Skills Review 1 1 (a) 1 000 m (b) 5 103 s (c) 7 106 V 2 2.456 102 m 3 2.4 105 m3 4 4.

4 4.5 105 5 (a) m s2 (b) m s1 (c) kg m3 (d) kg m s1 6 Electric current 7 5 105 8 9.9 107 9 Energy: J, area: m2, pressure: N m2, temperature: K

Skills Review 5 1 (a) Gradient of graph = 35 = 17.5 m s2 20 (b) 35 m s1 2 (a) T 2 (s2) (b) (c) v = 17.5t + 35 0.00 0.30 0.59 0.90 1.19

Skills Review 2 1 Length, Density, Energy, Power, Time, Mass 2 (a) Scalar quantity (b) Vector quantity (c) Scalar quantity (d) Scalar quantity (e) Scalar quantity 3 Mass is a scalar quantity whereas weight is a vector quantity. 4 40 m s1 is a speed (scalar quantity) whereas 40 m s1 due South is a velocity (vector quantity). 5 5 m is a distance (scalar quantity) whereas 5 m due West is a displacement (vector quantity). 6 16 kg 7 9V 8 2 N due East 9 20 N vertically upwards 10 Q, N, e are scalar quantities. 11 m: scalar quantity; W, g: vector quantities (c) (i) Period T (ii) Mass m (iii) (d) T 2 is directly proportional to m. (b) 0.040 cm3 Skills Review 6 1 Distance, Speed 2 (a) Distance moved in a specific direction. (b) The rate of change of displacement. (c) The rate of change of velocity. where a is the acceleration 3 (a) s = u + v t 2 v is the final velocity (b) v = u + at u is the initial velocity s is the displacement and 1 at2 (c) s = ut + 2 t is the time taken 4 6 8 9 (d) v2 = u2 + 2as 20 m 18 m (a) 8 m s2 (a) 21.9 m s1 5 7 (b) (b) 24 m s1 5 750 m 256 m 10.95 s Spring constant

Skills Review 3 1 2 3 4 5 (a) 10.0 cm3 1.55 cm 3.45 mm 4.77 cm 2.17 mm

Skills Review 4 1 A set of readings are scattered around an actual value so that their mean value is equal to the actual value. 2 P: Precise but not accurate Q: Accurate but not precise R: Accurate and precise S: Not accurate and not precise 3 (a) Random errors can be both positive and negative deviations from the actual value. (b) Systematic errors can be either positive or negative deviations from the actual value. 4 (a) Systematic error (b) 0.02 mm (c) 4.43 mm 5 (a) Parallax error (b) Position O (c) 2.5 cm

Skills Review 7 1 75 cm s1 2 (a) 20.0 cm s1

(b) 70.0 cm s1

(c) 50.0 cm s2

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3 (a) The trolley initially experiences acceleration and later experiences deceleration. (b) 0.2 s (c) 60 cm s1

Skills Review 12 1 (a) (i) 50 N (ii) 50 N (b) 70 N (c) A greater tension is needed to accelerate the load upwards. 2 90 N 3 10 N

Skills Review 8 1 Graph A: Velocity always zero Graph B: Moves with decreasing velocity until zero Graph C: Moves with increasing velocity Graph D: Moves with uniform velocity in the opposite direction 2 (a) Gradient of the graph m = 8 = 0.5 m s1 16 (b) s = 0.5t 3 (a) 100 50 = 50 m (b) Velocity = 100 50 = 2.5 m s1 20 0 4 Graph P:Velocity is increasing in the opposite direction. Graph Q: Velocity is decreasing in the opposite direction.

Skills Review 13 4 60 N 5 30 N 1 (a) (i) 6 000 kg m s1 (ii) 4 800 kg m s1 1 (iii) 10 800 kg m s (iv) 540 000 N (b) (i) 6 000 kg m s1 (ii) 30 000 N 2 (a) 10 m s1 (b) (i) 1 600 N (ii) 16 000 N 3 (a) 40 N s (b) 40 kg m s1 4 (a) 2 000 kg m s1 (b) 3 200 kg m s1 5 The nylon rope can be stretched longer if the climber were to fall. This is to reduce the impulsive force.

Skills Review 9 1 Graph P: Uniform deceleration Graph Q: Acceleration follows by deceleration Graph R: Uniform acceleration until zero acceleration Graph S: Uniform acceleration 2 (a) Acceleration (b) Gradient = 7.5 m s2 (c) v = 7.5t + 20 (d) Total distance = 400 m 3 (a) The student stops at the instant he reaches the school. (b) 60 s (c) (i) RS (ii) PQ and QR (iii) ST (d) 40 m (e) 430 m

Skills Review 14 1 (a) P Q R S Bumper Bonnet Wind screen Air bag

(b) P

Skills Review 10 1 Fasten safety belt; install air bag inside the steering. 2 external force 3 No. This is because there is frictional force acting on the ball. 4 The passenger will be thrown forward. Inertia keeps the passenger in a state of motion. 5 The ball continues to move with uniform velocity indefinitely. 6 The stone moves with uniform speed in a straight line indefinitely. 7 To prevent head injuries during rear-end collisions. Q

To absorb the impact of the crash so as to reduce the change of momentum and hence the impulsive force during an accident. Crumples easily in order to lengthen the collision time and reduce the impulsive force during accident. Locked inside the steering. It will be released automatically from the steering during an accident to act as an air cushion to protect the head of the driver.

Skills Review 15

Skills Review 11 1 (a) Zero (b) Zero (c) Tennis ball moves to the right but the inertia cart moves towards the left. (d) Velocity of tennis ball is higher since its mass is smaller than that of the inertia cart. 2 26.7 m s1 3 m1v1 m2v2 = 0 4 12 m s1 5 1:1 6 16.7 m s1 7 20 m s1 8 2.8 kg m s1 9 804 m s1

N kg1 or m s2 Due to the gravitational attractive force due to gravity Maintain its position in front of the boy. 0N (a) 10 m s1 (b) 20 m (a) 360 N (b) 60 N (c) (i) 300 N (ii) No change in mass. 8 (a) Spring balance (b) The spring balance reading will decrease but the beam balance reading will not change. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

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Skills Review 16 1 110 N 4 8N 2 1 200 N 5 13 N; 67 23 3 60 N

3 Pin B has a larger area for the thumb to press, hence the pressure exerted is smaller. 4 DEJI 5 1 592 N m2 6 60 000 N m2

Skills Review 23 Skills Review 17 1 energy 4 240 J 6 (a) 1 154 N 2 displacement 5 3J (b) 200 N 3 mass (c) 10 000 J 2 4 5 7 1 p = hg, p : pressure of liquid : density of liquid h : depth of liquid g : acceleration due to gravity 27 200 Pa 3 1 105 Pa (a) 6 kPa (b) 16 kPa 20 kPa 6 directions At higher level, the difference in water pressure between the reservoir and the homes of consumers is higher. This enables water to flow to the homes of consumers easily.

Skills Review 18 1 (a) Kinetic energy changes to gravitational potential energy. (b) Kinetic energy + Gravitational potential energy = Constant 2 40 kJ 3 200 J 4 8.48 m s1 5 40 J 6 9

Skills Review 24 1 90 cm Hg 2 52 cm Hg 3 80 cm Hg 4 The rate of collision of gas molecules with the wall of cylinder increases. 5 Mercury column falls because the atmospheric pressure decreases with the increase in altitude. 6 As temperature decreases, speed of gas molecules will decrease. The rate of collision of air molecules with the wall of the balloon will decrease resulting in a decrease in gas pressure in the balloon. Hence, the atmospheric pressure will force the volume of the balloon to decrease.

Skills Review 19 1 4 7 10 Power 6 400 W 250 W 200 kW 2 5 8 11 W 2 000 N 10 kW 7 500 W 3 280 W 6 100 J 9 720 kW

Skills Review 20 1 Depletion of energy resources on Earth. 2 The size of a storeroom is small; a spotlight, which has a high power rating, is not suitable. 3 Instead of using an electric kettle, which consumes a lot of power, an electric heater should be used as its power rating is smaller. 4 Wind energy, solar energy, biomass energy 5 (a) 25 kJ (b) 720 kJ (c) 30 s (d) 500 W

Skills Review 25 1 (a) Simple mercury barometer. (b) (i) 76 cm Hg (ii) 92 cm Hg (iii) 1.01 105 Pa (c) (i) Maintained at 76 cm Hg. (ii) Maintained at 76 cm Hg. (iii) Maintained at 76 cm Hg (iv) The upper region of the tube is still a vacuum and the constant atmospheric pressure still supports the same vertical height of the mercury column. (d) (i) At higher altitude, atmospheric pressure decreases and causes the mercury column to fall. (ii) The instrument will be too long (with water column = 10.3 m) and inconvenient to be carried around.

Skills Review 21 1 0.8 J 3 elastic limit 5 0.10 J 1 (F + F )(l l ) 2 2 1 2 1 4 1J 6 0.43 J 2

Skills Review 22 1 Giraffe, because its feet stands on a smaller area. 2 (a) The small area of its sharp beak produces high pressure so that it can peck a hole in a tree easily. (b) The small area of its sharp sting produces high pressure so that its sting can penetrate its victim easily. (c) Its broad base area produces smaller pressure so that it can move easily in swampy areas.

Skills Review 26 1 3 5 6 magnitude 2 Manometer 45 N 4 600 N (a) 400 N (b) 2 000 Pa (a) P: Brake shoe, Q: Brake drum (b) Pistons will be pushed out against the brake shoes. (c) Air has to be compressed first. This will reduce the efficiency of the braking system.

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Skills Review 27 1 1.3 103 kg m3 2 (a) (i) V = 6.0 3.0 = 18 cm3 (ii) m = V = 1.0 18 = 18 g Weight mg = 18 103 10 = 0.18 N (b) (i) Weight of glass tube + Weight of sand = Buoyant force (ii) 12.0 103 10 + Mg = 0.18 Mg = 0.06 N mass of sand M = 0.006 kg (c) (i) The length of the glass tube immersed increases. (ii) Density of alcohol is less than the density of water. (d) Hydrometer

Skills Review 31 1 (a) (i) 6 000 J (ii) 1 600 J (iii) 4 400 J (b) There is no heat loss to the surroundings, the heat transfer from the steel ball is equal to the total gain of heat by the calorimeter and the water. (c) 0.105 kg (d) The thread is an insulating material that prevents heat loss from the steel ball. The stirrer is used to stir the water continuously so that the water temperature is always uniform. The insulation prevents heat loss from the calorimeter to the surroundings. 2 (a) 16 (b) There is no heat loss to the surroundings. 3 (a) 6 720 J (b) 6.72 s

Skills Review 32 Skills Review 28 1 (a) low pressure 2 Velocity Pressure (b) high pressure A Low High B High Low C Moderate Moderate 1 3.09 102 J s1 2 (a) solid (b) gas 3 Steam is in the gaseous state and water is in the liquid state. 1 g of steam at 100 oC contains more heat because latent heat is required to change 1 g of water at 100 C to steam. 4 (a) (i) The melting point of ice is always constant at 0 C. (ii) To control the electric current flow so that it is always constant. (b) (i) 3.09 105 J kg1 (ii) Heat is absorbed from the surroundings. (iii) Another set of apparatus is prepared but without power supply so that the mass of ice melted is only caused by the heat absorbed from the surroundings. This mass should be deducted from the mass of melted ice collected in the main experiment. The difference in mass is the actual mass melted due to the power supply. 5 A : Rise in temperature as ice absorbs heat. B : Absorption of latent heat of fusion. C : Rise in temperature as water absorbs heat. D : Water boils and absorbs latent heat of vaporisation. E : Steam absorbs heat and thus increases its temperature.

3 The air velocity at the upper section of the metal tube is greater than the air pressure at its lower section. Hence, by the Bernoullis principle, the air pressure at the upper section of the metal tube is less than the air pressure at its lower section. The difference in pressure lifts the sphere upwards. 4 Velocity of air at X is lower than at Y. Hence, by Bernoullis principle, the pressure of air at point X is higher than that at point Y. The difference in pressure helps to lift the ping-pong ball.

Skills Review 29 1 hotness 2 energy; temperature difference; heating; thermal equilibrium; temperature 3 expansion 4 70 C 5 7.4 cm 6 52.9 C 7 joule 8 Temperature of object A is higher than the temperature of object B. 9 (a) The rate of loss of heat from the metal sphere to air is higher than that of the marble. (b) The metal sphere, marble and air are at the same temperature.

Skills Review 33 1 460 s 2 The quantity of heat required to change 1 kg of a substance form liquid to gas at boiling point. 3 (a) 4.2 kJ (b) 66.8 kJ (c) (i) 25.6 C (ii) No heat loss to the surroundings (d) 1.62 106 J (e) 1.20 107 J (f) More heat is required to overcome the surface tension of the liquid, the atmospheric pressure, and the molecular bonds of water so that water can change to gas at boiling point. 4 (a) From liquid to gas (b) Latent heat is supplied to water. (c) No change in temperature. (d) No change in kinetic energy of molecules. 5 The molecular bonding of alcohol molecules are weaker than that of water. Hence, smaller quantity of latent heat is needed to change it from liquid state to gaseous state.

Skills Review 30 1 2 3 5 7 70 C There is heat loss to the surroundings. 50 g 4 6.0 C 65 C 6 52.9 C 2.2 C

Answers

Skills Review 34 1

Skills Review 37 1 Laws of Reflection: (a) The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane. (b) The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. 2 Image formed is virtual, same size as object, object distance = image distance, and laterally inverted 3 Real, inverted, same size as the object. 4 (a)

2 Decreases 5 2.0 m

3 24.8 cm 6 20 m

4 16.8 cm 7 15.4 cm (b) Real, inverted and larger. 5 (a) A real image can be displayed on a screen whereas a virtual image cannot. (b) (i) Convex mirror (ii)

Skills Review 35 1 333 oC 2 (a) (b) V = constant T

(c) Charles law states that for a fixed mass of gas, the volume of the gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas at constant pressure. 3 (a) (b)

6 (a) To increase the field of vision. (b)

4 (a) 300 K 5 (a) 228 C 6 300 cm3

(b) 216 K (b) 117 C (c Virtual, smaller and upright. 7

Skills Review 36 1 87.0 C 2 (a) For a fixed mass of gas, the pressure of the gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas at constant volume. (b) P = constant at constant volume. T (c) (d)

Skills Review 38 3 (a) (i) 0 K (b) 2.0 105 Pa pV 4 (a) = constant T (ii) 273 K (iii) 330 K 1 2 108 m s1 3 0.67 m 5 velocities; refracted 2 19 28 4 refraction 6 3.1 107m

(b) 1.1 105 Pa

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Answers 2 (a) (i) (ii) (iii) (b) (i)

Sin i 0.6428 0.5736 0.5000

Sin r 0.4226 0.3746 0.3090

Refractive index 1.521 1.531 1.618

Instrument Stopwatch Metre rule Vernier calipers

Accuracy 0.01 s 0.1 cm 0.01 cm

2.04 cm 2.04 + 2.05 + 2.06 2.05 cm 3

Skills Review 39 1 Light must be refracted from a denser medium to a less dense medium. The angle of incidence must be greater than the critical angle. 2 critical angle; less 3 Angle C 4 B 5 OS 6 41.8

(ii)

Skills Review 40 1 (a) (b) (c) 2 (a) Real, inverted, magnified At infinity 5 To focus the light reflected from the concave mirror so that they emerge parallel after passing the condenser lens. Inverted, real, magnified So that the image formed on the screen is upright. Virtual, inverted, magnified 25 cm Virtual, upright, magnified (i) 10 cm (ii) 2 (negative means virtual)

(iii) To avoid random error 3 (a) Zero error. Zero error occurs when the zero mark does not lie directly opposite the datum line of the main scale of a micrometer screw gauge. (b) 0.01 mm (c) Thickness of the book = 10.325 (0.01) = 10.335 mm (d) 1 sheet of paper = 2 pages 256 pages = 128 sheets thickness of 1 sheet of paper 10.335 128 = 0.08074 mm = 8.074 102 mm = Essay Questions 1 (a) (i) A physical quantity is a quantity or property that can be measured. Basic physical quantity Length, l Mass, m Time, t S.I. Units metre (m) kilogram (kg) seconds (s) Kelvin (K)

(b) (c) 3 (a) (b) 4 (a) (b)

Chapter Review 1 Objective Questions 1 6 11 16 A B A A 2 E 7 D 12 A 3 C 8 A 13 B 4 B 9 B 14 C 5 C 10 D 15 D

Temperature, T

Structured Questions 1 (a) Prefix tera nano giga deci Value 1012 109 109 101 Symbol T n G d

(ii) Derived quantities are physical quantities that can be formed from a combination of two or more fundamental quantities. For example, Work = Distance Time = [m][s] (b) (i) Scalar quantity: mass M or m Vector quantity: Force F (ii) Units of F: kg m s2 Units of M, m: kg Units of x: m Units of T: K Mm From F = G 2 , x
2 G = Fx Mm

(b) 2.7 GHz = 2.7 109 Hz 256 MB = 256 106 B = 2.56 108 B (c) (i) scalar quantity, kelvin (ii) vector quantity, kg m s2 (iii) scalar quantity, A

Units of G = =

[kg m s2][m2] [kg2] kg m m2 kg2 s2

= m3 kg1 s2

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Answers 2 (a) All measurements are only estimations. The accuracy of a measurement is the degree of approximation of the measurement to the true value. The accuracy of a measurement can be improved by: using the a measuring instrument that is more sensitive taking repeated readings to find the average (b) (i) Measuring the diameter of a wire that is not uniform will produce random errors. Such errors can be reduced by taking several measurements from different locations on the wire. Then calculate the average diameter. (ii) The vernier calipers used to measure the diameter of a test tube may produce systematic errors arising from the zero error of the instrument. Therefore, the zero error of the vernier calipers is determined first. Then the zero error can be subtracted from the reading taken. (c) The stopwatch is started as soon as the car passes the first lamp post and it is stopped as soon as the car passes the second lamp post. The stopwatch will give the time taken for the car to move from one lamp post to the other. However, the reading may not be very accurate due to the slight delay in pressing the button to start and stop the watch. The delay is the time taken for you to react to seeing the car pass a lamp post. 3 (a) The resistance of the circuit is varied by adjusting the rheostat. Each time, the ammeter and the voltmeter readings are taken. The experiment is then repeated to get a second set of readings so that the average readings can be determined. (b) Current (A) Average voltage (V) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.38 0.75 1.15 1.53 1.93 2.30 Gradient of the graph = V = 2.2 0.1 = 2.1 = 3.75 V A1 0.58 0.02 0.56 I

So, the resistance of the bulb = 3.75 ohms (d) The resistance of the voltmeter is assumed to be very high and the resistance of the ammeter can be neglected. The potential difference of the voltmeter and the temperature of the circuit are assumed to be constant. (e) A suitable scale must be chosen so that the size of the graph is large enough for points to be plotted easily and readings to be taken more precisely. This ensures that the graph is accurate for the purpose of analysis, calculation, and drawing conclusions. 4 (a) For a thermometer, zero errors are rare. If they do occur, they probably resulted from the initial process of calibrating the instrument. Parallax errors may occur as a result of taking the reading at an angle. The reading should be taken at the level of the meniscus and not the slightly higher edge. Another error may occur when the observer does not wait until thermal equilibrium is achieved before taking the reading. The reading is therefore, not accurate. In the case of the stopwatch, zero errors usually do not occur. It they do occur, they arise from the pointer not showing a reading of zero at the start. A split second delay may also occur before the observer presses the button to start or stop the stopwatch. This will result in a less accurate reading. (b) To achieve a high degree of accuracy, the scale used should be as fine as possible. However, if the quantity to be measured has a large value, then such a scale will not be practical. With a small scale, the size of the quantity that can be measured will be limited. In addition, the measurement of a large quantity will result in small percentage error when compared to measuring a small quantity. (c) (i) Measure the mass of a sheet of graph paper. Cut out 2 mm 2 mm squares of graph paper and calculate the mass, m grams, of each square.

From the graph, when I = 0.37 A, V = 1.4 V. (c) Since R = V , when V is plotted against I, the gradient I of the graph gives the value R.

The micro balance is assembled as shown in the diagram. The straw is cut at one end to form a scoop while a screw is inserted into the other end. A pin is inserted through the straw and balanced on the U-shaped metal support. To calibrate the scale, place one of the 2 mm 2 mm squares of graph paper into the scoop so that a deflection is observed on the scale. Mark the new position of the scoop.

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Answers Similarly, place 2, 3, 4, squares of graph paper into the scoop and make the corresponding markings. Remove all the squares of graph paper and place the strand of hair over the scoop. Record the size of the deflection observed. If it is deflected through n marks on the scale, then the mass of the strand of hair is (n m) g. (ii) The micro balance is sensitive because even a small difference in mass will produce a large deflection of the straw. However, the measurement obtained is not precise because the squares of graph paper used may not be cut uniformly. So, the scale may not have been calibrated uniformly. The drinking straw is also not very stable. (ii) The difference = m1gh m2gh = h(gm1 gm2) = 1 000(1 000 900) = 100 000 J = 100 kJ (iii) Heat energy 3 (a) Elasticity of a material is its ability to regain its original shape and size once the force acting on it is removed. (b) (i)

Chapter Review 2

Objective Questions 1 6 11 16 21 26 31 C C B A E B C 2 7 12 17 22 27 32 C C C D B D C 3 8 13 18 23 28 D D B D C A 4 9 14 19 24 29 C B C A A E 5 10 15 20 25 30 A A D C A A (ii) Spring 1 (iii) Difference in extensions = 17.5 10 = 7.5 mm (c) (i) Point L is the maximum force that can be exerted on Spring 2 before it looses its elasticity. (ii) Spring 2 can no longer be stretched even if a greater force is applied on it. Essay Questions 1 (a) (i) The object moves from rest (u = 0) to a steady velocity v in 5 s, with acceleration a = 4 m s2. From v = u + at, v = 0 + 4 5 = 20 m s1 (ii) From s = ut + 1 at2, 2 displacement in the first 5 s = 0 + 1 (4)(25) = 50 m 2 (iii) The object decelerates from u = 20 m s1 to come to a rest after s = 5 m. 0 = 202 + 2(a)(5) From v2 = u2 + 2as, 10a = 400 a = 40 m s2 (iv) From v = u + at, 0 = 20 40(t) t = 0.5 s (b)

Structured Questions 1 (a) (i) The speed of the van increases uniformly. (ii) The van moves with uniform acceleration. (b) a = 25 10 = 0.5 m s1 30 (c) Maximum speed of the van = 25 m s1 = 25 m 10 25s 1 km 30 1 = 60 60 h = 90 km h1 (d) Speed = 12.5 m s1

2 (a) Friction on the rock and climbers weight. (b) Climber who weighs 1 000 N. (c) (i) The climbers have gained gravitational potential energy when they reached the top.

(i)

Time period T = 14.5 5 = 9.5 s Total displacement = area under the graph = 1 (15 + 9.5)(20) 2 = 245 m
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Answers 2 (a) (i) A vector quantity is a quantity that is defined completely by specifying its magnitude and its direction. Examples: displacement, velocity, acceleration A scalar quantity does not have direction, just magnitude. Examples: mass, distance, volume (ii) Energy is not a vector quantity it does not have direction. For example, if an object moves with velocity v m s1, its kinetic energy = mv2. It depends on the mass of the body the more massive the body, the more inertia it has. (b) Place a coin on a piece of cardboard that is placed on top of a glass. Then pull out the cardboard quickly from the side. The coin will not move with the cardboard, but falls into the glass. This is because the coin tends to maintain its state of rest. It falls into the glass as a result of the pull of gravity.

If the object moves with velocity v m s1, its kinetic energy = 1 m (v)2 = 1 mv2. 2 2 Therefore, kinetic energy is not influenced by direction. (b) (i) The addition of two or more vectors produces a single resultant vector that has the same effect as the action of all the component vectors. (ii) An object is said to be in equilibrium when the resultant of all the forces acting on it is zero. (iii) Hang weights of mass m1, m2 and m3 with strings around two pulleys (as shown in the diagram) until equilibrium is achieved.

Mark the positions of the three strings and the knot O on the cardboard. Calculate the three forces acting on point O: F1 = m1g, F2 = m2g, F3 = m3g Using a suitable scale, draw a parallelogram so that OP and OR represents F1 and F2 in magnitude and direction.

When the driver of a moving bus suddenly steps on the brakes, the passengers in the bus will be thrown forwards. This is because the passengers are not moving at the same speed as the bus. Inertia keeps the passengers in a state of motion. (c) Total momentum before collision = (0.4 3) + (0.5 0) = 1.2 kg m s1 Total momentum after collision = (0.4 1) + (0.5 v) = 0.4 + 0.5v According to the law of conservation of momentum, 0.4 + 0.5v = 1.2 0.5v = 0.8 v = 1.6 m s1 (d) The impulsive force acting on a car during a collision is the rate of change of momentum on impact, or F = mv mu t The front part of the body of a car is designed to crumble easily during a collision, increasing the time of impact. In this way, the change of momentum will take place over a longer time. Therefore, a smaller force will act on the driver of the car. 4 (a) (i) Energy is always conserved, but when it is put into a system, such as a motor, not all the available energy is converted into the form of energy you need. For example, a motor is designed to convert electrical energy into kinetic energy. However, some of the electrical energy is converted to heat and sound. Therefore, less kinetic energy is produced. We say that the motor is not 100% efficient since Efficiency = useful energy output 100% energy input

Measure the length of the diagonal OQ. You will find that the length of OQ is the same as the length of the OQ. Therefore, if two forces acting at point O are represented in magnitude and direction by two straight lines OP and OR, they are equivalent to a single force represented in magnitude and direction by the diagonal OQ of the parallelogram OPQR. 3 (a) A body is said to possess a property called inertia. The inertia of a body is its reluctance to change its state of motion.

(ii) Electrical devices are not efficient because when a current flows, heat is produced and wires become hotter. Therefore, a motor cannot be 100% efficient as some of the electrical energy will be converted to heat, instead of kinetic energy. On the other hand, an immersion water heater is very efficient as its purpose is to produce a lot of heat. (b) (i) Gravitational potential energy of the 4 kg block = mgh = 40 10 20 = 800 J (ii) From the law of conservation of energy, maximum kinetic energy of the block must be the same as the gravitational potential energy, 800 J. Kinetic energy = 1 mv2 2 = 1 4 v2 2 = 2v2

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Answers 2v2 = 800 v2 = 400 v = 400 = 20 m s1

Chapter Review 3 Objective Questions 1 6 11 16 21 D C D C B 2 7 12 17 22 C B D A A 3 8 13 18 23 A A D B A 4 9 14 19 24 C D B C D 5 10 15 20 25 C C A D D

(iv) Most of the kinetic energy has been converted to heat, and some of it to sound. 5 (a) A spring balance is used to weigh objects. It is based on Hookes Law that states the extension e of a spring is directly proportional to the applied force F, provided the elastic limit is not exceeded. When an object is hung on the balance, the pull of the Earth causes the object to pull on the spring with a force equal to its weight. The extension of the spring is directly proportional to the weight of the object. (b) (i) The reading on the spring balance will be equal to the value of the force P, the pull of the spring on the mass. m = 1.2 kg g = 10 m s2 a1 = 0

Structured Questions 1 (a) Atmospheric pressure = hg = 0.76 13 600 10 = 103 360 N m2 (b) (i) The height of the mercury column is unchanged. (ii) The height of the mercury column will reduce. (c) The water will wet the tube. Hence, the reading will not be accurate. (d) Gas pressure = 76 + 4 = 80 cm 2 (a) (b) (c) (d) 3 (a) F = 100 10 0.1 2 F = 100 N The hydraulic liquid is uncompressible. Not evaporate easily; high boiling point The efficiency of the system will be affected because the air can be compressed easily. (i) As high-speed train passes through stations close to platform where passengers are standing, the air pressure close to the edge of platform decreases. Thus, the difference of pressure creates a force that pushes the passengers towards the train. Hence, it is necessary to keep a distance to prevent the passengers being pushed and hit by the train. (ii) Bernoullis principle (i)

An object moving with constant velocity has zero resultant force acting on it. Therefore, W = P1 = mg = 1.2 10 = 12 N So, the spring balance reads 12 N. (ii) W = 12 N m = 1.2 kg g = 10 m s2 a2 = 0.3 m s2

(b)

W P2 = ma 12 P2 = 1.2 (0.2) 12 P2 = 0.24 12 + 0.24 = P2 12.24 = P2 So, the spring balance reads 12.24 N. (iii) W = 12 N m = 1.2 kg g = 10 m s2 a3 = 0.3 m s2

(ii) As speed of water increases, the pressure of moving water decreases. (c) (i)

W P3 = ma 12 P3 = 1.2 0.3 12 P3 = 0.36 12 0.36 = P3 11.64 = P3 So, the spring balance reads 11.64 N.

(ii) No (iii) The sequence of the heights remains unchanged because areas where the pressure is low or high are the same. Essay Questions 1 (a) (i) Archimedes principle states that when a body is wholly or partially immersed in a fluid, there is an upthrust or buoyant force which is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced.

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Answers (ii) The bouyant force acting on the cube is due to the difference in pressure on the lower surface and upper surface of the cube. (b) (i)

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Let H be the height of level of the fluid from the bottom face of the cube, and h be the height of the level of the fluid from the top face of the cube. So, (H h) = x Fluid pressure at the top surface of the cube = h1g Fluid pressure at the bottom surface of the cube = H1g Force acting downwards = pressure area = (h1g) x2 Force acting upwards = (H1g) x2 So, the buoyant force = (H h)1g x2 = x31g = Volume fluid density g = Weight of fluid displaced (iii) Let the height of the cube in the mercury layer =h Weight of cube = buoyant force due to mercury + buoyant force due to water (0.1)3(8 103)(g) = (0.1)2(h)(13.6 103)(g) + (0.1)2(0.1 h)(1000g) 8 = 136h + 1 10h h = 7 = 0.056 m = 5.6 cm 126 the height of the cube in the water layer = 10 5.6 = 4.4 cm (b) (i) As the gas bubble rises, the water pressure decreases (hg). Therefore, the volume of the gas increases and the gas pressure decreases. (ii) The density of the gas decreases since the mass of the gas remains the same but the volume increases. Density = Mass Volume (iii) As the volume of the bubble increases, a larger buoyant force is produced. Since F = ma, the acceleration of the bubble also increases. 2 (a) The principal assumptions of the Kinetic Theory of Gases: (i) Gases are made up of molecules. (ii) The molecules are in constant, random motion. (iii) The pressure of the gas is due to the collision of the molecules with the wall of its container. (iv) The volume of the molecules themselves is much smaller than the volume occupied by the gas. (v) The intermolecular forces are neglible except during collisions. (vi) Collisions of molecules are assumed to be elastic. (vii) The duration of the collisions are negligible.

When the volume of the container is reduced, the molecules of the gas in the container have a shorter distance to travel between collisions with the walls of the container. Thus, the molecules will collide with the container walls more frequently. Thus, the pressure exerted by the gas increases. (ii) When the gas in an insulated container is compressed, the work done on the gas causes the molecules to move faster. Since the average kinetic energy of the molecules is increased, the internal energy of the gas is also increased. This explains the rise in temperature of the gas. 3 (a) (i) Pressure is the effect of the normal force acting on a unit area. Pressure = Force Area (ii) Atmopheric pressure is the pressure exerted by the air on a body. (b) A mercury barometer consists of a 1 m long tube, closed at one end. The tube is completely filled with mercury and carefully inverted over a trough of mercury. The mercury in the tube will fall to a level of about 76 cm above the level of the mercury in the trough. The space above the mercury level in the tube is therefore a vacuum.

Atmospheric pressure acting on the surface of the mercury in the trough supports the column of mercury 76 cm high. Hence, we say that the atmospheric pressure is 76 cm Hg. The pressure in a fluid is given by P = hg So, cross-sectional area of the tube has no bearing on the value obtained. (c) (i) Volume of mercury in the tank = area of base of tank depth = 0.5 0.3 = 0.15 m3 Mass of mercury = Density Volume = 13 600 0.15 = 2 040 kg As the weight of 1 kg is 10 N, so the weight of the mercury is 20 040 N. (ii) Pressure of the mercury on the base of the tank = hg = 0.3 13 600 10 = 40 800 Pa 4 (a) Fill a tall cylinder that has three equal-sized outlets, with water from a running tap. Place three beakers to catch the water. Then remove the corks from the outlets.

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Answers (f) Ice has the ability to absorb latent heat of fusion from the surroundings when it turns to water. It is therefore colder. (g) By taking the temperature at 30 s intervals as liquid paraffin is cooled into a solid. Plot the graph of temperature against time. The horizontal portion of the graph will give the melting point. (h) Heat = mc(120 80 + 80 28) + mL = 0.35(2 100)(92) + 0.35(170 000) = 127 120 J = 127 kJ 2 (a) (i) p 0.50 0.70 1.00 1.50 2.00 3.00 Water from outlet 3 is thrust further horizontally than that from outlet 2, which in turn is thrust further than that from outlet 1. This shows that the pressure is greater at a deeper point in the liquid. (b) (i) Let the force exerted by the lever on piston P be F1. Then, F1 0.30 = 40 0.90 F1 = 40 0.90 = 120 N 0.30 (ii) Pressure exerted on the oil = Force = 120 = 30 000 Pa Area 0.004 (iii) The pressure of 30 000 Pa is transmitted through the oil to piston Q. Force F1 exerted on piston Q = Pressure Area = 30 000 0.35 = 10 500 N V pV 30.2 15.1 21.4 15.0 15.0 15.0 9.0 13.5 6.0 12.0 1.0 3.0

For Boyles Law to apply, pV = constant. From the table, Boyles Law applies up to about 1.00 atm. For pressures greater than 1.00 atm, Boyles Law does not apply. (ii) From the gas law, we have p1V1 pV = 2 2 T1 T2 (0.75)V 15.0 = 300 290 (b) (i) So, V = 20.7 cm3 Pressure of gas Pressure due to Atmospheric + = mercury column pressure

Chapter Review 4 1 6 11 16 C B C D 2 7 12 17 B B C B 3 8 13 18 C C C D 4 9 14 19 D D B D 5 10 15 20 A A D C

= (x + 15) cm Hg (ii) Pressure of gas = atmospheric pressure = x cm Hg (iii) From Boyles Law, p1V1 = p2V2 So, (x + 15)(20) = x(24) x = 75 Atmospheric pressure is 60 cm Hg. (iv) The temperature is assumed to be constant. Essay Questions 1 (a) M1 measures the current in the heater. M2 measures the potential difference across the heater. (b) (i) Convection currents in the air above the liquid; Evaporation from the surface of the liquid (ii) Loss of heat can be reduced by covering the calorimeter with an insulated lid. (c) Total heat supplied by the heater = 14 800 J Heat lost in 280 s = 10 280 = 2 800 J So, heat energy used to raise the temperature of the liquid = 14 800 2 800 = 12 000 J Specific heat capacity, c Q = = 12 000 = 6 000 J kg1 K1 m 0.1 20 (d) A large current will increase the temperature quickly. In the shorter time, less heat is lost to the atmosphere. This would lead to a more accurate value for the specific heat capacity. 2 (a) (i) The values of p are read directly from the pressure gauge, taking care to avoid parallax errors.

Structured Questions 1 (a) Increase in temperature, = 28.2 C 25 C = 3.2 C (b) Rate of flow of water, dm = 2.72 1 000 dt 4(60) = 11.33 g s1 (c) Energy supplied, Q = mc Energy supplied per second = dm c dt = 11.33 (c)(3.2) 1 000 Power = (240 V)(1.5 A) So, 360 = 11.33 (c)(3.2) 1 000 c = 9 926 J kg1 C1 (d) No heat is lost to the surroundings and no heat is gained from other sources other than the heater. The heater is assumed to be 100% efficient. (e) Although both steam and boiling water have a temperature of 100 C, steam has latent heat of vaporisation that is released when steam condenses on the surface of the skin.

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Answers The values of are read from the thermometer after stirring the water. The values of p and can be taken both on heating and on cooling the apparatus so that the average readings can be obtained. (ii) Thin-walled vessel: ensures that the gas is at the same temperature as the water. Stirrer: Helps to ensure even distribution of temperature. (b) T1 = 0 C = 273 K T2 = 364 C = (364 + 273) K = 637 K Using the gas equation, p1V1 pV = 2 2 T1 T2 If

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(1.2 105)(3.0 103) p (2.4 104) = 2 273 637

4 1.2 102 = p2(2.4 10 ) 637 91 2 637 p2 = 1.2 10 2.4 104 91 = 3.5 106 Pa

mass of beaker (a) + water = m2 mass of beaker (b) + water = m3 then mass of water in (a) = m2 m1 mass of water in (b) = m3 m1 So, the mass of water changed from ice = m3 m2 Assuming that no heat is lost, then (m3 m2)L = IVt where I = reading of ammeter, V = reading of voltmeter, L = specific latent heat of fusion. Measures for accurate results: (i) The heater must be covered completely with ice so that loss of heat is reduced. (ii) If the ice used in the experiment is insufficient, ice added must be wiped dry first. (iii) The two beakers must be replaced at the same time. (iv) The rate of flow of water from the funnels must be steady before starting the stopwatch. (v) The same mass of ice must be used in both funnels. 4 (a) The presence of a solute in water and the atmospheric pressure will affect the boiling point of water. To verify that the presence of solute will affect the boiling point of water:

3 (a) The specific latent heat of a substance is the quantity of heat needed to change a unit mass of the substance from one phase to another phase without any change in temperature. The specific latent heat of fusion of a substance is the amount of heat required to change 1 kg of the substance from the solid state to the liquid state without any change in temperature. The specific latent heat of vaporisation of a substance is the amount of heat required to change 1 kg of the substance from the liquid state to the vapour state without any change in temperature. (b) The molecules in a solid are closely packed in fixed positions while the molecules in a liquid are slightly further apart, and the molecules of a gas are very far apart. So the heat required to change a solid to a liquid is much less than the heat required to change a liquid to a gas. Therefore, the specific latent of vaporisation of a substance is much greater than the specific latent heat of fusion. (c) To determine the specific latent heat of fusion of ice:

Set up the apparatus shown. The water is brought to boiling point. Record the boiling point T1 of the water. Then add a little salt into the water and heat the water to ensure all the salt has dissolved in the water. When the water comes to a boil, record the boiling point T2. It will be found that T2 > T1. Hence, the presence of a solute will raise the boiling point of water. To verify that atmospheric pressure will affect the boiling point of water:

The two sets of apparatus shown in the diagram are set up. The heater in each funnel is covered with ice, but the second heater is connected to a battery, ammeter and voltmeter. Beakers are placed under the funnels to catch the water flowing down. When the rate of flow is constant, replace the beakers with new beakers of known mass m1 and start the stopwatch immediately. After time t, both beakers containing water are weighed.

Set up the apparatus shown. Heat the flask until the water starts to boil. Note the boiling point. Allow the steam to flow out of the flask for a few seconds. Then close the valve and let running water to flow over the flask. You will find the the water boils at a lower temperature. This is because pressure of air in the flask has been reduced.
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Answers (b) (i) Temperature of the water: When the temperature increases, the kinetic energy of the water molecules will also increase. Therefore, more water molecules will have enough energy to escape from the water surface. (ii) Surface area of water: A larger surface area means more molecules are exposed to the atmosphere. Therefore, more molecules can escape from the water surface. (iii) Movement of air above the surface: Moving air will carry away molecules of water vapour so that the air above the water surface is less damp. (iv) Atmospheric pressure: When atmospheric pressure is low, a greater number of molecules can escape from the water surface. This is because there is less resistance from molecules of air. (v) Moisture in the air: If the air is damp, the density of water vapour above the water surface is high. This causes less water molecules to escape from the water surface. (c) First, fill a beaker with some water and weigh it. Immerse a heater completely in the water. Allow the water to boil for several minutes. Record the first reading of the balance and start the stopwatch simultaneously. After time t, record the second reading of the balance and stop the stopwatch.

Chapter Review 5 Objective Questions 1 B 6 B 11 B 2 B 7 C 12 C 3 C 8 B 13 D 4 D 9 C 14 A 5 A 10 D 15 D

Structured Questions 1 (a) (i) Convex lens (ii)

Inverted and magnified A projector At the focal point of the lens Angle of incidence = 90 (180 145) = 55 (iii) Refractive index = sin 55 = 1.6 sin 30 2 (a) (i) Refraction (ii) Air is less dense than water. So, light travelling from water into air will be bent away from the normal. However, to the eye, the light ray appears to travel in a straight line. (b) (i)

(iii) (iv) (b) (i) (ii)

Let the first reading = m1 and the second reading = m2 Then, mass of water that has evaporated = m1 m2 Power of heater = VI VIt = (m1 m2)L L= VIt (m1 m2)

(ii) Let the distance of the image from the water surface be x cm. Real depth Refractive index = Apparent depth 1.33 = 2 x x = Essay Questions 1 (a) First law of reflection: The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal to the surface all lie in the same plane. Second law of reflection: The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. (b) Set up a ray box and plane mirror on a sheet of paper, as shown in the following diagram. Vary the angle of incidence i and measure the angle of reflection r with a protractor. 2 = 1.5 m 1.33

where I = reading of ammeter, V = reading of voltmeter, L = specific latent heat of vaporisation. Precautionary measures: (i) The heater must be immersed completely in the water. (ii) Start the stopwatch only after the water is boiling steadily. (iii) Take care that water that has condensed on the sides of the beaker does not flow back into the water.

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Answers 2 (a) (i)

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Comparing the values of i and r, you will notice that for each value of i, the corresponding value of r is the same, i.e. i = r. (c) When parallel beams of light fall on a rough surface, such as a sheet of white paper, the rays of light are reflected in different directions. The diffused reflection does not produce an image. When the parallel beams of light fall on a smooth surface, such as a polished metal surface, the reflected rays are also parallel. The regular reflection produces an image. (d) (i) Let the height of the image be x m.

Magnification =

f2 = 30 = 5 6 f1

(ii) Lenses with large diameters are used so that more light can pass through to form a sharper and brighter image. (b) (i) A real image is one in which the rays intersect and the image can be formed on a screen. However, a virtual image is one in which the rays only appear to intersect and so it cannot be formed on a screen, (ii) The value of h can be found from a ray diagram, drawn to scale.

From the diagram, 1.50 = 6.0 x 0.20 Therefore, height of image, x = 1.50 0.20 = 0.05 m 6.0 (ii) If the size of the pinhole is increased, the image will be brighter since more light can enter the camera. However, the image will be blurred.

From the scale diagram, the value of h is 7.1 cm.

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