IE=-(IC+IB). In the external circuit of the PNP bipolar junction transistor, the magnitudes of the emitter current IE, the base current IB and the collector IC are related by IE=IC+IB

2.8. Relay:
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a switching mechanism mechanically.

Circuit symbol for a relay

Relays are usually SPDT or DPDT but they can have many more sets of switch contacts, for example relays with 4 sets of changeover contacts are available. Solid-state relays control power circuits with no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching. In modern electric power systems these functions are performed by digital instruments still called "protective relays". WORKING: When an electric current is passed through the coil it generates a magnetic field that attracts the armature and the consequent movement of the movable contacts either makes or breaks (depending upon construction) a connection with a fixed contact. If the set of contacts was closed when the relay was de-energized, then the movement opens the contacts and breaks the connection, and vice versa if the contacts were open.

 When the current to the coil is switched off, the armature is returned by a force, approximately half as strong as the magnetic force, to its relaxed position. Usually this force is provided by a spring, but gravity is also used commonly in industrial motor starters. TYPES OF RELAY: Overload protection relay Reed relay Mercury-wetted relay Polarized relay Machine tool relay Ratchet relay Contactor relay Solid-state relay Solid state contactor relay Buchholz relay Forced-guided contacts relay POLE AND THROW:

 Normally-open (NO) contacts connect the circuit when the relay is activated; the circuit is disconnected when the relay is inactive. It is also called a Form A contact or "make" contact. Normally-closed (NC) contacts disconnect the circuit when the relay is activated; the circuit is connected when the relay is inactive. It is also called a Form B contact or "break" contact. Change-over (CO), or double-throw (DT), contacts control two circuits: one normally-open contact and one normally-closed contact with a common terminal. It is also called a Form C contact or "transfer" contact ("break before make"). If this type of contact utilizesmake before break" functionality, then it is called a Form D contact. APPLICATIONS: Relays are used to and for: Control a high-voltage circuit with a low-voltage signal, as in some types of modems or audio amplifiers.

Control a high-current circuit with a low-current signal, as in the starter solenoid of an automobile. Detect and isolate faults on transmission and distribution lines by opening and closing circuit breakers (protection relays). In later model cars, manufacturers have started combining relay panels into the fuse box to make maintenance easier

In places where a large amount of power needs to be switched, relays are often cascaded. In this case, a small relay switches the power needed to drive a much larger relay, and that second relay switches the power to drive the load. ADVANTAGES OF RELAY:

Relays can switch AC and DC, transistors can only switch DC.

Relays can switch higher voltages than standard transistors. Relays are often a better choice for switching large currents (> 5A). Relays can switch many contacts at once. The complete electrical isolation improves safety by ensuring that high voltages and currents cannot appear where they should not be. Relays come in all shapes and sizes for different applications and they have various switch contact configurations. Double Pole Double Throw (DPDT) relays are common and even 4-pole types are available. You can therefore control several circuits with one relay or use one relay to control the direction of a motor. It is easy to tell when a relay is operating - you can hear a click as the relay switches on and off and you can sometimes see the contacts moving.

DISADVANTAGES OF RELAY: Their parts can wear out as the switch contacts become dirty - high voltages and currents cause sparks between the contacts.

They cannot be switched on and off at high speeds because they have a slow response and the switch contacts will rapidly wear out due to the sparking. Their coils need a fairly high current to energize, which means some microelectronic circuits can't drive them directly without additional circuitry. The back-emf created when the relay coil switches off can damage the components that are driving the coil. To avoid this, a diode can be placed across the relay coil, as will be seen in any circuits that use relays with sensitive components.

3. WORKING Circuit Diagram:

Description:
POWER SECTION: Input supply is given to the transformer it is step down from 230volts AC to 12 volts AC. The 12v ac output is given to the rectifier circuit which is constructed by diodes connected in bridge circuit. By the alternative operation of diodes in bridge connection the 12v ac is rectified to 12v pulsated dc output. This pulsated 12v dc output is now given to filter circuit which contains a capacitor. The capacitor minimizes the pulse gap and converts pulsated dc to pure dc. The output from the filter unit is given to the regulator 7805. The output from the transformer secondary is not always 12v ac. It varies from (0-16) v ac, which is unregulated voltage and hence cannot be given directly to the sensor unit which is sensitive to minor fluctuations. So we pass the 12v dc output to the regulator 7805 which gives constant dc output of 5v dc even when there is varying output from the transformer. The regulator 7805 converts the unregulated 12v dc to regulated 5 v dc supply.

TIMER SECTION: These capacitor output is given to 555timer circuit. Here the 555 timer acts in Astable mode where a continuous clock pulse is generated as the output. The clock pulse is generated through an RC network. 555 TIMER IC is connected in astable mode. In astable mode the pins are connected as below:

Pin 1, 5 : Grounded Pin 3 : output Pin 4, 8: connected to supply Resistor R1 is connected between VCC and the discharge pin 7 and another resistor R2 is connected between the discharge pin 7 and the trigger (pin 2) and threshold (pin 6) pins that share a common node. Hence the capacitor is charged through R1 and R2, and discharged only through R2, since pin 7 has low impedance to ground during output low intervals of the cycle, therefore discharging the capacitor. In astable mode, the 555 timer puts out a continuous stream of rectangular pulses having a specified frequency. The frequency of the output pulse can be varied by this RC network. The output is taken from the pin 3 where a pulse is continuously available. This pulse is given as the input to the 4017IC (decade counter).

DECADE COUNTER SECTION: The input is given to pin no.16 of decode counter which generates 10 clocks pulses to move the display in forward and reverse direction. For every clock pulse IC 4017 changes its gate position. The following are the gate pins of IC 4017 pin no 3,2,4,7,10,1,5,6,9,11. Here the first half of gates is operated in forward direction and another in reverse direction. These total connections are feeded through IC 4007 diode. these diodes are connected in anti parallel direction to the IC 4017 gate pins as 3,11;2,9;4,6;7,5;10,1. These pins generate individual clock pulse in different time delay. This time delay output is given to LED through a current limiting resistor. The generated positive voltage is given to transistor IC 1351.

 As IC 4017 generates 10 clock pulses which are used in turning ON five transistors in forward and reverse direction. RELAY SECTION: These power transistors automatically turned ON and OFF depending upon the IC 4017 output clock pins. When these power transistors activated it activates power relay. This power relay acts like a switch. Hence this relay is called as switching relay. Relays are connected in pole to NC mode. The 230v phase line is connected to the pole. Relay ON condition-pole to NO (normally open) Relay OFF condition-pole to NC (normally closed) We use the bulb connection in series to relay through pole to NO. When Relay gets activated by the transistor then the corresponding bulb connected to relay is turned on. In this way the bulbs glow sequentially in forward and reverse direction.

ADVANTAGES: The cost of the model is very less. The model has simple circuit connection, hence it is less complex. The maintenance cost is negligible. Even if there is any damage, the components are very cheap to be replaced. Very less voltage is required for the working i.e., only 24 v.

APPLICATIONS: Automatic filling stations with a time pulse. Traffic light signal. Sequential timing applications. Lightening system.

Conclusion:
This project is designed for the operation of the sequential system used in industries like automatic filling stations and used in the traffic signaling system. As the working is automatic, there is no need for any supervision. It illustrates

the idea that the lights that sequentially turn on and off that are used in almost in
every function. The overall design cost is also less which makes it attractive.

References:
www.wikipedia.com www.electronicspoint.com www.electronics-tutorials.ws/transistor/tran 4.html www.technologystudent.com/elec1