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4 SENSE ORGANS
The brain receives messages from various parts of the body and sends
messages to them promptly.
External ear, middle ear, inner ear together form the human ear. The smallest
bones of the body such as malleus, incus and stapes are found inside the ear.
Though the snakes lack external ear they recognise the soundwaves which
come through the ground.
The defective vision such as short sight and long sight can be rectified using
suitable lenses.
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SENSE ORGANS
eyelid
conjunctiva
cornea
aqueous chamber
pupil
Vitreous chamber
lens
iris yellow spot
ligaments
ciliary muscles
sclerotic optic nerve
layers of the eye choroid
retina blind spot
Figure 4.1
Cross section of the eye
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BIOLOGY
When the intensity of light increases When the intensity of light decreases
circular muscle
circular muscle pupil
pupil
radial muscle
radial muscle
Figure 4.2
Contraction and relaxation of the pupil
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SENSE ORGANS
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BIOLOGY
Figure 4.5
How images are concentrated on the retina
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SENSE ORGANS
blind spot
optic nerve
direction of
A part of retina
light
impulses
to the brain
nerve cells
bipolar cells
nucleus
rod cells
cone cells
Figure 4.8
Photo receptors in the retina
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BIOLOGY
Figure 4.9
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SENSE ORGANS
Binocular vision
Though the image of an object is formed Figure 4.10
in both the eyes we do not feel it as two Eye ball in the eye socket
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BIOLOGY
patient gets pain in his eyes and he sees conjuctivitis. How will you prevent the
colour rings around a flame. As this spreading of this disease. Discuss and note
continues, the extraordinary pressure causes your conclusion.
the receptor cells to disintegrate. Can you
Though these mechanisms are present,
guess its after effects?
we should take care for the healthy protection
Protection within the eye of the eye.
Try to understand the structure of the Eye care
eye as a sense organ. Based on the indices
given below make a note in your science diary What are the points to be kept in mind
how the eye is kept in working condition. for eye care? Based on the indices given
below, discuss and prepare a report.
z eyebrow, eyelashes, eyelid
z cleanliness
z tears
z nutritive food
Observe the figure 4.11. Note the
position of the tear gland. Now it is clear z exercise
how the tears produced by these glands enter
z immunity
into the nose.
z reading
An enzyme called lysozyme present in
tears prevents infection of the eye. z the use of TV, Computer, etc.
Conjunctiva is a membrane which covers the
The eyes that long to live
Of the total blind population, 5% is in
eyebrow
tear gland India. We know that there are various
eyelash reasons for blindness. But the majority of
eyelid the blind have blindness due to the disorder
tube which in their cornea. The only remedy for this is
carries tears in
to nostrils cornea transplantation. Removal of the
Figure 4.11 damaged cornea and transplantation of a
Tear gland healthy cornea in its place is effected by a
surgery known as keratoplasty.
front portion of the eye except cornea. It
also covers the inside of the eyelid. The It is not possible to make an artificial
infection of the conjuctiva is called cornea. The only way is to receive it from a
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SENSE ORGANS
donor. This makes donation of the eye a It is clear that the ear has three main
great gift. If the eye is removed from the parts. Which are they?
dead within reasonable time, it can be used
z External ear
for Keratoplasty. The eyes of the dead can
thus continue to live through another. Collect z Middle ear
details of eye donation and make a note in z Internal ear
the science diary.
The external ear
The ear
The external ear consists of pinna,
Hearing is as important as vision. We
auditory canal and ear drum. Pinna helps to
know that ear is the sense organ which helps
direct the sound waves into the auditory
us in hearing. It also helps us to maintain the
canal. Hold the fingers of your palm close to
balance or equilibrium of our body.
each other and place it behind the pinna.
Examine the model of ear. Compare it Then try to concentrate on a particular sound
with the figure (4.12) given below. continously having the same frequency.
Remove the palm and try to concentrate on
the same sound again.
semi circular canals
eardrum vibrates when the
soundwaves fall on it
Middle ear
stapes
endolymph sac
Pinna - allows the
passage of somewaves ampulla
utricle
into the ear
saccule } Vestibule
auditory nerve
oval window
round window
cochlea
eustachian tube
pharynx
Figure 4.12
Structure of human ear
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BIOLOGY
incus
What difference do you feel? malleus
Figure 4.14
Internal ear
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SENSE ORGANS
z How do the cochlea and semicircular They are located on the basilar membrane
canals differ in shape? which separates the median canal and the
lower tympanic canal. They are connected
z How are the cochlea and semicircular
to the auditory nerve.
canal connected together?
The upper chamber is connected with
The semicircular canals, vestibule,
the oval window and lower chamber with the
cochlea etc are made of membranes. These
round window. Both these membranes are
are filled with a fluid called endolymph and
capable of vibration. How do the sound
are surrounded by another fluid called
waves received by the auditory canal reach
perilymph.
the auditory nerve? Make a note in your
How is hearing made possible? science diary.
Cochlea is the part of the inner ear which We recognise the sound when the
helps in hearing. Observe the figure 4.15. auditory nerve carries this stimulus to the
showing the L.S of cochlea. Did you notice brain.
the three chambers of cochlea? In which
chamber are the auditory receptors located?
incus
stapes
malleus oval
window
tympanum
Figure 4.15
Cochlea
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BIOLOGY
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SENSE ORGANS
papilla
bitter
taste buds
sour taste cell
supporting cell
salt
sweet
nerve fibre
Taste receptors of the tongue Taste buds Cross section of taste bud
Figure 4.17
Cross section of Tongue
which helps to perceive taste. We can in the taste bud. This stimulus is carried to
examine how this happens. Numerous the brain by nerves. Our tongue has
papillae protrude from the surface of the receptors which distinguish only the primary
tongue. Each papilla contains numerous taste tastes viz. sweet, sour, salt and bitter. You
buds. Taste buds are build up of many have seen in the diagram where these
receptor cells. Observe figure 4.17 and try tastebuds are concentrated. Other tastes are
to understand the structure of taste buds. secondary tastes which are created by the
cerebrum.
Do you know how these help us in
tasting? The molecules of substances which Nose
dissolve in the saliva stimulates the receptors You know how the nose helps in breathing
nerve fibre to
cerebrum the brain
path of olfactory
receptor
connective
olfactory tissue
epithelium
{
nasal chamber olfactory receptors
uvula
tongue nasal epithelium
mucus layer
Figure 4.18
Olfactory receptors in the nose
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BIOLOGY
Olfaction by protruding the tongue and olfaction. Observe the figure 4.18 and
understand the position and distribution of the
Do you know why the snake and
mabuya protrude their tongue. It is not olfactory receptors. Where do the ends of
to frighten anyone. It is only to sense the olfactory receptors touch?
smell. The chemical molecules of any
odoriferous substance dissolves in the
You should also know how the olfactory
mucus present on their tongue. Then receptors of the nose help in recognising
the olfactory receptors in their peculiar smell. The chemical molecules of any
structure called 'Jacobsons' organs are odoriferous substance that enter the nose
stimulated. The rest of the processes are
with the inspired air dissolve in the mucus
similar to that of others. We do not have
and stimulates the olfactory receptors. This
this much difficulty in olfaction. There
are about 50 lakhs olfactory receptors stimulus is carried by the olfactory nerve to
in our nose. At the same time, in a dog's the cerebrum and thereby helps in olfaction.
nose there are about 40 lakhs olfactory There are special centres in the cerebrum
receptors in one square cm. In shark it which helps in the perception of smell.
is more than 200 lakhs. If shark could
live on land it would have defeated the We will not be able to perceive the smell
dog in its detective 'role'. if excess mucus is produced. Now you know
why you are unable to recognise smell when
nerve ending
blood
capillaries
pressure
receptor
touch pressure
Picture 4.19
Receptors in the skin
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SENSE ORGANS
For higher organisms there are The malfunctioning and non functioning of
Receptors which can recognise the
special organs for receiving sense organs are equally dangerous.
primary tastes such as sour, sweet,
sensations. Therefore
bitterwe should
and takepresent
salt are precautions
in the for
their care and proper functioning.
tongue.
The structure of the eye is such that
the image of the objects falls on the Nose is the sense organ where
retina. Rod cells and cone cells are olfactory receptors are present.
the photo receptors found in the Receptors which can recognise
retina. different types of sensations are
The human eye is capable of present in the skin.
binocular vision. The care of sense organs is very
essential for a healthy life.
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BIOLOGY
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