Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Early History
Stone Age (Paleolithic, ~2.5 Million BC) Flint: cutting edge easily formed by chipping Copper Age (~8000 5000 BC) Pottery kilns hot enough to melt Cu from ore (Cu Tm = 1085C) strength y = 70 MPa (10,000 lb/in2) Bronze Age (~3500 BC) Alloying: add tin to copper (Sn Tm = 232C) strength y = 125 MPa (18,000 lb/in2) Iron Age (~1500 BC) Reduce Fe ore at high T with charcoal to capture O2, release Fe metal (Fe Tm = 1538C) strength y = 275 MPa (40,000 lb/in2) Add carbon to Fe
K. M. Flores Materials Science & Engineering
Biomedical Implants, tissue scaffolding Drug delivery devices Food Processing Chocolate Ice cream
K. M. Flores Materials Science & Engineering
$$$$
Median Salaries, Columbus OH # BS, entry level: $55,217 BS+, experienced: $94,540
#
$$$$
K. M. Flores Materials Science & Engineering
salary.monster.com
1-3
1-4
woven fibers
0.5 mm
Engineered Composited 10-4 10-1 m
Atomica Up to 10-10 m
Structure
Properties
K. M. Flores Materials Science & Engineering
Processing
Natural Compositee
Images obtained from: (a) Fig. 3.3b, Callister 6e, (b) fluorapophylite, from http://www.gc.maricopa.edu/earthsci/imagearchive/apophylite.htm, downloaded Nov. 15, 2004, (c) Fig. K, color insert to Callister 4e, (d) D. Hull and T.W. Clyne, An Introduction to Composite Materials, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, New York, 1996, Fig. 3.6, p. 47, (e) https://courses.stu.qmul.ac.uk/smd/kb/microanatomy/bone/, downloaded Nov. 15 2004.
1-5
Structure
Properties
Processing
Images obtained from: (a) http://www.mcshane-enterprises.com/ASL/images/Mitchell/barbendatvastrong.jpg, downloaded Aug. 24, 2004, (b) http://www.netadmintools.com/cabletester/alltinned.jpg, downloaded Aug. 24, 2004, (c) Fig. 1.2, Callister 6e, (d) http://www.missilesandfirecontrol.com/our_products/spaceprograms/SHUTTLE/pic01-shuttle.html, downloaded Aug. 24, 2004, (e) Fig. 20.18, Callister 6e, (f) Fig. 17.0, Callister 6e.
1-6
Structure
Properties
Processing
Photolithographyd
Sinteringb
K. M. Flores Materials Science & Engineering
(a) Adapted from opening picture in Ch. 11, Callister 6e. PEPSI is a registered trademark of PepsiCo Inc., (b) Adapted from Fig 13.14, Callister 6e, (c) Fig. 15.23, Callister 6e, (d) www.just2good.co.uk/ cpuSilicon.htm downloaded Dec. 21, 2004.
1-7
600
Hardness (BHN)
30 m
Data obtained from Figs. 10.21(a) and 10.23 with 4wt%C composition, and from Fig. 11.13 and associated discussion, Callister 6e. Micrographs adapted from (a) Fig. 10.10; (b) Fig. 9.27;(c) Fig. 10.24; and (d) Fig. 10.12, Callister 6e.
1000
Resistivity,
4 3 2 1 0
-200
-100
T (C) Adding impurity atoms to Cu increases resistivity. Deforming Cu increases resistivity. K. M. Flores
Materials Science & Engineering
1-9
Magnetic Permeability
vs. Composition:
--Adding 3 atomic % Si makes Fe a better recording medium!
Magnetization
Fe+3%Si Fe
Magnetic Field
Adapted from C.R. Barrett, W.D. Nix, and A.S. Tetelman, The Principles of Engineering Materials, Fig. 1-7(a), p. 9, 1973. Electronically reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
Adapted from Fig. 19.4, Callister 6e. (Fig. 19.4 is adapted from Metals Handbook: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous alloys and Pure Metals, Vol. 2, 9th ed., H. Baker, (Managing Editor), American Society for Metals, 1979, p. 315.)
1-10
1-11
Brass
60 ductility (%EL) 50 40 30
Cu
400 300 200 100 0 20 20
strength
40
ductility
0 40 60
% Cold Work
Adapted from Fig. 7.17, Callister 6e. (Fig. 7.17 is adapted from Metals Handbook: Properties and Selection: Iron and Steels, Vol. 1, 9th ed., B. Bardes (Ed.), American Society for Metals, 1978, p. 226; and Metals Handbook: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Pure Metals, Vol. 2, 9th ed., H. Baker (Managing Ed.), American Society for Metals, 1979, p. 276 and 327.)
ductility (%EL)
1-12
60
SUMMARY
Course Goals:
Use the right material for the job. Understand the relation between properties, structure, and processing. Recognize new design opportunities offered by materials selection.
1-14