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6.002x
0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 00 1
Review
l Discretize matter by observing lumped matter discipline
In this Sequence
Discretize value Digital abstraction
Interestingly, we will see shortly that the tools learned in the previous three lectures are sufficient to analyze simple digital circuits
R1 +V 1 R2 +V 2
Shorthand notation (from node method)
V0
V0
-
V1
Why digital?
Analog signal processing R1 +V 1 R2 + V2
V0
+V 1
+ V2 t Receiver: huh?
Noise hampers our ability to distinguish between small differences in value e.g. between 3.1V and 3.2V.
0 and 1
Digital System
sender VS
5 V 0 1 0 HIGH 2.5 V 0V
LOW
receiver VR
0 1 0 5V
2.5 V 0V
Digital System
With noise
sender VS VR receiver
VS
0
1
0
0.2 V 5V 2.5 V 0V
VR
0
1
0
2.5 V 0V
10
5V
Digital System
Vs
0
1
0
5V 2.5 V 0V
Better noise immunity Lots of noise margin
For 1: noise margin
5 V to 2.5 V = 2.5 V
For 0: noise margin
0V to 2.5 V = 2.5 V
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VR
receiver
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sender
receiver
0V
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sender
receiver
Remember, we can do so with impunity because it is our choice as to what discipline we agree on in our digital playground
0V
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1: VH 3V
1
sender
3V 2V
forbidden region
V H
1 receiver 0 0: V L 2V
VH
V L
0
0V
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sender
receiver
0V
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Noise Margins
5V 1 sender 0
V 0H
Noise margins
V IH V IL
receiver 0
V 0L
0V
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Noise Immunity
sender 0 1 0
5V V 0H V V V IH IL
0L 0V
t
0 1 0 1
receiver
5V V 0H V V V IH IL
0L 0V
Digital systems follow static discipline: if inputs to the digital system meet valid input thresholds, then the system guarantees its outputs will meet valid output thresholds.
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1,0
Map naturally to logic: T, F Can also represent numbers What is 1011? Check Chapter 5.6 of A&L
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X Y Z = X Y
inputs alone.
Digital logic designers do not have to care about what is inside a gate.
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Logic Gates
X Y Z AND gate
X Y
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1
0 0 0 1
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Digital Circuits
Implement: output = A + B C
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Representing Numbers
Numbers larger than 1 can be represented using multiple binary digits and coding, much like using multiple decimal digits to represent numbers greater than 9.
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Logic Gates
X Y Z AND gate
X Y
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1
0 0 0 1
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Digital Circuits
Implement: output = A + B C
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Representing Numbers
Numbers larger than 1 can be represented using multiple binary digits and coding, much like using multiple decimal digits to represent numbers greater than 9.
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Demo
Z = X Y X Y Z
Z
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