1. What is .NET Framework? The .

NET Framework has two main components: the common language runtime and the .NET Framework class library. You can think of the runtime as an agent that manages code at execution time, providing core services such as memory management, thread management, and remoting, while also enforcing strict type safety and other forms of code accuracy that ensure security and robustness. The class library is a comprehensive, object-oriented collection of reusable types that you can use to develop applications ranging from traditional command-line or graphical user interface (GUI) applications to applications based on the latest innovations provided by ASP.NET, such as Web Forms and XML Web services. 2. What is CLR, CTS, CLS? The .NET Framework provides a runtime environment called the Common Language Runtime or CLR (similar to the Java Virtual Machine or JVM in Java), which handles the execution of code and provides useful services for the implementation of the program. CLR takes care of code management at program execution and provides various beneficial services such as memory management, thread management, security management, code verification, compilation, and other system services. The managed code that targets CLR benefits from useful features such as cross-language integration, cross-language exception handling, versioning, enhanced security, deployment support, and debugging. Common Type System (CTS) describes how types are declared, used and managed in the runtime and facilitates cross-language integration, type safety, and high performance code execution. The CLS is simply a specification that defines the rules to support language integration in such a way that programs written in any language, yet can interoperate with one another, taking full advantage of inheritance, polymorphism, exceptions, and other features. These rules and the specification are documented in the ECMA proposed standard document, "Partition I Architecture", http://msdn.microsoft.com/net/ecma/ 3. What are the new features of Framework 1.1? 1. Native Support for Developing Mobile Web Applications 2. Enable Execution of Windows Forms Assemblies Originating from the Internet Assemblies originating from the Internet zonefor example, Microsoft Windows Forms controls embedded in an Internet-based Web page or Windows Forms assemblies hosted on an Internet Web server and loaded either through the Web browser or programmatically using the System.Reflection.Assembly.LoadFrom() methodnow receive sufficient permission to execute in a semi-trusted manner. Default security policy has been changed so that assemblies assigned by the common language runtime (CLR) to the Internet zone code group now receive the constrained permissions associated with the Internet permission set. In the .NET Framework 1.0 Service Pack 1 and Service Pack 2, such applications received the permissions associated with the Nothing permission set and could not execute. 3. Enable Code Access Security for ASP.NET Applications Systems administrators can now use code access security to further lock down the permissions granted to ASP.NET Web applications and Web services. Although the operating system account under which an application runs imposes security restrictions on the application, the code access security system of the CLR can enforce additional restrictions on selected application resources

based on policies specified by systems administrators. You can use this feature in a shared server environment (such as an Internet service provider (ISP) hosting multiple Web applications on one server) to isolate separate applications from one another, as well as with stand-alone servers where you want applications to run with the minimum necessary privileges. 4. Native Support for Communicating with ODBC and Oracle Databases 5. Unified Programming Model for Smart Client Application Development The Microsoft .NET Compact Framework brings the CLR, Windows Forms controls, and other .NET Framework features to small devices. The .NET Compact Framework supports a large subset of the .NET Framework class library optimized for small devices. 6. Support for IPv6 The .NET Framework 1.1 supports the emerging update to the Internet Protocol, commonly referred to as IP version 6, or simply IPv6. This protocol is designed to significantly increase the address space used to identify communication endpoints in the Internet to accommodate its ongoing growth. http://msdn.microsoft.com/netframework/technologyinfo/Overview/whatsnew.aspx 4. Is .NET a runtime service or a development platform? Ans: It's both and actually a lot more. Microsoft .NET includes a new way of delivering software and services to businesses and consumers. A part of Microsoft.NET is the .NET Frameworks. The .NET frameworks SDK consists of two parts: the .NET common language runtime and the .NET class library. In addition, the SDK also includes command-line compilers for C#, C++, JScript, and VB. You use these compilers to build applications and components. These components require the runtime to execute so this is a development platform. Execute Reader - basically, this method returns a Data Reader which is filled with the data that is retrieved using the command. This is known as a forward-only retrieval of records - it uses your sql statement to read through the table from the first to the last. There are many Data Reader examples on this site. Just go to http://aspnet101.com/aspnet101/aspnetcode.aspx and choose Data Reader from the Dropdown List Usage: cmd.ExecuteReader ExecuteNonQuery - this method returns no data at all. It is used mainly with Inserts and Updates of tables. Here, also, we have many code samples using ExecuteNonQuery. Inserting records Updating a Record Useage: cmd.ExecuteNonQuery ExecuteScalar - Returns only one value after executing the query - it returns the first field in the first row. This is very light-weight and is perfect when all your query asks for is one item. This would be excellent for receiving a count of records (Select Count(*)) in an sql statement, or for any query where only one specific field in one column is needed. 1 different types of session 1Tracking using Session Objects, URL-Rewriting and Hidden Fields i.e. either using A hidden field in the html or using Page.RegisterHiddenField (in 2003), but in 2005, it has been depreciated, and it is Client.RegisterHiddenField(Key, Value)

2 types of datasets To the best of my knowledge there is only 1 dataset. But there are various data sources. So I wonder whether you are asking me what the different Data Sources are. If so here they are ObjectDataSource SqlDataSource AccessDataSource XmlDataSource SiteMapDataSource 3 How can I use a dll in a machine, which is in a network, in my project which is in some other machine? Make the other machine a COM+ server and deploy the dll under the COM+ interop services. So that you could use it as a DCOM component. 4 what i have to do if I need a component to b shared my multiple application, say one is a web and other a windows I think by making it a dll and then using its reference by copying the dll in to the projects bin directory. I think I would have to research a little bit on this. I will do that I would let you know about it. Usually for web we use Web Control , and windows we use windows control, to create our own custom control. 5 how to create 2 virtual directories with same port no: say 80 Why not, you can create n numbers of virtual Directories under a Web Site, but the alias name should be different 6 Types of polymorphism Compile time (function Overloading) and Run time Polymorphism (function Overriding) 7 Purpose of shared assembly A shared assembly is one that can be referenced by more than one application. In order to share an assembly, the assembly must be explicitly built for this purpose by giving it a cryptographically strong name. Using the Sn.exe command from the command prompt. If we want to create an assembly which needs to be referenced by the same application and no other application, then it should be a private assembly. 8 How can you make your application to work in a newer version of .net frame work By removing all unused variables, since 2005 wont support the usage of unused variables. Then by removing all the depreciated functions like the one I have mentioned against your Qn1. These are the couple of ways by which you could make your appln work n newer version. There may be other stuffs also, but these generally what I have experienced in 2005 , when compared to 2003, if I come to know about other features I would let you know for sure. 9. What is MSIL, IL? When compiling to managed code, the compiler translates your source code into Microsoft intermediate language (MSIL), which is a CPU-independent set of instructions that can be efficiently converted to native code. MSIL includes instructions for loading, storing, initializing, and calling methods on objects, as well as instructions for arithmetic and logical operations, control flow, direct memory access, exception handling, and other operations. Microsoft intermediate language (MSIL) is

a language used as the output of a number of compilers and as the input to a just-in-time (JIT) compiler. The common language runtime includes a JIT compiler for converting MSIL to native code. 10. Can I write IL programs directly? Yes. Peter Drayton posted this simple example to the DOTNET mailing list: .assembly MyAssembly {} .class MyApp { .method static void Main() { .entrypoint ldstr "Hello, IL!" call void System.Console::WriteLine(class System.Object) ret } } Just put this into a file called hello.il, and then run ilasm hello.il. An exe assembly will be generated. 11.Can I do things in IL that I can't do in C#? Yes. A couple of simple examples are that you can throw exceptions that are not derived from System.Exception, and you can have non-zero-based arrays. 12. What is JIT (just in time)? how it works? Before Microsoft intermediate language (MSIL) can be executed, it must be converted by a .NET Framework just-in-time (JIT) compiler to native code, which is CPU-specific code that runs on the same computer architecture as the JIT compiler. Rather than using time and memory to convert all the MSIL in a portable executable (PE) file to native code, it converts the MSIL as it is needed during execution and stores the resulting native code so that it is accessible for subsequent calls. The runtime supplies another mode of compilation called install-time code generation. The install-time code generation mode converts MSIL to native code just as the regular JIT compiler does, but it converts larger units of code at a time, storing the resulting native code for use when the assembly is subsequently loaded and executed. As part of compiling MSIL to native code, code must pass a verification process unless an administrator has established a security policy that allows code to bypass verification. Verification examines MSIL and metadata to find out whether the code can be determined to be type safe, which means that it is known to access only the memory locations it is authorized to access. 13. What is strong name? A name that consists of an assembly's identityits simple text name, version number, and culture information (if provided)strengthened by a public key and a digital signature generated over the assembly. 14. What is portable executable (PE)? The file format defining the structure that all executable files (EXE) and Dynamic Link Libraries (DLL) must use to allow them to be loaded and executed by Windows. PE is derived from the Microsoft Common Object File Format (COFF). The EXE and DLL files created using the .NET Framework obey the PE/COFF formats and also add additional header and data sections to the files that are only used by the CLR. The specification for the PE/COFF file formats is available at http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/hwdev/hardware/pecoffdown.mspx

15. What is Event - Delegate? Clear syntax for writing a event delegate The event keyword lets you specify a delegate that will be called upon the occurrence of some "event" in your code. The delegate can have one or more associated methods that will be called when your code indicates that the event has occurred. An event in one program can be made available to other programs that target the .NET Framework Common Language Runtime. 1.How many types of JIT compilers are available? There are Two types of JIT compilers. standard JIT compiler. EconoJIT compiler. 2.What are the different types of assemblies name them? Private Public/Shared Satellite assembly 3.What is GAC? What are the steps to be taken to pick up the latest version from GAC? This Global Assembly Cache(GAC) stores .NET assemblies to be shared by several applications on that computer.publisher policy file is the configuration file to redirect to different version 1. Create the publisher Policy assembly using the assembly linker 2. Add the publisher policy assembly to the GAC using GACutil tool Gacutil /i 3. During runtime CLR is looking into the publisher policy file and redirect the application to bind with new version assembly as specified inside the publisher policy. 4.How do we use different versions of private assemblies in same application without re-build? In Asseblyinfo file need specify assembly version. assembly: AssemblyVersion 5.Different methods of using a legacy COM component in .NET framework? 1. TLBIMP to create an Assembly from a COM component 2. Reference a COM component directly from .NET Editor 6.How do you implement SSL? 1. create certificate request [ =>Right click on the website (VD) =>Click Directory Security Tab and click Server Certificate => Type name of certificate , Organization name , server name location info, => Type the path need to save certificate information Submit certificate request. ] 7.What is ref parameter? What is out parameter? Ref Parameter: Used to pass a parameter as a reference so that the function called will set the value. This could be used to return more than 1 value by a function. e.g. public int AddMuliply( int a , int b, ref int c)

{ c = a*b; return ( a+b); } The above function, returns the addition of two numbers as well as computes the multiplication result and passes to the calling function. Out Parameter: Used to pass values from the aspx Code-behind to the aspx page. The difference is that for a ref parameter, you have to assign a value before you call the function, while for OUT parameter, you dont have to assign a value, the calling function assumes that the called function would assign some value. A ref parameter must first be initialized before being passed from the calling function to the called function. but a out parameter need not be initialized, we can pass it directly when we pass a parameter as ref to a method, the method refers to the same variable and changes made will affect the actual variable. even the variable passed as out parameter is same as ref parameter, but implementation in c# is different, Arguement passed as ref parameter must be initialized before it is passed to the method. But in case of out parameter it is not necessary. But after a call to a method as out parameter it is necessary to initialize. When to use out and ref parameter, out parameter is used when we want to return more than one value from a method. Ref parameter can be used as both input and o/p parameter out parameter can be used as only output parameter 8.What is boxing? What is the benefits and disadvantages? Boxing is converting a value-type to reference type. An example is converting an integer value to an object value. Ex: int intValue = 10; object obj = (object)intValue; This is used if you want to pass variables of object types to certain functions or methods you have created. Commonly used in events for example (Object sender...). 9.Why multiple Inheritance is not possible in C#? Multple inheritance is coneceptually wrong. It shouldn't be allowed in any language. Inheritance is the strongest relationship that can be expressed in OO languages. It's used to express IS-A relationship. Aggregation is used to express IS CONSTRUCTED IN TERMS OF. If you're using multiple inheritance in C++ then you're design is wrong and you probably want to use aggregation. On the other hand it's plausible to want to use multiple interfaces. For instance you might have a class wheel and a class engine. You could say that your class car inherits from wheel and from engine but that's wrong. In fact car aggregates wheel and engine because it is built in terms of those classes. If wheel is an interface and engine is an interface then car must inherit both of these interfaces since it must implement the functionaity of wheel and engine .On this basis we can see that multiple inheritance for classes should not be allowed because it promotes mis-use of the strong IS-A relationship. C# enforces the correct concepts whilst C++ allows mis-use. multiple interface inheritance is permissible and C# allows this. It's all to do with properly understanding OO concepts. Absolute Multiple Inheritance is not possible in c# but partially it supports multiple inheritance by the

use of Interfaces. As interfaces force a class to implement same type of behaviour (as defined in interface) which classes implements that interface What is the top .NET class that everything is derived from? System.Objects What is an abstract class? The abstract modifier can be used with classes, methods, properties, indexers, and events. Use the abstract modifier in a class declaration to indicate that a class is intended only to be a base class of other classes. Abstract classes have the following features: An abstract class cannot be instantiated. An abstract class may contain abstract methods and accessors. It is not possible to modify an abstract class with the sealed modifier, which means that the class cannot be inherited. A non-abstract class derived from an abstract class must include actual implementations of all inherited abstract methods and accessors. Use the abstract modifier in a method or property declaration to indicate that the method or property does not contain implementation. Abstract methods have the following features: An abstract method is implicitly a virtual method. Abstract method declarations are only permitted in abstract classes. Because an abstract method declaration provides no actual implementation, there is no method body; the method declaration simply ends with a semicolon and there are no braces ({ }) following the signature. For example: public abstract void MyMethod(); abstract class is a prototype of a class. it is used to provide partial class implementation. abstract class contain abstract method which can be implemented by derived class. some rules for abstract class are following-: 1) an object of an abstract class can never be created. 2) You cannot declare an abstract method outside the abstract class. 3) Cannot be declared sealed. WHAT IS THE ADVANTAGE OF SERIALIZATION? Serialization is the process of maintaing object in the form stream. it is useful in case of remoting. Serialization is the process of converting object into byte stream which is useful to transport object(i.e remoting),persisting object(i.e files,database) SERIALIZATION IS PROCESS OF LOADING THE OBJECT STATE IN THE FORM OF BYTE STREAMS IN DATABASE/FILE SYATEM. Can we inherit the java class in C# class,how? Java Programming language is not supported with .Net Framework hence you cannot inherit javaclass in C# class.Also Java has JavaByte code after compiling similar to MSIL which is similar but cannot inherit due to framework support. Are C# destructors the same as C++ destructors?

No. They look the same but they are very different. The C# destructor syntax (with the familiar ~ character) is just syntactic sugar for an override of the System.Object Finalize method. This Finalize method is called by the garbage collector when it determines that an object is no longer referenced, before it frees the memory associated with the object. So far this sounds like a C++ destructor. The difference is that the garbage collector makes no guarantees about when this procedure happens. Indeed, the algorithm employed by the CLR garbage collector means that it may be a long time after the application has finished with the object. This lack of certainty is often termed non-deterministic finalization, and it means that C# destructors are not suitable for releasing scarce resources such as database connections, file handles etc. To achieve deterministic destruction, a class must offer a method to be used for the purpose. The standard approach is for the class to implement the IDisposable interface. The user of the object must call the Dispose() method when it has finished with the object. C# offers the using construct to make this easier. What is wrapper class? is it available in c#? Wrapper Classes are the classes that wrap up the primitive values in to a class that offer utility method to access it . For eg you can store list of int values in a vector class and access the class. Also the methods are static and hence you can use them without creating an instance . The values are immutable wrapper class are those class in which we cannot define and call all predefined function .it is possible in java not C#. Which tool is used to browse the classes, structs, interfaces etc. in the BCL? wincv as in Windows Class View How is the using() pattern useful? What is IDisposable? How does it support deterministic finalization? The using() pattern is useful because it ensures that Dispose() will always be called when a disposable object (defined as one that implements IDisposable, and thus the Dispose() method) goes out of scope, even if it does so by an exception being thrown, and thus that resources are always released. What happens when a C# project has more than 1 Main methods f the project is compiled using /main switch with the compiler then the project compiles successfully. For example: class A { public static void Main(string[] args) { Console.WriteLine("Main in class A"); } } class B { public static void Main(string[] args) { Console.WriteLine("Main in class B"); } }

Now compile with the /main switch with the C# compiler like csc MultipleMain.cs /main:A This will compile without error and while executing it will show Main in class A Attempting to compile an application consisting of multiple classes with defined Main methods and not specifying the /main switch will result in a compiler error. How do you refer parent classes in C#? A) Super B) This C) Base This keyword is used for reffering current object and Base keyword is used for referring parrent class. so ans. is C. Super: Super is used to Refer the Base Class in JAVA This: This is used to Refer the Current or Child Class in C# Base: Base is used to Refer The Parent or Base Class What is object pooling Defination: A performance optimization based on using collections of pre-allocated resources, such as objects or database connections With the advent of the .NET platform, writing code that pools objects and threads has become a simple task. By using the Threading and Collections namespaces, you can create robust object pooling applications. This could also be done by implementing COM+ interop interfaces into your code. Which method is actually called ultimately when Console.WriteLine( ) is invoked? A) Append( ) B) AppendFormat( ) C) Tostring( ) Ans: B, AppendFormat() method is called. What is an Assembly? An assembly is a file that is automatically generated by the compiler upon successful compilation of every .NET application. It can be either a Dynamic Link Library or an executable file. It is generated only once for an application and upon each subsequent compilation the assembly gets updated. The entire process will run in the background of your application; there is no need for you to learn deeply about assemblies. However, a basic knowledge about this topic will help you to understand the architecture behind a .NET application. An assembly is used by the .NET CLR (Common Language Runtime) as the smallest unit for: deployment; version control; security; type grouping and code reuse. Assemblies consists of a manifest and one or more modules and/or files like HTML, XML, images, video clips,... An assembly can be thought of as a logical DLL and must contain a single manifest and may optionally contain type meta data, MSIL (Microsoft Intermediate Language) and resources. Assemblies come in 2 flavors: application private and shared. Application private assemblies are used by one application only. This is the default style of assembly. Such assemblies must reside in the application folder. Shared assemblies are meant to be used by more than one application. They must have a globally unique name and must be defined in the GAC (Global Assembly Cache). To learn more about viewing the GAC

Basically there are two kind of assemblies when it comes to deployment. Private Assemblies Shared Assemblies Private assemblies are the ones which are in your application folder itself. They can be easily and uniquely identified by their name. These type of assemblies can be deployed simply by copying them to the bin folder of your application. Shared Assemblies are those which can be shared by multiple applications on the machine. For this we have to place the Shared assembly in the GAC. Now since we can install any application or assembly created by any company, that is we install assemblies from oracle, microsoft and similarly from many other companies. There is always a possiblity that they may use the same assembly name as your assembly name. If such type of assemblies are placed in the GAC then we cannot uniquely identify a particular assembly.But if we give a strong name to the assmebly then it is like a unique identifier for the assembly.It is Globally unique. Strong name consists of 1. Name of the assembly 2. Public key token 3. optionally any resources 4. Version Number So basically to uniquely identify a particular assembly from the GAC we have to give it a strong name. Its that simple. The Shared assembly can be deployed in to GAC by using the GACUTIL tool with the -i switch gacutil -i assemblyname or simply copying it to the assembly folder in the windows directory (XP) or WINNT directory(others) Also there are Satellite Assemblies which contian only resources like strings, images etc. Also there are dynamic assemblies which are generated on the fly dynamically. What is the use of the main() function in C#? Every executable C# application must contain a class defining a Main() method that signifies the entry point of the application. Note that the Main() method is of the access type public by nature. Moreover, it is also static. See example below: using System; class Question { public static int Main(string[] args) { Console.Writeline("Another Question"); Console.Readline(); return 0; } } A public member is accessible from other types. The main() method is set as static so that it may be

invoked at class level itself, without the need of creating an instance of it. The single parameter is an array of strings. that may contain any number of incoming command line arguments. Can we set the specifier of the main() method in C# as private? Yes. When the access specifier is set as private for the Main() method, then other assemblies may not invoke this class' Main() method as the starting point of the application. The startup scope gets limited to the class in context itself. See code below: private static void Main() { //This code isn't invoked automatically by other assemblies } Can we set different types of parameters & return-types in main() method"? Yes. The Main() method may easily be played around with by developers by passing different parameters and setting different return types. See the code below, that demonstrates different ways the Main() method may be implemented: (1) public static void Main(string[] args) { //NO return type, the argument is an array of strings } (2) public static int Main(string[] args) { //Return type is int, argument is an array of strings } (3) public static int Main() { //Return type is int, NO arguments } (4) public static void Main() { //Return type is void, NO arguments } What is the use of GetCommandLineArgs() method? The GetCommandLineArgs() method is used to access the command line arguments. The return value of this method is an array of strings. It is a method of the System.Environment class. See the code example below: public static int Main(string[] args) { string[] strArgs = System.Environment.GetCommandLineArgs(); Console.WriteLine("Arguments {0}", strArgs[0]); }

What is the use of System.Environment class? The class System.Environment is used to retrieve information about the operating system. Some of the static members of this class are as follows: 1) Environment.OSVersion - Gets the version of the operating system 2) Environment.GetLogicalDrives() - method that returns the drives 3) Environment.Version - returns the .NET version running the application 4) Environment.MachineName - Gets name of the current machine 5) Environment.Newline - Gets the newline symbol for the environment 6) Environment.ProcessorCount - returns number of processors on current machine 7) Environment.SystemDirectory - returns complete path to the System Directory 8) Environment.UserName - returns name of the entity that invoked the application Why is the new keyword used for instantiating an object in .NET? The new keyword instructs the .NET compiler to instantiate a new object, with appropriate number of bytes (depending on the type) for the object and gather required memory from the managed heap. What are the default values for bool, int, double, string, char, reference-type variables? When the objects of the following types are declared, then they have a default value during declaration. The following table shows the default value for each type: Type Default Value bool false int 0 double 0 string null char '\0' Reference Type null How to declare a constant variable in C#? What is the use of the const keyword? If a variable needs to have a fixed value, that may not be changed across the application's life, then it may be declared with the const keyword. The value assigned to a constant variable (using the const keyword) must be known at the time of compilation In C#, can we create an object of reference type using const keyword? No. A constant member may not be created of an object that is of reference type, because its value is decided dynamically at runtime. What is the difference between const and readonly in C#? When using the const keyword to set a constant variable, the value needs to be set at compile time. The const keyword may not be used with an object of reference type. In case a reference type needs to be assigned a non-changeable value, it may be set as readonly What are the different parameter modifiers available in C#? What is a parameter modifier? Parameter modifiers in C# are entities that controls the behaviour of the arguments passed in a method. Following are the different parameter modifiers in C#: 1) None - if there is NO parameter modifier with an argument, it is passed by value, where the method

recieves a copy of the original data. 2) out - argument is passed by reference. The argument marked with "out" modifier needs to be assigned a value within this function, otherwise a compiler error is returned. public void multiply(int a, int b, out int prod) { prod = a * b; } Here, note that prod is assigned a value. If not done so, then a compile time error is returned. 3) params- This modifier gives the permission to set a variable number of identical datatype arguments. Note that a method may have only one "params" modifier. The params modifier needs to be in the last argument. static int totalruns(params int[] runs) { int score = 0; for(int x=0; x &nsbp;score+=runs[x]; return score; } Further, from the calling function, we may pass the scores of each batsman as below... score = totalruns(12,36,0,5,83,25,26); 4) ref - The argument is given a value by the caller, where data is passed by reference. This value may optionally be reset in the called method. Note that even if NO value is set in the called method for the ref attribute, no compiler error is raised. What is the difference between out and ref in C#? 1) out parameters return compiler error if they are not assigned a value in the method. Not such with ref parameters. 2) out parameters need not be initialized before passing to the method, whereas ref parameters need to have an initial value before they are passed to a method What is delay signing? Delay signing allows you to place a shared assembly in the GAC by signing the assembly with just the public key. This allows the assembly to be signed with the private key at a later stage, when the development process is complete and the component or assembly is ready to be deployed. This process enables developers to work with shared assemblies as if they were strongly named, and it secures the private key of the signature from being accessed at different stages of development. Is there an equivalent of exit() for quitting a C# .NET application? Yes, you can use System.Environment.Exit(int exitCode) to exit the application or Application.Exit() if it's a Windows Forms app. Can you prevent your class from being inherited and becoming a base class for some other classes? Yes, that is what keyword sealed in the class definition is for. The developer trying to derive from your class will get a message: cannot inherit from Sealed class WhateverBaseClassName. It is the same concept as final class in Java.

If a base class has a bunch of overloaded constructors, and an inherited class has another bunch of overloaded constructors, can you enforce a call from an inherited constructor to an arbitrary base constructor? Yes, just place a colon, and then keyword base (parameter list to invoke the appropriate constructor) in the overloaded constructor definition inside the inherited class. I was trying to use an "out int" parameter in one of my functions. How should I declare the variable that I am passing to it? You should declare the variable as an int, but when you pass it in you must specify it as 'out', like the following: int i; foo(out i); where foo is declared as follows: [return-type] foo(out int o) { } How do I make a DLL in C#? You need to use the /target:library compiler option. Is XML case-sensitive? Yes, so and are different elements. How do I simulate optional parameters to COM calls? You must use the Missing class and pass Missing.Value (in System.Reflection) for any values that have optional parameters. Will finally block get executed if the exception had not occurred? Yes. What is the C# equivalent of C++ catch (), which was a catch-all statement for any possible exception? Does C# support try-catch-finally blocks? Yes. Try-catch-finally blocks are supported by the C# compiler. Here's an example of a try-catch-finally block: using System; public class TryTest { static void Main() { try { Console.WriteLine("In Try block"); throw new ArgumentException(); } catch(ArgumentException n1) { Console.WriteLine("Catch Block"); } finally { Console.WriteLine("Finally Block");

} } } Output: In Try Block Catch Block Finally Block If I return out of a try/finally in C#, does the code in the finally-clause run? Yes. The code in the finally always runs. If you return out of the try block, or even if you do a "goto" out of the try, the finally block always runs, as shown in the following example: using System; class main { public static void Main() { try { Console.WriteLine("In Try block"); return; } finally { Console.WriteLine("In Finally block"); } } } Both "In Try block" and "In Finally block" will be displayed. Whether the return is in the try block or after the try-finally block, performance is not affected either way. The compiler treats it as if the return were outside the try block anyway. If it's a return without an expression (as it is above), the IL emitted is identical whether the return is inside or outside of the try. If the return has an expression, there's an extra store/load of the value of the expression (since it has to be computed within the try block). Is there a way to force garbage collection? Yes. Set all references to null and then call System.GC.Collect(). If you need to have some objects destructed, and System.GC.Collect() doesn't seem to be doing it for you, you can force finalizers to be run by setting all the references to the object to null and then calling System.GC.RunFinalizers(). Is there regular expression (regex) support available to C# developers? Yes. The .NET class libraries provide support for regular expressions. Look at the documentation for the System.Text.RegularExpressions namespace. Does C# support properties of array types? Yes. Here's a simple example: using System; class Class1 { private string[] MyField; public string[] MyProperty

{ get { return MyField; } set { MyField = value; } } } class MainClass { public static int Main(string[] args) { Class1 c = new Class1(); string[] arr = new string[] {"apple", "banana"}; c.MyProperty = arr; Console.WriteLine(c.MyProperty[0]); // "apple" return 0; } } What connections does Microsoft SQL Server support? Windows Authentication (via Active Directory) and SQL Server authentication (via Microsoft SQL Server username and passwords) When do you absolutely have to declare a class as abstract (as opposed to free-willed educated choice or decision based on UML diagram)? When at least one of the methods in the class is abstract. When the class itself is inherited from an abstract class, but not all base abstract methods have been over-ridden. Why would you use untrusted verification? Web Services might use it, as well as non-Windows applications. How is method overriding different from overloading? When overriding, you change the method behavior for a derived class. Overloading simply involves having a method with the same name within the class. What is the implicit name of the parameter that gets passed into the class set method? Value, and its datatype depends on whatever variable we are changing. How do I register my code for use by classic COM clients? Use the regasm.exe utility to generate a type library (if needed) and the necessary entries in the Windows Registry to make a class available to classic COM clients. Once a class is registered in the Windows Registry with regasm.exe, a COM client can use the class as though it were a COM class 1. How big is the datatype int in .NET? 32 bits. 2. How big is the char? 16 bits (Unicode). 3. How do you initiate a string without escaping each backslash? Put an @ sign in front of the double-quoted string. 4. What are valid signatures for the Main function?

l public static void Main() l public static int Main() l public static void Main( string[] args ) l public static int Main(string[] args ) 5. How do you initialize a two-dimensional array that you dont know the dimensions of? l int [, ] myArray; //declaration l myArray= new int [5, 8]; //actualinitialization 6. Whats the access level of the visibility type internal? Current assembly. 7. Whats the difference between struct and class in C#? l Structscannot be inherited. l Structsare passed by value, not by reference. l Struct is stored on the stack, not the heap. 8. Explain encapsulation. The implementation is hidden, the interface is exposed. 9. What data type should you use if you want an 8-bit value thats signed? sbyte. 10. Speaking of Boolean data types, whats different between C# and C/C++? Theres no conversion between 0 and false, as well as any other number and true, like in C/C++. 11. Where are the value-type variables allocated in the computer RAM? Stack. 12. Where do the reference-type variables go in the RAM? The references go on the stack, while the objects themselves go on the heap. 13. What is the difference between the value-type variables and reference-type variables in terms of garbage collection? The value-type variables are not garbage-collected, they just fall off the stack when they fall out of scope, the reference-type objects are picked up by GC when their references go null. 14. How do you convert a string into an integer in .NET? Int32.Parse(string) 15. How do you box a primitive data type variable? Assign it to the object, pass an object. 16. Why do you need to box a primitive variable? To pass it by reference. 17. Whats the difference between Java and .NET garbage collectors? Sun left the implementation of a specific garbage collector up to the JRE developer, so their performance varies widely, depending on whose JRE youre using. Microsoft standardized on their garbage collection. 18. How do you enforce garbage collection in .NET? System.GC.Collect(); 19. Can you declare a C++ type destructor in C# like ~MyClass()? Yes, but whats the point, since it will call Finalize(), and Finalize() has no guarantees when the memory will be cleaned up, plus, it introduces additional load on the garbage collector.

20. Whats different about namespace declaration when comparing that to package declaration in Java? No semicolon. 21. Whats the difference between const and readonly? You can initialize readonly variables to some runtime values. Lets say your program uses current date and time as one of the values that wont change. This way you declare public readonly string DateT = new DateTime().ToString(). 22. What does \a character do? On most systems, produces a rather annoying beep. 23. Can you create enumerated data types in C#? Yes. 24. Whats different about switch statements in C#? No fall-throughs allowed. 25. What happens when you encounter a continue statement inside the for loop? The code for the rest of the loop is ignored, the control is transferred back to the beginning of the loop. 26. Is goto statement supported in C#? How about Java? Gotos are supported in C#to the fullest. In Java goto is a reserved keyword that provides absolutely no functionality What is the difference between a struct and a class in C#? From language spec: The list of similarities between classes and structs is as follows. Longstructs can implement interfaces and can have the same kinds of members as classes. Structs differ from classes in several important ways; however, structs are value types rather than reference types, and inheritance is not supported for structs. Struct values are stored on the stack or in-line. Careful programmers can sometimes enhance performance through judicious use of structs. For example, the use of a struct rather than a class for a Point can make a large difference in the number of memory allocations performed at runtime. The program below creates and initializes an array of 100 points. With Point implemented as a class, 101 separate objects are instantiated-one for the array and one each for the 100 elements. What is the difference between the Debug class and Trace class? Documentation looks the same. Use Debug class for debug builds, use Trace class for both debug and release builds. How can you overload a method? Different parameter data types, different number of parameters, different order of parameters. What debugging tools come with the .NET SDK? CorDBG - command-line debugger, and DbgCLR - graphic debugger. Visual Studio .NET uses the DbgCLR. To use CorDbg, you must compile the original C# file using the /debug switch. What does Dispose method do with the connection object? Deletes it from the memory. How do you generate documentation from the C# file commented properly with a command-line compiler? Compile it with a /doc switch. When you inherit a protected class-level variable, who is it available to?

Classes in the same namespace. How can I get the ASCII code for a character in C#? Casting the char to an int will give you the ASCII value: char c = 'f'; System.Console.WriteLine((int)c); or for a character in a string: System.Console.WriteLine((int)s[3]); The base class libraries also offer ways to do this with the Convert class or Encoding classes if you need a particular encoding. Is there an equivalent to the instanceof operator in Visual J++? C# has the is operator: expr is type How do you debug an ASP.NET Web application? Attach the aspnet_wp.exe process to the DbgClr debugger. How is the DLL Hell problem solved in .NET? Assembly versioning allows the application to specify not only the library it needs to run (which was available under Win32), but also the version of the assembly What are the ways to deploy an assembly? An MSI installer, a CAB archive, and XCOPY command. Why does DllImport not work for me? All methods marked with the DllImport attribute must be marked as public static extern. What is a delegate? A delegate object encapsulates a reference to a method. In C++ they were referred to as function pointers. What is the difference between an interface and abstract class? In the interface all methods must be abstract; in the abstract class some methods can be concrete. In the interface no accessibility modifiers are allowed, which is ok in abstract classes. What is an abstract class? A class that cannot be instantiated. A concept in C++ known as pure virtual method. A class that must be inherited and have the methods over-ridden. Essentially, it is a blueprint for a class without any implementation. _break Does C# support multiple-inheritance? No. Who is a protected class-level variable available to? It is available to any sub-class (a class inheriting this class). Can you store multiple data types in System.Array? No. Whats the top .NET class that everything is derived from? System.Object.

What does the term immutable mean? The data value may not be changed. Note: The variable value may be changed, but the original immutable data value was discarded and a new data value was created in memory. Whats the difference between System.String and System.Text.StringBuilder classes? System.String is immutable. System.StringBuilder was designed with the purpose of having a mutable string where a variety of operations can be performed. Whats the advantage of using System.Text.StringBuilder over System.String? StringBuilder is more efficient in cases where there is a large amount of string manipulation. Strings are immutable, so each time a string is changed, a new instance in memory is created. Whats the difference between the System.Array.CopyTo() and System.Array.Clone()? The first one performs a deep copy of the array, the second one is shallow. A shallow copy of an Array copies only the elements of the Array, whether they are reference types or value types, but it does not copy the objects that the references refer to. The references in the new Array point to the same objects that the references in the original Array point to. In contrast, a deep copy of an Array copies the elements and everything directly or indirectly referenced by the elements. How can you sort the elements of the array in descending order? By calling Sort() and then Reverse() methods Q: What is the syntax for calling an overloaded constructor within a constructor (this() and constructorname() does not compile)? A: The syntax for calling another constructor is: class B { B(int i) {} } class C : B { C() : base(5) // call base constructor B(5) {} C(int i) : this() // call C() {} public static void Main() {} }

Is there an equivalent to the instanceof operator in Visual J++? A: C# has the is operator: expr is type Q: How do I use enum's in C#? A: Here's an example:

namespace Foo { enum Colors { BLUE, GREEN } class Bar { Colors color; Bar() { color = Colors.GREEN;} public static void Main() {} } } Q: Why do I get an error (CS1006) when trying to declare a method without specifying a return type? A: If you leave off the return type on a method declaration the compiler thinks you are trying to declare a constructor. So if you are trying to declare a method that returns nothing, use void. For example: Here's an example: // This results in a CS1006 error public static staticMethod (mainStatic obj) // This will work as wanted public static void staticMethod (mainStatic obj) Q: I have several source files, each has a Main() method. How do I specify which of those Main()'s is supposed to be used? A: The entry point of your program must be static, named Main, have arguments of either none or string[], and return either int or void. The C# compiler now allows you to have multiple Main() methods in your application, but requires you to specify the fully qualified class name that has the Main() method you want to use. You specify the class by using the /main compiler option. (e.g. csc /main:MyClass *.cs) Note that the way to set it in the Visual Studio .NET IDE is through -> Project Properties, Common properties, General, and then setting the Startup object to the name of the class that contains the main method you want to use. Q: Does Console.WriteLine() stop printing when it reaches a NULL character within a string? A: String are not null terminated in the Runtime so embedded nulls are allowed. Console.WriteLine() and all similar methods continue until the end of the string. Q: Is it possible to use multicast delegates in C#? What's the syntax?

A: All delegates in C# are multicast, therefore there is no 'multicast' keyword as there was in Visual J++. Q: How do I create a Delegate/MulticastDelegate? A: C# simply requires a single parameter for delegates: the method address. Unlike other languages, where the programmer must specify an object reference and the method to invoke, C# can infer both pieces of information by just specifying the method's name. For example, let's use System.Threading.ThreadStart: Foo MyFoo = new Foo(); ThreadStart del = new ThreadStart(MyFoo.Baz); This means that delegates can invoke static class methods and instance methods with the exact same syntax! A: Make sure that the target type set in the project properties setting is set to Windows Application, and not Console Application. If youre using the command line, compile with /target:winexe & not /target:exe. Q: Is there a way to force garbage collection? A: Yes. Set all references to null and then call System.GC.Collect(). If you need to have some objects destructed and System.GC.Collect() doesn't seem to be doing it for you, you can force finalizers to be run by setting all the references to the object to null and then calling System.GC.RunFinalizers(). Q: Does C# support C type macros? A: No. C# does not have macros. Keep in mind that what some of the predefined C macros (e.g. __LINE__ and __FILE__) give you can also be found in COM+ classes like System.Diagnostics (e.g. StackTrace and StackFrame), but it'll only work on debug builds. Q: Why is the compiler referencing things that I'm not telling it to reference? A: The C# compiler automatically references all the assemblies listed in the 'csc.rsp' file. You can disable the usage of the csc.rsp file by using the /noconfig compiler option on your command line. Note that the Visual Studio .NET IDE never uses the response file. Q: How do you directly call a native function exported from a DLL? A: Here's a quick example of the DllImport attribute in action: using System.Runtime.InteropServices; class C { [DllImport("user32.dll")] public static extern int MessageBoxA(int h, string m, string c, int type); public static int Main() { return MessageBoxA(0, "Hello World!", "Caption", 0); } } This example shows the minimum requirements for declaring a C# method which is implemented in a native DLL. The method C.MessageBoxA() is declared with the static and extern modifiers, and has the

DllImport attribute which tells the compiler that the implementation comes from the user32.dll, using the default name of MessageBoxA. For more information, look at the Platform Invoke tutorial in the documentation. Q: I'm trying to implement an interface defined in COM+ runtime. "public Object* GetObject() { ... }" doesn't seem to work. What can I do? A: In managed C++ the "Object* GetObject()" (pointer to Object) syntax is required. But in C#, it should work by just using "public Object GetObject() { ... }" instead. Q: Does C# support templates? A: No. However, there are plans for C# to support a type of template known as a generic. These generic types have similar syntax, but are instantiated at runtime as opposed to compile time. You can read more about them here. Q: Why do I get a CS0117 error when attempting to use the 'Item' property? A: Properties are supported in C#, but the "Item" property is special on classes - it is actually the default indexed property. In C# the way to access these is to simply leave the "Item" specifier off. Here's a simple program: using System; using System.Collections; class Test { public static void Main() { ArrayList al = new ArrayList(); al.Add( new Test() ); al.Add( new Test() ); Console.WriteLine("First Element is {0}", al[0]); } } Notice the way that you don't use ".Item[0]" in the WriteLine. Q: I was trying to use an "out int" parameter in one of my functions. How should I declare the variable which I am passing to it? A: You should declare the variable as an int, but when you pass it in you must specify it as 'out' like the following: int i; foo(out i); where foo is declared as follows: [return-type] foo(out int o) { }

Q: Is there an equivalent to C++'s reference parameters in C#? (i.e. void foo(int &i)) A: We call them ref parameters: class Test { public void foo(ref int i)

{ i = 1; } public void bar() { int a = 0; foo(ref a); if (a == 1) Console.WriteLine("It worked"); } public static void Main() {} } Note that you're required to restate the ref in a method invocation. Q: How do I declare inout arguments in C#? A: The equivalent of inout in C# is ref. For example: public void MyMethod (ref String str1, out String str2) { ... } When calling the method, it would be called like this: String s1; String s2; s1 = "Hello"; MyMethod(ref s1, out s2); Console.WriteLine(s1); Console.WriteLine(s2); Notice that you need to specify ref when declaring the function and calling it. Q: How do destructors and garbage collection work in C#? A: C# has finalizers (similar to destructors except that the runtime doesn't guarantee they'll be called) and they are specified as follows: class C { ~C() { // your code } public static void Main() {} } Currently, they override object.Finalize() which is called during the GC process. Q: Why do I get a "CS5001: does not have an entry point defined" error when compiling? A: The most common problem is that you used a lowercase 'm' when defining the Main method. The correct way to implement the entry point is: class test

{ static void Main(string[] args) {} } Q: How do I port "synchronized" functions from Visual J++ to C#? A: Original Visual J++ code: public synchronized void Run() { // function body } Ported C# code: class C { public void Run() { lock(this) { // function body } } public static void Main() {} } Q: How do you implement thread synchronization (Object.Wait, Notify, and CriticalSection) in C#? A: You want the lock statement which is the same as Monitor Enter/Exit: lock(obj) { // code } translates to: try { CriticalSection.Enter(obj); // code } finally { CriticalSection.Exit(obj); }

Q: What's the syntax for a static initializer for my class? A: The following is a class with a static initializer block: class MyClass { static MyClass() { // initialize static variables here

} public static void Main() {} } Q: Is it possible to have different access modifiers on the get/set methods of a property? A: No. The access modifier on a property applies to both it's get and set accessors. What you probably want to do if you need them to be different is make the property read-only (by only providing a get accessor) and creating a private/internal set method separate from the property. Q: How do I create a multi-language single-file assembly? A: This is currently not supported by Visual Studio .NET. Q: Does C# support properties of array types? A: Yes. Here's a simple example: using System; class Class1 { private string[] MyField; public string[] MyProperty { get { return MyField; } set { MyField = value; } } } class MainClass { public static int Main(string[] args) { Class1 c = new Class1(); string[] arr = new string[] {"apple", "banana"}; c.MyProperty = arr; Console.WriteLine(c.MyProperty[0]); // "apple" return 0; } } C# Interview Questions with Answers and FAQs helpful for clearing any C# Job Interview. Is there any sample C# code for simple threading? Some sample code follows: using System; using System.Threading; class ThreadTest { public void runme() {

Console.WriteLine("Runme Called"); } public static void Main(String[] args) { ThreadTest b = new ThreadTest(); Thread t = new Thread(new ThreadStart(b.runme)); t.Start(); }} What is the difference between // comments, /* */ comments and /// comments? Single-line, multi-line and XML documentation comments. What is the difference between and XML documentation tag? Single line code example and multiple-line code example. Explain the three services model (three-tier application). Presentation (UI), business (logic and underlying code) and data (from storage or other sources). What are three test cases you should go through in unit testing? Positive test cases (correct data, correct output), negative test cases (broken or missing data, proper handling), exception test cases (exceptions are thrown and caught properly). How do you inherit from a class in C#? Place a colon and then the name of the base class. Notice that it is double colon in C++. How do I port "synchronized" functions from Visual J++ to C#? Original Visual J++ code: public synchronized void Run() { // function body } Ported C# code: class C { public void Run() { lock(this) { // function body }} public static void Main() {} }

Can I define a type that is an alias of another type (like typedef in C++)? Not exactly. You can create an alias within a single file with the "using" directive: using System; using Integer = System.Int32; // alias But you can't create a true alias, one that extends beyond the file in which it is declared. Refer to the C# spec for more info on the 'using' statement's scope. Is it possible to have different access modifiers on the get/set methods of a property?

No. The access modifier on a property applies to both its get and set accessors. What you need to do if you want them to be different is make the property read-only (by only providing a get accessor) and create a private/internal set method that is separate from the property. Is it possible to have a static indexer in C#? No. Static indexers are not allowed in C#. Does C# support #define for defining global constants? No. If you want to get something that works like the following C code: #define A 1 use the following C# code: class MyConstants { public const int A = 1; } Then you use MyConstants.A where you would otherwise use the A macro. Using MyConstants.A has the same generated code as using the literal 1. Does C# support templates? No. However, there are plans for C# to support a type of template known as a generic. These generic types have similar syntax but are instantiated at run time as opposed to compile time. Does C# support parameterized properties? No. C# does, however, support the concept of an indexer from language spec. An indexer is a member that enables an object to be indexed in the same way as an array. Whereas properties enable field-like access, indexers enable array-like access. As an example, consider the Stack class presented earlier. The designer of this class may want to expose array-like access so that it is possible to inspect or alter the items on the stack without performing unnecessary Push and Pop operations. That is, Stack is implemented as a linked list, but it also provides the convenience of array access. Indexer declarations are similar to property declarations, with the main differences being that indexers are nameless (the name used in the declaration is this, since this is being indexed) and that indexers include indexing parameters. The indexing parameters are provided between square brackets. Does C# support C type macros? No. C# does not have macros. Keep in mind that what some of the predefined C macros (for example, __LINE__ and __FILE__) give you can also be found in .NET classes like System.Diagnostics (for example, StackTrace and StackFrame), but they'll only work on debug builds. Can you store multiple data types in System.Array? No. Is it possible to inline assembly or IL in C# code? No. Can you declare the override method static while the original method is non-static? No, you cannot, the signature of the virtual method must remain the same, only the keyword virtual is changed to keyword override Does C# support multiple inheritance? No, use interfaces instead.

Can multiple catch blocks be executed? No, once the proper catch code fires off, the control is transferred to the finally block (if there are any), and then whatever follows the finally block. Can you override private virtual methods? No, moreover, you cannot access private methods in inherited classes, have to be protected in the base class to allow any sort of access. What is a pre-requisite for connection pooling? Multiple processes must agree that they will share the same connection, where every parameter is the same, What is the data provider name to connect to Access database? Microsoft.Access. Why does my Windows application pop up a console window every time I run it? Make sure that the target type set in the project properties setting is set to Windows Application, and not Console Application. If you're using the command line, compile with /target:winexe & not target:exe. What is the wildcard character in SQL? Let us say you want to query database with LIKE for all employees whose name starts with La. The wildcard character is %, the proper query with LIKE would involve La%. What is the role of the DataReader class in ADO.NET connections? It returns a read-only dataset from the data source when the command is executed. What does the This window show in the debugger? It points to the object that is pointed to by this reference. Objects instance data is shown. What is an interface class? It is an abstract class with public abstract methods all of which must be implemented in the inherited classes. What is a multicast delegate? It is a delegate that points to and eventually fires off several methods. Q: What optimizations does the C# compiler perform when you use /optimize+ compiler option? A: Here's the response from a developer on the C# compiler team: We get rid of unused locals (ie, locals which are never read, even if assigned). We get rid of unreachable code. We get rid of try-catch w/ an empty try. We get rid of try-finally w/ an empty try (convert to normal code...). We get rid of try-finally w/ an empty finally (convert to normal code...). We optimize branches over branches: gotoif A, lab1 goto lab2: lab1: turns into: gotoif !A, lab2 lab1:

We optimize branches to ret, branches to next instruction, branches to branches. Q: How can I access the registry from C# code? A: By using the Registry and RegistryKey classes in Microsoft.Win32, you can easily access the registry. The following is a sample that reads a key and displays it's value: using System; using Microsoft.Win32; class regTest { public static void Main(String[] args) { RegistryKey regKey; Object value; regKey = Registry.LocalMachine; regKey = regKey.OpenSubKey("HARDWARE\\DESCRIPTION\\System\\CentralProcessor\\0"); value = regKey.GetValue("VendorIdentifier"); Console.WriteLine("The central processor of this machine is: {0}.", value); } }

Q: Does C# support #define for defining global constants? A: No. If you want to get something that works like the following C code: #define A 1 can be the following C# code: class MyConstants { public const int A = 1; } Then you use MyConstants.A where you would otherwise use the A macro. Using MyConstants.A has the same generated code as using the literal 1. Q: How can I create a process that is running a supplied native executable (e.g. cmd.exe)? A: The following code should run the executable and wait for it to exit before continuing: using System; using System.Diagnostics; public class ProcessTest { public static void Main(string[] args) { Process p = Process.Start(args[0]); p.WaitForExit(); Console.WriteLine(args[0] + " exited."); } } Remember to add a reference to System.Diagnostics.dll when you compile. Q: How do you mark a method obsolete?

A: Assuming you've done a "using System;": [Obsolete] public int Foo() {...} or [Obsolete("This is a message describing why this method is obsolete")] public int Foo() {...} Note: The O in Obsolete is capitalized. Q: I've added a using to my C# source file, but its still telling me that I have undefined types. What am I doing wrong? A: It's likely that youre missing the reference to that assembly in which the namespace is located. Using is simply a syntax convenience, in order to add a dependency to another assembly, you must reference it in the IDE you right click your project and select add reference, from the command line you use the /reference switch. Is there any sample C# code for simple threading? A: Here's some: using System; using System.Threading; class ThreadTest { public void runme() { Console.WriteLine("Runme Called"); } public static void Main(String[] args) { ThreadTest b = new ThreadTest(); Thread t = new Thread(new ThreadStart(b.runme)); t.Start(); } } Q: How do I call the base class' implementation of an overrided method? A: You can call it using 'base.methodname()'. For example: public class MyBase { public virtual void meth() { System.Console.WriteLine("Test"); } } public class MyDerived : MyBase { public override void meth() {

System.Console.WriteLine("Test2"); base.meth(); } public static void Main() { MyDerived md = new MyDerived(); md.meth(); } } Q: Is there regular expression (regex) support available to C# developers? A: Yes. The .NET class libraries provide support for regular expressions. Look at the documentation for the System.Text.RegularExpressions namespace. Q: Why do I get a security exception when I try to run my C# app? A: Some security exceptions are thrown if you are working on a network share. There are some parts of the frameworks that will not run if being run off a share (roaming profile, mapped drives, etc.). To see if this is what's happening, just move the executable over to your local drive and see if it runs without the exceptions. One of the common exceptions thrown under these conditions is System.Security.SecurityException. To get around this, you can change your security policy for the intranet zone, code group 1.2, (the zone that running off shared folders falls into) using the caspol.exe tool. Q: How can I get around scope problems in a try/catch? A: If you try to instantiate the class inside the try, it'll be out of scope when you try to access it from the catch block. A way to get around this is to do the following: Connection conn = null; try { conn = new Connection(); conn.Open(); } finally { if (conn != null) conn.Close(); } By setting it to null before the try block, you avoid getting the CS0165 error (Use of possibly unassigned local variable 'conn'). Q: What is the equivalent to regsvr32 and regsvr32 /u a file in .NET development? A: Try using RegAsm.exe. The general syntax would be: RegAsm there's a pretty good description of it and it's associated switches in the .NET SDK docs. Just search on "Assembly Registration Tool". Q: How do I create a multi-language multi-file assembly? A: Unfortunately, this is currently not supported in the IDE. In order to do this from the command line, you must compile your projects into netmodules (/target:module on the C# compiler), then use the command line tool al.exe (alink) to link these netmodules together.

Q: How do I simulate optional parameters to COM calls? A: You must use the Missing class, and pass Missing.Value (in System.Reflection) for any values that have optional parameters. Q: Is there an equivalent to C++'s default values for function arguments? A: Default arguments are not supported but you can attain the same effect through function overloading. The reason we prefer overloading as the solution to this problem is that it allows you, at a later time, to change the default value of a parameter without having to recompile existing client code. With C++ style default values, the defaults get burned into the client code, and you can therefore never change them once you've published an API. Q: Is there a way of specifying which block or loop to break out of when working with nested loops? A: The easiest way is to use goto: using System; class BreakExample { public static void Main(String[] args) { for(int i=0; i<3; j="0" j ="="> Q: How do I get deterministic finalization in C#? A: In a garbage collected environment its impossible to get true determinism. However, a design pattern that we recommend is implementing IDisposable on any class that contains a critical resource. Whenever this class is consumed it may be placed in a using statement for example: using(FileStream myFile = File.Open(@"c:\temp\test.txt", FileMode.Open)) { int fileOffset = 0; while(fileOffset <>Q: Does C# support variable arguments (vararg's) on methods? A: The params keyword lets you specify a method parameter that takes an argument where the number of arguments is variable. No additional parameters are permitted after the params keyword in a method declaration, and only one params keyword is permitted in a method declaration. Here's an example: using System; public class MyClass { public static void UseParams(params int[] list) { for ( int i = 0 ; i < i =" 0" myarray =" new" s = "105" x =" Convert.ToInt32(s);">Q: How do you specify a custom attribute for the entire assembly (rather than for a class)? A: Global attributes must appear after any top-level using clauses and before the first type or namespace declarations. Example Usage: using System; [assembly : MyAttributeClass] class X {} Note that in IDE created project, by convention, these attributes are placed in AssemblyInfo.cs. Q: How do I register my code for use by classic COM clients? A: Use the regasm.exe utility to generate a type library (if needed) and the necessary entries in the Windows Registry to make a class available to classic COM clients. Once a class is registered in the Windows Registry with regasm.exe, a COM client can use the class as though it were a COM class. Q: When using multiple compilation units (C# source files), how is the executable's name determined?

A: The executable's name is the same as the source file's name that has the Main() method. You can also specify the executable's name by using the /out argument from the command line when compiling. For example: C:\>csc /out:myname.exe file1.cs file2.cs will name your executable 'myname.exe'. Q: How does one compare strings in C#? A: In the past, you had to call .ToString() on the strings when using the == or != operators to compare the strings' values. That will still work, but the C# compiler now automatically compares the values instead of the references when the == or != operators are used on string types. If you actually do want to compare references, it can be done as follows: if ((object) str1 == (object) str2) { ... } Here's an example showing how string compares work: using System; public class StringTest { public static void Main(string[] args) { Object nullObj = null; Object realObj = new StringTest(); int i = 10; Console.WriteLine("Null Object is [" + nullObj + "]\n" + "Real Object is [" + realObj + "]\n" + "i is [" + i + "]\n"); // Show string equality operators string str1 = "foo"; string str2 = "bar"; string str3 = "bar"; Console.WriteLine("{0} == {1} ? {2}", str1, str2, str1 == str2 ); Console.WriteLine("{0} == {1} ? {2}", str2, str3, str2 == str3 ); } } Output: Null Object is [] Real Object is [StringTest] i is [10] foo == bar ? False bar == bar ? True Q: Can I define a type that is an alias of another type (like typedef in C++)? A: Not exactly. You can create an alias within a single file with the "using" directive: using System; using Integer = System.Int32; // alias But you can't create a true alias, one that extends beyond the file it is declared in. Refer to the C# spec for more info on the 'using' statement's scope.

Q: What is the difference between a struct and a class in C#? A: From language spec: The list of similarities between classes and structs is longstructs can implement interfaces, and can have the same kinds of members as classes. Structs differ from classes in several important ways, however: structs are value types rather than reference types, and inheritance is not supported for structs. Struct values are stored on the stack or in-line. Careful programmers can sometimes enhance performance through judicious use of structs. For example, the use of a struct rather than a class for a Point can make a large difference in the number of memory allocations performed at runtime. The program below creates and initializes an array of 100 points. With Point implemented as a class, 101 separate objects are instantiatedone for the array and one each for the 100 elements. Q: How can I get the ASCII code for a character in C#? A: Casting the char to an int will give you the ASCII value: char c = 'f'; System.Console.WriteLine((int)c); or for a character in a string: System.Console.WriteLine((int)s[3]); The base class libraries also offer ways to do this with the Convert class or Encoding classes if you need a particular encoding. Q: From a versioning perspective, what are the drawbacks of extending an interface as opposed to extending a class? A: With regards to versioning, interfaces are less flexible than classes. With a class, you can ship version 1 and then in version 2 decide to add another method. As long as the method is not abstract (i.e. as long as you provide a default implementation of the method), any existing derived classes continue to function with no changes. Because interfaces do not support implementation inheritance, this same pattern does not hold for interfaces. Adding a method to an interface is like adding an abstract method to a base class--any class that implements the interface will break because the class doesn't implement the new interface method. Q: Is it possible to inline assembly or IL in C# code? A: No. Q: Is it possible to restrict the scope of a field/method of a class to the classes in the same namespace? A: There is no way to restrict to a namespace. Namespaces are never units of protection. But if you're using assemblies, you can use the 'internal' access modifier to restrict access to only within the assembly. Q: If I return out of a try/finally in C#, does the code in the finally-clause run? A: Yes. The code in the finally always runs. Whether you return out of the try block or even if you do a "goto" out of the try, the finally block always runs. For example: using System; class main { public static void Main() { try

{ Console.WriteLine("In Try block"); return; } finally { Console.WriteLine("In Finally block"); } } } Both "In Try block" and "In Finally block" will be displayed. Performance-wise, having the return in the try block or after the try-finally block, it is not affected either way. The compiler treats it as if the return was outside the try block anyway. If it's a return without an expression (as it is above), the IL emitted is identical whether the return is inside or outside of the try. If the return has an expression, there's an extra store/load of the value of the expression (since it has to be computed within the try block). Q: Does C# support try-catch-finally blocks? A: Yes. Try-catch-finally blocks are supported by the C# compiler. Here's an example of a try-catch-finally block: using System; public class TryTest { static void Main() { try { Console.WriteLine("In Try block"); throw new ArgumentException(); } catch(ArgumentException n1) { Console.WriteLine("Catch Block"); } finally { Console.WriteLine("Finally Block"); } } } Output: In Try Block Catch Block Finally Block Q: Is it possible to have a static indexer in C#? A: No. Static indexers are not allowed in C#. C#.NET Interview Questions and Answers,C# Practical Scenarios and Solutions,C# Realtime Interview Questions,C# Questions for MNCs like Cap Gemini,IBM,Accenture

How does one compare strings in C#? In the past, you had to call .ToString() on the strings when using the == or != operators to compare the strings' values. That will still work, but the C# compiler now automatically compares the values instead of the references when the == or != operators are used on string types. If you actually do want to compare references, it can be done as follows: if ((object) str1 == (object) str2) { ... } Here's an example showing how string compares work: using System; public class StringTest { public static void Main(string[] args) { Object nullObj = null; Object realObj = new StringTest(); int i = 10; Console.WriteLine("Null Object is [" + nullObj + "]n" + "Real Object is [" + realObj + "]n" + "i is [" + i + "]n"); // Show string equality operators string str1 = "foo"; string str2 = "bar"; string str3 = "bar"; Console.WriteLine("{0} == {1} ? {2}", str1, str2, str1 == str2 ); Console.WriteLine("{0} == {1} ? {2}", str2, str3, str2 == str3 ); }} Output: Null Object is [] Real Object is [StringTest] i is [10] foo == bar ? False bar == bar ? True What does assert() do? In debug compilation, assert takes in a Boolean condition as a parameter, and shows the error dialog if the condition is false. The program proceeds without any interruption if the condition is true. How do I get deterministic finalization in C#? In a garbage collected environment, it's impossible to get true determinism. However, a design pattern that we recommend is implementing IDisposable on any class that contains a critical resource. Whenever this class is consumed, it may be placed in a using statement, as shown in the following example: using(FileStream myFile = File.Open(@"c:temptest.txt", FileMode.Open)) { int fileOffset = 0; while(fileOffset <> { Console.Write((char)myFile.ReadByte()); fileOffset++; }} When myFile leaves the lexical scope of the using, its dispose method will be called. How can I get around scope problems in a try/catch?

If you try to instantiate the class inside the try, it'll be out of scope when you try to access it from the catch block. A way to get around this is to do the following: Connection conn = null; try { conn = new Connection(); conn.Open(); } finally { if (conn != null) conn.Close(); } By setting it to null before the try block, you avoid getting the CS0165 error (Use of possibly unassigned local variable 'conn'). Why do I get an error (CS1006) when trying to declare a method without specifying a return type? If you leave off the return type on a method declaration, the compiler thinks you are trying to declare a constructor. So if you are trying to declare a method that returns nothing, use void. The following is an example: // This results in a CS1006 error public static staticMethod (mainStatic obj) // This will work as wanted public static void staticMethod (mainStatic obj) How do I convert a string to an int in C#? Here's an example: using System; class StringToInt { public static void Main() { String s = "105"; int x = Convert.ToInt32(s); Console.WriteLine(x); }} How do you directly call a native function exported from a DLL? Here's a quick example of the DllImport attribute in action: using System.Runtime.InteropServices; class C { [DllImport("user32.dll")] public static extern int MessageBoxA(int h, string m, string c, int type); public static int Main() { return MessageBoxA(0, "Hello World!", "Caption", 0); }} This example shows the minimum requirements for declaring a C# method that is implemented in a native DLL. The method C.MessageBoxA() is declared with the static and external modifiers, and has the DllImport attribute, which tells the compiler that the implementation comes from the user32.dll, using the default name of MessageBoxA. For more information, look at the Platform Invoke tutorial in the

documentation. What is the .NET datatype that allows the retrieval of data by a unique key? HashTable. How do you specify a custom attribute for the entire assembly (rather than for a class)? Global attributes must appear after any top-level using clauses and before the first type or namespace declarations. An example of this is as follows: using System; [assembly : MyAttributeClass] class X {} Note that in an IDE-created project, by convention, these attributes are placed in AssemblyInfo.cs.

My switch statement works differently! Why? C# does not support an explicit fall through for case blocks. The following code is not legal and will not compile in C#: switch(x) { case 0: // do something case 1: // do something in common with 0 default: // do something in common with //0, 1 and everything else break; } To achieve the same effect in C#, the code must be modified as shown below (notice how the control flows are explicit): class Test { public static void Main() { int x = 3; switch(x) { case 0: // do something goto case 1; case 1: // do something in common with 0 goto default; default: // do something in common with 0, 1, and anything else break; }}}

How can I access the registry from C# code? By using the Registry and RegistryKey classes in Microsoft.Win32, you can easily access the registry. The following is a sample that reads a key and displays its value: using System;using Microsoft.Win32; { public static void Main(String[] args) { RegistryKey regKey; Object value; regKey = Registry.LocalMachine; regKey = regKey.OpenSubKey("HARDWAREDESCRIPTIONSystemCentralProcessor "); value = regKey.GetValue("VendorIdentifier"); Console.WriteLine("The central processor of this machine is: {0}.", value); }}

Q: How do I do implement a trace and assert? A: Use a conditional attribute on the method: class Debug { [conditional("TRACE")] public void Trace(string s) { Console.WriteLine(s); } } class MyClass { public static void Main() { Debug.Trace("hello"); } } In this example the call to Debug.Trace() is only made if the preprocessor symbol TRACE is defined at the call site. You can define preprocessor symbols on the command line using the /D switch. The restriction on conditional methods is that they must have void return type. What happens in memory when you Box and Unbox a value-type? Boxing converts a value-type to a reference-type, thus storing the object on the heap. Unboxing converts a reference-type to a value-type, thus storing the value on the stack.Difference between directcast and ctype. Answer1 [DirectCast requires the run-time type of an object variable to bethe same as the specified type.The run-time performance ofDirectCast is better than that of CType, if the specified type and the runtime typeof the expression are the same. Ctype works fine if there is a valid conversion defined between

the expression and the type. ] Answer2 [The difference between the two keywords is that CType succeeds as long as there is a valid conversion defined between the expression and the type, whereas DirectCast requires the run-time type of an object variable to be the same as the specified type. If the specified type and the run-time type of the expression are the same, however, the run-time performance of DirectCast is better than that of CType. ]

An example of a ctype and directcast. In the preceding example, the run-time type of Q is Double. CType succeeds because Double can be converted to Integer, but DirectCast fails because the run-time type of Q is not already Integer ctype(123.34,integer) - should it throw an error? Why or why not? Answer1 [It would work fine. As the runtime type of 123.34 would be double, and Double can be converted to Integer. ] Answer2 [the ctype(123.34,integer) will work fine no errors ] directcast(123.34,integer) - should it throw an error? Why or why not? It would throw an InvalidCast exception as the runtime type of 123.34 (double) doesnt match with Integer. Difference between a sub and a function. Answer1 [A Sub does not return anything whereas a Function returns something. ] Answer2 [-A Sub Procedure is a method will not return a value -A sub procedure will be defined with a Sub keyword Sub ShowName(ByVal myName As String) Console.WriteLine(My name is: & myName) End Sub -A function is a method that will return value(s). -A function will be defined with a Function keyword Function FindSum(ByVal num1 As Integer, ByVal num2 As Integer) As Integer Dim sum As Integer = num1 + num2 Return sum End Function] Explain manifest & metadata. Answer1 [Manifest is metadata about assemblies. Metadata is machine-readable information about a resource, or data about data. In .NET, metadata includes type definitions, version information, external assembly references, and other standardized information. ] Answer2 [Manifest: Manifest describes assembly itself. Assembly Name, version number, culture, strong name, list of all files, Type references, and referenced assemblies. Metadata: Metadata describes contents in an assembly classes, interfaces, enums, structs, etc., and their containing namespaces, the name of each type, its visibility/scope, its base class, the nterfaces it implemented, its methods and their scope, and each methods parameters, types properties, and so on. ]

Difference between imperative and interrogative code. There are imperative and interrogative functions. Imperative functions are the one which return a value while the interrogative functions do not return a value. Difference between value and reference type. what are value types and reference types? Value type - bool, byte, chat, decimal, double, enum , float, int, long, sbyte, short, strut, uint, ulong, ushort Value types are stored in the Stack Reference type - class, delegate, interface, object, string Reference types are stored in the Heap What are the two kinds of properties. Two types of properties in .Net: Get and Set Explain constructor. Constructor is a method in the class which has the same name as the class (in VB.Net its New()). It initializes the member attributes whenever an instance of the class is created. Describe ways of cleaning up objects. Answer1 [There is a perfect tool provide by .net frameworks calls Garbage collector, where by mean of GC we can clean up the object and reclaim the memory. The namespace used is System.GC ] Answer2 [the run time will maintain a service called as garbage collector. This service will take care of deallocating memory corresponding to objects. it works as a thread with least priority. when application demands for memory the runtime will take care of setting the high priority for the garbage collector, so that it will be called for execution and memory will be released. the programmer can make a call to garbage collector by using GC class in system name space. ] How can you clean up objects holding resources from within the code? Call the dispose method from code for clean up of objects Which controls do not have events? Timer control. What is the maximum size of the textbox? 65536. Which property of the textbox cannot be changed at runtime? Locked Property. Which control cannot be placed in MDI? The controls that do not have events. What is the difference between proc. sent BY VAL and BY SUB? BY VAL: changes will not be reflected back to the variable. By REF: changes will be reflected back to that variable.( same as & symbol in c, c++)

1. Whats the implicit name of the parameter that gets passed into the class set method? Value, and its datatype depends on whatever variable were changing. 2. How do you inherit from a class in C#?

Place a colon and then the name of the base class. Notice that its double colon in C++. 3. When you inherit a protected class-level variable, who is it available to? Classes in the same namespace. 4. Are private class-level variables inherited? Yes, but they are not accessible, so looking at it you can honestly say that they are not inherited. But they are. 5. Describe the accessibility modifier protected internal. Its available to derived classes and classes within the same Assembly (and naturally from the base class its declared in). 6. C# provides a default constructor for me. I write a constructor that takes a string as a parameter, but want to keep the no parameter one. How many constructors should I write? Two. Once you write at least one constructor, C# cancels the freebie constructor, and now you have to write one yourself, even if theres no implementation in it. 7. Whats the top .NET class that everything is derived from? System.Object. 8. Hows method overriding different from overloading? When overriding, you change the method behavior for a derived class. Overloading simply involves having a method with the same name within the class. 9. What does the keyword virtual mean in the method definition? The method can be over-ridden. 10. Can you declare the override method static while the original method is non-static? No, you cant, the signature of the virtual method must remain the same, only the keyword virtual is changed to keyword override. 11. Can you override private virtual methods? No, moreover, you cannot access private methods in inherited classes, have to be protected in the base class to allow any sort of access. 12. Can you prevent your class from being inherited and becoming a base class for some other classes? Yes, thats what keyword sealed in the class definition is for. The developer trying to derive from your class will get a message: cannot inherit from Sealed class WhateverBaseClassName. Its the same concept as final class in Java. 13. Can you allow class to be inherited, but prevent the method from being over-ridden? Yes, just leave the class public and make the method sealed. 14. Whats an abstract class? A class that cannot be instantiated. A concept in C++ known as pure virtual method. A class that must be inherited and have the methods over-ridden. Essentially, its a blueprint for a class without any implementation.

15. When do you absolutely have to declare a class as abstract (as opposed to free-willed educated choice or decision based on UML diagram)? When at least one of the methods in the class is abstract. When the class itself is inherited from an abstract class, but not all base abstract methods have been over-ridden. 16. Whats an interface class? Its an abstract class with public abstract methods all of which must be implemented in the inherited classes. 17. Why cant you specify the accessibility modifier for methods inside the interface? They all must be public. Therefore, to prevent you from getting the false impression that you have any freedom of choice, you are not allowed to specify any accessibility, its public by default. 18. And if they have conflicting method names? Its up to you to implement the method inside your own class, so implementation is left entirely up to you. This might cause a problem on a higher-level scale if similarly named methods from different interfaces expect different data, but as far as compiler cares youre okay. 19. Whats the difference between an interface and abstract class? In the interface all methods must be abstract; in the abstract class some methods can be concrete. In the interface no accessibility modifiers are allowed, which is ok in abstract classes. 20. How can you overload a method? Different parameter data types, different number of parameters, different order of parameters. 21. If a base class has a bunch of overloaded constructors, and an inherited class has another bunch of overloaded constructors, can you enforce a call from an inherited constructor to an arbitrary base constructor? Yes, just place a colon, and then keyword base (parameter list to invoke the appropriate constructor) in the overloaded constructor definition inside the inherited class. 22. Whats the difference between System.String and System.StringBuilder classes? System.String is immutable; System.StringBuilder was designed with the purpose of having a mutable string where a variety of operations can be performed. 23. Whats the advantage of using System.Text.StringBuilder over System.String? StringBuilder is more efficient in the cases, where a lot of manipulation is done to the text. Strings are immutable, so each time its being operated on, a new instance is created. 24. Can you store multiple data types in System.Array? No. 25. Whats the difference between the System.Array.CopyTo() and System.Array.Clone()? The first one performs a deep copy of the array, the second one is shallow. 26. How can you sort the elements of the array in descending order? By calling Sort() and then Reverse() methods.

27. Whats the .NET datatype that allows the retrieval of data by a unique key? HashTable. 28. Whats class SortedList underneath? A sorted HashTable. 29. Will finally block get executed if the exception had not occurred? Yes. 30. Can multiple catch blocks be executed? No, once the proper catch code fires off, the control is transferred to the finally block (if there are any), and then whatever follows the finally block. 31. Why is it a bad idea to throw your own exceptions? Well, if at that point you know that an error has occurred, then why not write the proper code to handle that error instead of passing a new Exception object to the catch block? Throwing your own exceptions signifies some design flaws in the project. 32. Whats a delegate? A delegate object encapsulates a reference to a method. In C++ they were referred to as function pointers. 33. Whats a multicast delegate? Its a delegate that points to and eventually fires off several methods. 34. Hows the DLL Hell problem solved in .NET? Assembly versioning allows the application to specify not only the library it needs to run (which was available under Win32), but also the version of the assembly. 35. What are the ways to deploy an assembly? An MSI installer, a CAB archive, and XCOPY command. 36. Whats a satellite assembly? When you write a multilingual or multi-cultural application in .NET, and want to distribute the core application separately from the localized modules, the localized assemblies that modify the core application are called satellite assemblies. 37. What namespaces are necessary to create a localized application? System.Globalization, System.Resources. 38. How do you generate documentation from the C# file commented properly with a commandline compiler? Compile it with a /doc switch. 39. Whats the difference between and XML documentation tag? Single line code example and multiple-line code example. 40. Is XML case-sensitive? Yes, so and are different elements. 41. What debugging tools come with the .NET SDK?

CorDBG command-line debugger, and DbgCLR graphic debugger. Visual Studio .NET uses the DbgCLR. To use CorDbg, you must compile the original C# file using the /debug switch. 42. What does the This window show in the debugger? It points to the object thats pointed to by this reference. Objects instance data is shown. 43. What does assert() do? In debug compilation, assert takes in a Boolean condition as a parameter, and shows the error dialog if the condition is false. The program proceeds without any interruption if the condition is true. 44. Whats the difference between the Debug class and Trace class? Documentation looks the same. Use Debug class for debug builds, use Trace class for both debug and release builds. 45. Why are there five tracing levels in System.Diagnostics.TraceSwitcher? The tracing dumps can be quite verbose and for some applications that are constantly running you run the risk of overloading the machine and the hard drive there. Five levels range from None to Verbose, allowing to fine-tune the tracing activities. 46. Where is the output of TextWriterTraceListener redirected? To the Console or a text file depending on the parameter passed to the constructor. 47. How do you debug an ASP.NET Web application? Attach the aspnet_wp.exe process to the DbgClr debugger. 48. What are three test cases you should go through in unit testing? Positive test cases (correct data, correct output), negative test cases (broken or missing data, proper handling), exception test cases (exceptions are thrown and caught properly). 49. Can you change the value of a variable while debugging a C# application? Yes, if you are debugging via Visual Studio.NET, just go to Immediate window. 50. Explain the three services model (three-tier application). Presentation (UI), business (logic and underlying code) and data (from storage or other sources). 51. What are advantages and disadvantages of Microsoft-provided data provider classes in ADO.NET? SQLServer.NET data provider is high-speed and robust, but requires SQL Server license purchased from Microsoft. OLE-DB.NET is universal for accessing other sources, like Oracle, DB2, Microsoft Access and Informix, but its a .NET layer on top of OLE layer, so not the fastest thing in the world. ODBC.NET is a deprecated layer provided for backward compatibility to ODBC engines. 52. Whats the role of the DataReader class in ADO.NET connections? It returns a read-only dataset from the data source when the command is executed. 53. What is the wildcard character in SQL? Lets say you want to query database with LIKE for all employees whose name starts with La. The wildcard character is %, the proper query with LIKE would involve La%.

54. Explain ACID rule of thumb for transactions. Transaction must be Atomic (it is one unit of work and does not dependent on previous and following transactions), Consistent (data is either committed or roll back, no in-between case where something has been updated and something hasnt), Isolated (no transaction sees the intermediate results of the current transaction), Durable (the values persist if the data had been committed even if the system crashes right after). 55. What connections does Microsoft SQL Server support? Windows Authentication (via Active Directory) and SQL Server authentication (via Microsoft SQL Server username and passwords). 56. Which one is trusted and which one is untrusted? Windows Authentication is trusted because the username and password are checked with the Active Directory, the SQL Server authentication is untrusted, since SQL Server is the only verifier participating in the transaction. 57. Why would you use untrusted verificaion? Web Services might use it, as well as non-Windows applications. 58. What does Dispose method do with the connection object? Deletes it from the memory. 59. What is a pre-requisite for connection pooling? Multiple processes must agree that they will share the same connection, where every parameter is the same, including the security settings.

What's C# ? C# (pronounced C-sharp) is a new object oriented language from Microsoft and is derived from C and C++. It also borrows a lot of concepts from Java too including garbage collection. Is it possible to inline assembly or IL in C# code? - No. Is it possible to have different access modifiers on the get/set methods of a property? - No. The access modifier on a property applies to both its get and set accessors. What you need to do if you want them to be different is make the property read-only (by only providing a get accessor) and create a private/internal set method that is separate from the property. Is it possible to have a static indexer in C#? allowed in C#. - No. Static indexers are not If I return out of a try/finally in C#, does the code in the finally-clause run? -Yes. The code in the finally always runs. If you return out of the try block, or even if you do a goto out of the try, the finally block always runs: using System; class main {

public static void Main() { try { Console.WriteLine(\"In Try block\"); return; } finally { Console.WriteLine(\"In Finally block\"); } } } Both In Try block and In Finally block will be displayed. Whether the return is in the try block or after the try-finally block, performance is not affected either way. The compiler treats it as if the return were outside the try block anyway. If its a return without an expression (as it is above), the IL emitted is identical whether the return is inside or outside of the try. If the return has an expression, theres an extra store/load of the value of the expression (since it has to be computed within the try block). I was trying to use an out int parameter in one of my functions. How should I declare the variable that I am passing to it? You should declare the variable as an int, but when you pass it in you must specify it as out, like the following: int i; foo(out i); where foo is declared as follows: [return-type] foo(out int o) { } How does one compare strings in C#? In the past, you had to call .ToString() on the strings when using the == or != operators to compare the strings values. That will still work, but the C# compiler now automatically compares the values instead of the references when the == or != operators are used on string types. If you actually do want to compare references, it can be done as follows: if ((object) str1 == (object) str2) { } Heres an example showing how string compares work: using System; public class StringTest { public static void Main(string[] args) { Object nullObj = null; Object realObj = new StringTest(); int i = 10; Console.WriteLine(\"Null Object is [\" + nullObj + \"]\n\" + \"Real Object is [\" + realObj + \"]\n\" + \"i is [\" + i + \"]\n\"); // Show string equality operators string str1 = \"foo\"; string str2 = \"bar\"; string str3 = \"bar\"; Console.WriteLine(\"{0} == {1} ? {2}\", str1, str2, str1 == str2 ); Console.WriteLine(\"{0} == {1} ? {2}\", str2, str3, str2 == str3 ); }

} Output: Null Object is [] Real Object is [StringTest] i is [10] foo == bar ? False bar == bar ? True How do you specify a custom attribute for the entire assembly (rather than for a class)? Global attributes must appear after any top-level using clauses and before the first type or namespace declarations. An example of this is as follows: using System; [assembly : MyAttributeClass] class X {} Note that in an IDE-created project, by convention, these attributes are placed in AssemblyInfo.cs. How do you mark a method obsolete? [Obsolete] public int Foo() {...} or [Obsolete(\"This is a message describing why this method is obsolete\")] public int Foo() {...} Note: The O in Obsolete is always capitalized. How do you implement thread synchronization (Object.Wait, Notify,and CriticalSection) in C#? You want the lock statement, which is the same as Monitor Enter/Exit: lock(obj) { // code } translates to try { CriticalSection.Enter(obj); // code } finally { CriticalSection.Exit(obj); } How do you directly call a native function exported from a DLL? Heres a quick example of the DllImport attribute in action: using System.Runtime.InteropServices; \ class C { [DllImport(\"user32.dll\")] public static extern int MessageBoxA(int h, string m, string c, int type); public static int Main() { return MessageBoxA(0, \"Hello World!\", \"Caption\", 0); }

} This example shows the minimum requirements for declaring a C# method that is implemented in a native DLL. The method C.MessageBoxA() is declared with the static and external modifiers, and has the DllImport attribute, which tells the compiler that the implementation comes from the user32.dll, using the default name of MessageBoxA. For more information, look at the Platform Invoke tutorial in the documentation. How do I simulate optional parameters to COM calls? You must use the Missing class and pass Missing.Value (in System.Reflection) for any values that have optional parameters. What do you know about .NET assemblies? Assemblies are the smallest units of versioning and deployment in the .NET application. Assemblies are also the building blocks for programs such as Web services, Windows services, serviced components, and .NET remoting applications. Whats the difference between private and shared assembly? Private assembly is used inside an application only and does not have to be identified by a strong name. Shared assembly can be used by multiple applications and has to have a strong name. Whats a strong name? A strong name includes the name of the assembly, version number, culture identity, and a public key token. How can you tell the application to look for assemblies at the locations other than its own install? Use the directive in the XML .config file for a given application. < privatepath="c:\mylibs;"> should do the trick. Or you can add additional search paths in the Properties box of the deployed application. How can you debug failed assembly binds? Use the Assembly Binding Log Viewer (fuslogvw.exe) to find out the paths searched. Where are shared assemblies stored? Global assembly cache. How can you create a strong name for a .NET assembly? With the help of Strong Name tool (sn.exe). Wheres global assembly cache located on the system? Usually C:\winnt\assembly or C:\windows\assembly. Can you have two files with the same file name in GAC? Yes, remember that GAC is a very special folder, and while normally you would not be able to place two files with the same name into a Windows folder, GAC differentiates by version number as well, so its possible for MyApp.dll and MyApp.dll to co-exist in GAC if the first one is version 1.0.0.0 and the second one is 1.1.0.0.