Technological Institute of the Philippines 938 Aurora blvd.

Cubao, Quezon City

EXPERIMENT # 2

TRANSFORMER OPEN CIRCUIT TEST AND SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

Ezekiel M. Brizuela - EC41FA1

Date Performed: February 23, 2012 Date Submitted: February 25, 2012

Engr. Jurieve Bagay Instructor

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

PICTORIAL DIAGRAM

A. Open Circuit Test

B. Short-Circuit Test

DATA AND RESULTS OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

Trial 1 2 3

Ep (Volts) 110V 110V 110V

Es (Volts) 222V 214.1V 224.4V

TABLE 2.1 Ip (Amps) 0.26A 0.59A 0.22A

Is (Amps) 0.98A 0.26A 0.08A

Pp (Watts) 10W 12W 9W

Ps (Watts) 217.56W 55.67W 17.952W

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST Trial 1 2 3 Ep (Volts) 31.8V 23.9V 3.2V Es (Volts) 0.256V 0.234V 4.5V TABLE 2.1 Ip (Amps) 1.3A 1.28A 1.29A Is (Amps) 161.43A 132.48A 8.89A Pp (Watts) 41W 31W 40W Ps (Watts) 41.34W 31W 40W

Short Circuit Test Data %IR %IX %IZ

Computed Value Trial 1 13.67% 24.03% 27.65%

Computed Value Trial 2 10.33% 18.03% 20.78%

Computed Value Trial 3 13.38% 24.43% 27.83%

COMPUTATIONS

Trial 1

= 13.67%

= 27.65%

= 24.03%

Trial 2

= 18.03%

Trial 3

= 13.33%

= 27.83%

= 24.83%

INTERPRETATION OF DATA

The data accumulated during the experiment is listed on the table in the previous page. The tables of data are divided into three, one for open circuit test, short circuit test and the computed value for the test data. The information on the open circuit test table are measured by the power analyzer or wattmeter for the primary and secondary power, VOM multitester for the voltages and the clamp meter for secondary and primary current. The data collected from the open circuit test are what we called the core loss or constant loss. This is a power loss that does not change or simply the loss existing in the transformer which cannot be eliminated. The next table of the data and result is the data gathered in short circuit test. Again, using measuring instrument, we arrived to the valued listed above. The primary power gathered from the power analyzer is what we called the copper loss or the variable loss. This loss is an electrical loss of the transformer because it depends upon the magnitude of the load. Therefore, we shorted the low tension side to discover the variable loss. The last table shows the computed values for the %IR percent resistance drop, %IX percent reactance drop and %IZ percent impedance drop. To be able to get the values for the given table, we must obtain to compute the percentage impedance of an AC transformer. The formula given on the experiment manual is the formula we used to arrived for those values.

DISCUSSION

The shunt branch parameters can be determined by performing this test. Since, the core loss and the magnetizing current depend on applied voltage; this test is performed by applying the rated voltage to one of the windings keeping the other winding open, generally the high tension terminal is kept open and rated voltage is applied to low tension terminal. Since, the secondary terminal are open and in no load condition is connected across the secondary, current drawn from the source is called as no load current. Under no-load condition the power input to the transformer is equal to the sum of losses in the primary winding resistance and core loss. Since, no load current is very small, the loss in winding resistance is neglected. Hence, on the no load, the power drawn from the source is dissipated as heat in the core. Suppose the input voltage is reduced to a small fraction of rated value and secondary terminals are short-circuited. A current will circulate in the secondary winding. Since a small fraction of rated voltage is applied to the primary winding, the flux in the core and the core loss is very small. Then, the power input on short circuit is dissipated as heat in the winding. In short circuit test, the low tension terminals of the transformer are short circuited. The primary voltage is gradually applied until the rated current flows in the winding. Since, the applied voltage is very small, the magnetizing branch can now be eliminated from the equivalent circuit.

OBSERVATION

During the experiment, I observed the characteristics of open and circuit test, its importance in the operation of AC transformer. I observed that during the open circuit test, the high tension terminals are open while the low tension is connected across the power analyzer to read its power loss which is constant. When the low tension side is shorted and the power analyzer is connected across the variable AC and in the high tension side, the test is probably the short circuit test. This test is to find the variable loss or the copper loss. And, while solving for the last table to fill the blanks inside the table, the AC transformer has an impedance which consists of resistance and reactance which is indicated as R and X respectively. Then, the impedance is noted as Z. To find these values computation must take place from the formula.

CONCLUSION

I, therefore, conclude that to find the core and copper loss of a transformer, you must conduct the transformer test namely: Open-circuit test and Short-circuit test. The open-circuit test determines core loss or constant loss. The core loss is constant because the loss does not change whether in no load or full load condition. The core loss is the magnetic loss which does not vary or just simply constant. Theoretically, it is divided into two: hysteresis loss and eddy current loss. Finding the core loss of the transformer, the high tension terminals should be open-connected and the power analyzer is connected across the variable AC.

On the other hand, to be able to get the copper loss which is the variable loss of the transformer, the low tension terminals must short-connected. The and the power analyzer and variable AC are connected on the other side. This test is called short-circuit test. This test finds the electrical loss or variable loss of an AC transform. The greater the load, the greater the copper loss even, when the load is smaller, the copper loss is lesser.

RECOMMENDATION

I still recommend that during the laboratory experiment, the instruments are complete so that the students may perform the experiment well. Also, the transformer must be stable so that students may get accurate result. I also recommend that percentage error may also be calculated to know the students if their data are right or wrong. Through this, they may alarm if the experiment they performed is right or wrong to troubleshoot the misconnections of the circuitry.