6.23 Equation of State Prediction of Carbon Dioxide Properties

KCP-GNS-FAS-DRP-0001 Rev.
: 02
Project Title: Document Title:
Kingsnorth Carbon Capture & Storage Project Equation of State Prediction of Carbon Dioxide Properties
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Equation of State Prediction of Carbon Dioxide Properties

Table of Contents 1 2 2.1 2.2 3 3.1 3.2 4 4.1 4.2 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Executive Summary 5 Abbreviations and Glossary 9 Abbreviations 9 Glossary of Terms 9 Thermodynamic Behaviour of Pure Carbon Dioxide 10 Phases of Carbon Dioxide 10 Overview of CO2 Basic Properties 11 Basic Data for CO2 Mixtures 15 Introduction 15 Commercial Software Packages 16 Property Calculation Methods 18 Corresponding States Correlations 18 Equations of State 18 Special Methods 21 Thermodynamic Property Methods 22 Transport Properties 23 Selection of Method to Determine CO2 Property Data 25 Selected Equations of State for Equilibrium Properties 25 Selected Correlations for Transport Properties 25 Likely Errors 25 Comparison of Calculation Methods for Pure CO2 28 Mollier and Phase Diagrams 33 References 35 Appendix 1 CO2 Properties as Functions of Reduced Properties 36 Appendix 2 Multiflash Files 41 Appendix 3 Binary Interaction Parameters for Span and Wagner EoS within Multiflash 45 Appendix 4 Comparison of Multiflash Results for CO2 Mixtures 46 Appendix 5 Thermal Conductivity and Viscosity Correlation and Uncertainty 48 Appendix 6 Flow Diagram to Determine Recommended Calculation Method 50 Appendix 7 Property Tables 51
Kingsnorth CCS Demonstration Project The information contained in this document (the Information) is provided in good faith. E.ON UK plc, its subcontractors, subsidiaries, affiliates, employees, advisers, and the Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) make no representation or warranty as to the accuracy, reliability or completeness of the Information and neither E.ON UK plc nor any of its subcontractors, subsidiaries, affiliates, employees, advisers or DECC shall have any liability whatsoever for any direct or indirect loss howsoever arising from the use of the Information by any party.
KCP-GNS-FAS-DRP-0001 Rev.: 02
Project Title: Document Title: Table of Figures
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Figure 1-1 Flow Diagram to Determine Recommended Calculation Method for Pure CO2 and High Concentration CO2 Mixtures ...................................................................................................... 7 Figure 3-1 CO2 Phase envelope ................................................................................................ 9 Figure 3-2 Density vs. Temperature in the Critical Region (reproduced from Ref 3) .............. 10 Figure 3-3 CO2 Density vs. Temperature ................................................................................ 11 Figure 3-4 CO2 Cp vs. Reduced Density and Temperature (reproduced from Ref 3) ............. 12 Figure 3-5 CO2 Cv vs. Reduced Density and Temperature (reproduced from Ref 3) ............. 13 Figure 6-1 Percentage error in Span-Wagner EoS vs. Temperature and Pressure ............... 26 Figure 6-2 Comparison of 100% CO2 and 95% CO2 Phase Diagrams ................................... 27 Figure 6-3 Reference Conditions for Property Tables ............................................................. 28 Figure 6-4 CO2 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram ........................................................................... 32 Figure 6-5 CO2 Pressure-Temperature Diagram..................................................................... 33 Figure 8-1 CO2 Thermal Conductivity vs. Reduced Density and Temperature ....................... 35 Figure 8-2 CO2 Expansion Coefficient vs. Reduced Density and Temperature...................... 36 Figure 8-3 CO2 Heat of Vapourisation vs. Temperature ......................................................... 37 Figure 8-4 CO2 Compressibility vs. Reduced Density and Temperature ................................ 38 Figure 8-5 Velocity of Sound vs. Reduced Density and Temperature .................................... 39 Figure 12-1 Vesovic et al Correlation for CO2 Thermal Conductivity ...................................... 47 Figure 12-2 Vesovic et al correlation for CO2 Viscosity........................................................... 48 Figure 14-1 Key to Fluid Phase on Property Tables ............................................................... 50 Table of Tables Table 1-1 Span Wagner Error vs. Experimental Data ............................................................... 5 Table 4-1 Important factors in basic data method selection ................................................... 14 Table 4-2 Equations of State Available in Software Packages for CO 2 Simulation ................. 16 Table 6-1 Span Wagner Error vs. Experimental Data ............................................................. 25 Table 6-2 CO2 Density Calculated by Span Wagner EoS (kg/m) .......................................... 29 Table 6-3 CO2 Density Calculated by Peng Robinson EoS (kg/m and vs. SW) ................. 30 Table 6-4 CO2 Density Calculated by Soave Redlich-Kwong EoS (kg/m and vs. SW) ...... 31 Table 11-1 Dew Point Calculation at 0C ................................................................................ 45 Table 11-2 Dew Point Calculation at 10C .............................................................................. 45 Table 11-3 Dew Point Calculation at 20C .............................................................................. 46 Table 11-4 Dew Point Calculation at 30C .............................................................................. 46 Table 14-1 CO2 Density Calculated by Span Wagner EoS (kg/m) ........................................ 51 Table 14-2 CO2 Cv Calculated by Span Wagner EoS (kJ/kgK) .............................................. 51 Table 14-3 CO2 Cp Calculated by Span Wagner EoS (kJ/kgK) .............................................. 52 Table 14-4 CO2 Enthalpy Calculated by Span Wagner EoS (kJ/kg) ....................................... 52 Table 14-5 CO2 Entropy Calculated by Span Wagner EoS (kJ/kg) ........................................ 53 Table 14-6 CO2 Speed of Sound Calculated by Span Wagner EoS (m/s) .............................. 53 Table 14-7 CO2 Compressibility Calculated by Span Wagner EoS (-) .................................... 54 Table 14-8 CO2 Viscosity Calculated by Span Wagner EoS (cP) ........................................... 54 Table 14-9 CO2 Density Calculated by Peng Robinson EoS (kg/m and vs. SW) ............... 55 Table 14-10 CO2 Cv Calculated by Peng Robinson EoS (kJ/kgK and vs. SW)................... 56 Table 14-11 CO2 Cp Calculated by Peng Robinson EoS (kJ/kgK and vs. SW) .................. 57 Table 14-12 CO2 Enthalpy Calculated by Peng Robinson EoS (kJ/kg and vs. SW) ........... 58 Table 14-13 CO2 Entropy Calculated by Peng Robinson EoS (kJ/kg and vs. SW) ............. 59 Table 14-14 CO2 Speed of Sound Calculated by Peng Robinson EoS (m/s and vs. SW) .. 60 Table 14-15 CO2 Compressibility Calculated by Peng Robinson EoS (N/A, vs. SW) ......... 61 Table 14-16 CO2 Viscosity Calculated by Peng Robinson EoS (cP and vs. SW) ............... 62 Table 14-17 CO2 Density Calculated by Soave Redlich-Kwong EoS (kg/m and vs. SW) .. 63 Table 14-18 CO2 Cv Calculated by Soave Redlich-Kwong EoS (kJ/kgK and vs. SW) ........ 64 Table 14-19 CO2 Cp Calculated by Soave Redlich-Kwong EoS (kJ/kgK and vs. SW) ....... 65
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Table 14-20 CO2 Enthalpy Calculated by Soave Redlich-Kwong EoS (kJ/kg and vs. SW) 66 Table 14-21 CO2 Entropy Calculated by Soave Redlich-Kwong EoS (kJ/kg and vs. SW) .. 67 Table 14-22 CO2 Speed of Sound Calculated by Soave Redlich-Kwong EoS (m/s and vs. SW) 68 Table 14-23 CO2 Compressibility Calculated by Soave Redlich-Kwong EoS (N/A and vs. SW) 69 Table 14-24 CO2 Viscosity Calculated by Soave Redlich-Kwong EoS (cP and vs. SW) .... 70 Table of Holds HOLD 1 2 3 4 5 Description Removed Literature search for better description on shortcut methods such as COSTALD for density. Correlation for surface tension used within Multiflash. Evaluation of the program Promax for CO2 modelling using the Span and Wagner equation. Removed
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Executive Summary
E-on propose to build a new state of the art, coal fired power plant at Kingsnorth, which is on the Isle of Grain. The CO2 produced by this plant is intended to be captured and stored in the depleted Hewett reservoir, which is approximately 40 km East of Bacton, and approximately 270 km from Kingsnorth. Pre-FEED studies are currently underway to evaluate the potential to use these facilities as part of a Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) project. The broad concept has been selected: CO2 will be captured from the flue gas at the proposed E-on coal fired power plant located at Kingsnorth. The CO 2 will then be purified, compressed and dried at a new onshore plant at Kingsnorth before being transported in a new pipeline to a new offshore platform, which is located at the Hewett reservoir. This Technical Note is intended to serve as a reference guide for physical properties used in the design and operation of carbon dioxide facilities. Reliable estimation of phase behaviour and physical properties of mixtures is essential for the analysis and simulation of the processing, compression and transportation of CO2 for carbon capture and storage (CCS). The data, models and methods required for this purpose are collectively known as basic data. Various methods are available for estimation of any given property. These basic data methods may be different in the thermodynamic path followed to calculate the property, selected models or databanks, or in all of these. The transient multiphase flow simulator OLGA (SPT Group versions 5.3.2 and higher) will be the main simulation tool to be used for flow assurance studies for the Kingsnorth Carbon Capture and storage project. A single component module must be used within OLGA for pure or nearly pure CO2 to get a stable solution when working close or crossing the vapour pressure line. The equation of state model used within OLGA for the CO2 single component module is the Span and Wagner Equation. The Span Wagner equation is a generalised corresponding states EOS that supersedes the earlier equations provided in the IUPAC tables for Carbon Dioxide (Ref. 8), and is now generally recognised by industry as the most accurate representation of the available experimental PVT data for CO 2 and its mixtures. A summary of the likely errors associated with the prediction of various parameters is shown in Table 1-1 overleaf.
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Table 1-1 Span Wagner Error vs. Experimental Data Property Nomenclature Likely error vs. experimental data Fluid density +/- 0.03% to 0.05% Speed of sound w +/- 0.03% to 1% Isobaric heat capacity cp +/- 0.15% to 1.5% Triple point temperature Tt +/- 0.003K Triple point pressure pt +/- 0.00010 MPa Triple point saturated liquid density 't +/- 0.18 kg/m Triple point saturated vapour density ''t +/- 0.0034 kg/m Critical temperature Tc +/- 0.015 K Critical pressure pc +/- 0.0030 MPa Critical density c +/- 0.6 kg/m Melting pressure pm/pm: +/- 1.5% for Tt<T<225K pm +/- 0.5% for 225K<T<270K Sublimation pressure psub: +/- 250 Pa for 185K<T<Tt +/- 100 Pa for 170K<T<185 psub +/- 50 Pa for T<170K Vapour pressure ps ps: +/- 0.012% Saturated liquid density : +/- 0.015% for Tt<T<295K +/- 0.04% for 295K<T<303K +/- 1% for 303<T<Tc Saturated vapour density : +/- 0.025% for Tt<T<295K +/- 0.08% for 295K<T<303K +/- 1% for 303<T<Tc Currently the author is aware of two widely available thermodynamic simulation packages that provide the Span and Wagner equation as an option for the calculation of CO 2 properties: Multiflash (v 3.9), by Infochem Ltd. and Promax (v3.0), by Bryan Research & Engineering. To date only Multiflash has been reviewed by the author and is the primary method recommended for the prediction of CO 2 properties. A review of the Promax program is planned and will be given in the next revision. It should be noted that the Span Wagner model is only able to predict equilibrium thermodynamic properties. This is principally concerned with the PVT relationship of the liquid, gas and supercritical states. Properties such as enthalpies, entropies and fugacities are then derived by integration of the volume relationships over the appropriate pressure, temperature or volume ranges. Equilibrium properties such as surface tension use the PVT properties generated by the Span and Wagner equation within separate correlations which have been specifically chosen for their applicability to CO 2. Similarly transport properties (e.g. viscosities and diffusion coefficients) cannot be predicted directly by an equation of state, but are based on corresponding states type equations which use the PVT properties generated by the Span and Wagner equation as part of the calculation procedure. In this revision of the technical note emphasis has been placed on establishing methods that will give reliable predictions of physical properties that are readily available through standard commercially available software packages. However, these methods may not be currently available in all the software packages that may be required for the Kingsnorth CCS project. Later revisions will describe the likely error in using simpler or shortcut methods such as the Peng Robinson equation for the prediction of CO 2 properties. A flow diagram is shown overleaf which allows the user to determine the recommended
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method for calculating a given parameter. Reference is made to a limited list of proprietary computer programs. Other programs with the same or similar functionality are available and may be used with the approval of the project manager. However, if other programs are used it is strongly recommended that the results are compared against values generated using the recommended methods in order to quantify the likely error. It is not recommended to use any other method than the Span and Wagner equation for PVT predictions in the near critical region (unless the results are only to be used for preliminary scoping studies), since significant deviation is likely from experimental values.
KCP-GNS-FAS-DRP-0001
Rev.: 01
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Figure 1-1 Flow Diagram to Determine Recommended Calculation Method for Pure CO2 and High Concentration CO2 Mixtures
KCP-GNS-FAS-DRP-0001_02-ktKKDoc1--Equation of State Prediction of Carbon Dioxide Properties Printed on: 18-Jan-2011
Rev.: 01
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2 2.1
Abbreviations and Glossary Abbreviations
BIP CCS CPA DEG EoS IUPAC LNG MEG MW NGL PR PVT SG SRK TBP TEG VLE VLLE
Binary Interaction Parameter Carbon Capture and Storage Cubic Plus Association equation of state Di-Ethylene Glycol Equation of State International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry Liquefied Natural Gas Mono-Ethylene Glycol Molecular Weight Natural Gas Liquids Peng-Robinson equation of state Pressure, Volume and Temperature Specific Gravity Soave-Redlich-Kwong equation of state True Boiling Point Tri-Ethylene Glycol Vapour Liquid Equilibria Vapour Liquid Liquid Equilibria
2.2 Glossary of Terms

Basic Data Comprises all elements (data as well as programs) that are required to describe and predict the phase behaviour and physical properties of chemical mixtures at any specific condition. Binary interaction coefficient/parameter (BIP) A constant that accounts for the deviation from ideality for two component mixtures. These are specific to one equation of state as they are calculated by regression of measured data. Equation of state An equation that describes the relationship between pressure, temperature, and molar volume for any homogenous fluid at equilibrium. Fugacity - Translated literally it means escaping tendency and is an indication of the ability of a component to move between phases. At equilibrium, the fugacities of all phases are equal. For ideal gases where intermolecular interaction is, by definition, negligible, the fugacity and partial pressure of a component are identical. Ideal Gas - An ideal gas is one where the volume occupied by the molecules is infinitesimal when compared to the total volume occupied by the gas and the intermolecular forces of attraction approaches zero. Principle of corresponding states - All gases when compared at the same reduced temperature and pressure have approximately the same compressibility factor and all deviate from ideality to the same degree.
KCP-GNS-FAS-DRP-0001_02-ktKKDoc1--Equation of State Prediction of Carbon Dioxide Properties
Printed on: 18-Jan-2011
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Thermodynamic Behaviour of Pure Carbon Dioxide 3.1 Phases of Carbon Dioxide
A phase diagram for carbon dioxide is shown in Figure 3-1 below (Ref 34).
Figure 3-1 CO2 Phase envelope The carbon dioxide diagram has three distinct phases: liquid, vapour and solid. The triple point (-56.5 C, 5.18 bara) is defined as the temperature and pressure at which three phases can coexist in equilibrium. Above the critical point (73.7 bara, 31.0 C) liquid and gas cannot exist in separate phases; this is termed the supercritical region. In this region, the fluid has properties indeterminable from liquid and vapour phase and is often referred to as dense phase. The dense phase has a viscosity similar to a gas but a density similar to a liquid. Liquid carbon dioxide forms only at pressures above 5.1 bar; at lower pressures CO 2 sublimes directly from the solid to the vapour phase.
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3.2 Overview of CO2 Basic Properties 3.2.1 The Critical Region
Investigation of the properties of CO2 has historically been influenced by the location of the critical region. The critical temperature of 31 C allows the possibility that, during processing and transportation of CO2, it may exist as either liquid, gas or a dense phase fluid and pass through the critical region. There is a large range of experimental data in the critical region with good agreement and thus CO2 has been used to test almost every model for the description of the critical region. As all properties of the two phases are identical at the critical point, many properties therefore change abruptly in the critical region, often by several orders of magnitude. This is demonstrated below for several key properties of carbon dioxide.
3.2.2
Density as Function of Temperature and Pressure
The critical state of a fluid is defined as the pressure and temperature at which the density of the liquid and gas phases become identical. In the region near the critical point the density of vapour starts to converge towards that of a liquid. A common method of identifying the critical state is by identifying the density of the liquid and vapour phases at a given temperature and calculating the average of the two phase densities. The critical point is thus at the intersection of the average line with the extrapolated liquid / vapour density line, as shown in Figure 3-2.
Density
Temperature
Figure 3-2 Density vs. Temperature in the Critical Region (reproduced from Ref 3) For a pure substance the critical temperature and pressure are the highest at which liquid and vapour phases can coexist. This is clearly indicated by isobars of carbon dioxide in Figure 3-1 and Figure 3-3 below.
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Figure 3-3 CO2 Density vs. Temperature For a given pressure slightly above the critical pressure the density increases significantly as the temperature is changed such that very small differences in temperature can result in significant changes in fluid density. Similarly for a given temperature marginally above the critical point a very small increase in pressure can result in a significant increase in fluid density.
The near critical region is defined here approximately as: 0.95 < Tr, Pr < 1.05 Where, Tr = T / Tc T = actual temperature (K) Tc = critical temperature (K) Pr = P / Pc P = actual pressure (abs) Pc = critical pressure (abs) The critical temperature and pressure of CO 2 are 73.7 bar and 31.1 C respectively. CO 2 will therefore begin to display near-critical behaviour at temperatures between: 16C < T < 46.2C
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70 bara < P < 77.4 bara
3.2.3
Other Properties near Critical Pressure and Temperature
The isobaric and isochoric heat capacity of CO2 are shown below (Ref 3) as a function of pressure and temperature. The pressure and temperature are expressed in terms of the reduced properties T/Tc and /c, as defined above. Similar plots for thermal conductivity, heat of vapourisation and compressibility are shown in Appendix 1. As a liquid approaches the critical point, the latent heat of vapourisation approaches zero, heat capacity increases sharply and vapourisation equilibrium ratios become unity. Accordingly the performance of the process equipment in the onshore plant and fluid behaviour in the offshore pipeline will be affected if they are operated near the critical point.
Figure 3-4 CO2 Cp vs. Reduced Density and Temperature (reproduced from Ref 3)
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Figure 3-5 CO2 Cv vs. Reduced Density and Temperature (reproduced from Ref 3)
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Basic Data for CO2 Mixtures 4.1 Introduction
As noted earlier, reliable estimation of phase behaviour and physical properties of mixtures is essential for the analysis and simulation of CCS processes. Various methods are available for estimation of any given property. These basic data methods may be different in the thermodynamic path followed to calculate the property, selected models or databanks, or in all of these. Making an appropriate choice for a specific problem is important. Various factors, listed in Table 4-1, may affect the choice of basic data method. Table 4-1 Important factors in basic data method selection Factors Example available/preferred simulation program type of system kind of physical property nature of the substance(s) PRO/II Aspen Plus, HYSYS, Multiflash, Prosim, PVTsim etc. pure component, binary or multicomponent mixture thermodynamic, transport, surface non-polar, polar, associating fluids electrolytes, polymers, solids sub- or supercritical temperature low or high pressure dilute or concentrated mixture expected phase behaviour screening or design purpose importance of missing parameters fit or estimate missing parameters simple or complex model
conditions of the system or process
required accuracy
availability of experimental data computational speed
Usually it is necessary to compute pure component properties as well as mixture properties using one of the simulation programs. For most pure component property computations, the choice of models/correlations is fairly straightforward, because of the availability of pure component databanks containing specific correlations for the required properties. For the computation of mixture properties however, few such data banks exist, and the choice of the appropriate model is complicated by the fact that all models have limitations in terms of the factors listed in Table 4-1. The main tools for process simulations are the commercial packages PRO/II, Aspen Plus, HYSYS, Promax, Multiflash, PVTsim, Pipesim, Olga and Eclipse. These are equipped with a large number of standard basic data methods.
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4.2 Commercial Software Packages

The following software packages are commonly used in industry to obtain basic data: Baker & Jardine PIPESIM: This is a steady state multi-phase pipeline network simulation package which includes descriptions of well performance and simple processing facilities. CMG GEM: GEM (Generalised Equation of State Model Compositional Reservoir Simulator) is a full equation of state compositional reservoir simulator. CMG STARS: STARS (Steam, Thermal and Advanced Processes Reservoir Simulator) is a numerical solution reservoir simulator designed for modelling three-phase, multi-component fluids. Halliburton WELLCAT: This is a casing design software package which can be used for wellbore analysis and integrated casing and tubing design. Hyprotech Programs: HYSYS is a fully integrated steady-state and dynamic process flowsheeting program. It exists in several flavors such as: HYSYS.Process, HYSYS.Plant-, HYSYS.Plant, and HYSYS.Refinery. DISTIL is primarily a physical properties package which can be used for conceptual process design (process synthesis). Infochem Multiflash: Multiflash is a software package which performs multiphase equilibrium calculations. Specialised applications such as solids formation, hydrate formation and inhibition, wax thermodynamics and deposition may be performed to a higher degree of accuracy than that achieved using general flowsheeting software. NIST REFRPOP: National Institute of Science and Technology Reference Properties is a program using equations for the thermodynamic and transport properties to calculate the state points of the fluid or mixture (Ref 10). For carbon dioxide the Span Wagner equation of state is utilised. Promax (by Bryan Research and Engineering) - Glycol BTEX systems: Promax is a generalpurpose flowsheeter similar to HYSYS and PRO/II and can be used for hydrocarbon processing simulation. Promax has been recommended for simulation of glycol systems (MEG, DEG, TEG) as all of the GPA data on hydrocarbon/glycol solubility has been used to tune the equation of state. Its ability to predict aromatic absorption into glycol better than some competitor's programs has been proven in service. The Span and Wagner equation is available for the prediction of CO2 properties. Promax will be evaluated in the next edition of this report (HOLD). Petroleum Experts Prosper is a well performance, design and optimisation program for modelling well configurations. It may be used in conjunction with MBAL and GAP to model associated reservoirs and pipeline systems respectively. Scandpower OLGA (v5.3.2 or higher): This is a transient simulator for multiphase pipelines and networks, which includes descriptions of well performance and simple process facilities. Can simulate three phases (gas, oil, water), and has special feature for slugtracking of gas/liquid slugs. A single component module has recently been added to allow simulation of pure CO2. The Span and Wagner equation is used for the thermodynamics prediction of the CO2 properties.
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Schlumberger Eclipse: This is the benchmark reservoir simulation tool in the upstream oil and gas industry. Black oil and compositional models are available for predicting the dynamic behaviour of a variety of reservoir types. The equations of state (or calculation method if not a full EoS model) available for pure CO2 and CO2 mixtures within the software packages likely to be utilised within this project are summarised in Table 4-2. Table 4-2 Equations of State Available in Software Packages for CO 2 Simulation Software Package Equation of State Notes Eclipse N/A Black Oil Methodology GEM / STARS PR (1) SRK (2) PR SRK Span Wagner CSMA PR RK SRK Span Wagner Both 1976 and 1978 versions of PR available for a constant. Original and G&D a constants available for SRK.
HYSYS Multiflash
The CO2 high accuracy model uses SW for equilibrium properties for pure CO2 and corresponding states approach to determine the properties of mixtures. CO2 can currently only be modelled as a pure component within Olga i.e. cannot model CO2 mixtures. Span Wagner may only be utilised for pure CO2 streams; mixtures should be modelled using PR or SRK
Olga
Promax
Prosper
Span Wagner PR SRK PR SRK
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Property Calculation Methods 5.1 Corresponding States Correlations
The principle of corresponding states is based on Van der Waals theorem that all fluids, when compared at the same reduced temperature and reduced pressure, have approximately the same compressibility factor and all deviate from ideal gas behaviour to approximately the same degree. Material constants that vary for each type of material are eliminated, in a recast reduced form of a constitutive equation. The reduced variables are defined in terms of critical variables, i.e. reduced pressure Pr and reduced temperature T r, as defined above (P/Pc and T/Tc respectively). The most prominent example is the van der Waals equation of state, the reduced form of which applies to all gases/fluids. The Span Wagner Equation of State is a form of corresponding states correlation, in that physical properties may be calculated as a function of reduced temperature and pressure.
5.2 Equations of State 5.2.1 Introduction
One of the first equations of state (EoS) that could quantitatively represent phase behaviour, at least for non-polar mixtures, was the still popular SRK equation of state proposed by Soave in 1972. More developed forms have been published since then, such as PR (1976) and volume translation term variants such as Peneloux. Various equation of state options are available in simulation programs. An equation of state requires pure-component properties and parameters. For application to mixtures it uses mixing rules for the EoS-parameters. These mixing rules contain one or more binary interaction parameters (BIPs) that account for the effects of mixing dissimilar compounds. The BIPs are used to tune the model predictions to experimental mixture data. For accurate mixture property predictions, optimised values for the BIPs of, at least, the important component pairs must be available in the database. Both the SRK and the PR equation of state are very suitable for the calculation of the vapourliquid equilibrium properties of dry oil and gas mixtures. One of the weaknesses of these EoS, the inaccurate liquid density prediction, can be overcome by making use of a separate liquid density method. Another disadvantage is that liquid-liquid equilibrium calculations cannot be performed accurately, due to simplicity of the mixing rules.
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5.2.2
Soave Redlich-Kwong (SRK)
Description The temperature coefficients of the a parameter have been regressed from vapour pressure data for methane to decane and many simple compounds such as CO 2. The b-parameter is taken constant. Binary interaction parameters are available to account for non-polar and weakly polar interactions. Validity The prediction of liquid density is very poor (but see key points below). The mixing rule is simple, and therefore it cannot be used for polar compounds. Application Light, C1-C10, hydrocarbons. Simple water handling capability. Not for polar components or for heavy components above C20. May be used for CO2 mixtures for a wide range of operating conditions, though it is not applicable in the near-critical region. Key Points Robust and well proven. Ideal for use in basic flowsheeting problems. Liquid densities should be calculated using a different method; this is defaulted to an API method in PRO/II and a API/Rackett method in Aspen Plus. The latter methods are, however, less accurate for liquid-like supercritical fluids. COSTALD is recommended for liquid densities 1 of light hydrocarbons . HYSYS uses the COSTALD method as a default for all property systems for mixtures/streams with a pseudo-critical temperature below unity; for higher temperatures, the equation of state chosen is used.
5.2.3
Peng Robinson (PR)
Description Another modification of the van der Waals equation aimed at improving liquid density prediction. The accuracy for CO2 prediction has not yet been tested, but will be reported in the next version of this technical note. Validity Same as SRK but prediction of liquid density is better than the SRK derivatives, none the less it is still poor for heavier hydrocarbons (>C3). Pressure range is extended (up to 1000 bar). May be used for CO2 mixtures for a wide range of operating conditions, though it is not applicable in the near-critical region. Application As SRK. Key Points Robust and well proven. Ideal for simple heat and mass balances, but liquid density should always be calculated by a different method (as per SRK above). HYSYS was designed with the PR equation of state in mind with special treatment for systems containing H 2, He, N2, CO2, H2S, methanol, EG and TEG.
Although it is assumed that no hydrocarbons are carried over from the capture plant there will be small quantities of light hydrocarbons remaining in the reservoir
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5.2.4
CPA (Cubic Plus Association)
Description An equation of state covering associating (hydrogen bonding) substances. To the basic cubic form, terms are added which explicitly account for hydrogen bonding type (association) interactions. For non-associating substances, the equation defaults to standard SRK; for these components, pure component parameters are obtained as for SRK. For associating components, such as water, the parameters include association constants, and the parameters have to be determined simultaneously. Validity This equation should be used for specific applications, where the standard models are known to be inadequate. For example, the predictions for the partitioning of methanol over aqueous and hydrocarbon phase, which is needed to predict the amount of methanol required for gas hydrate inhibition, are more reliable than those obtained with other models. The availability of parameters, especially for associating components, should always be checked. Application Gas hydrate inhibition by methanol. Specific chemical systems.
5.2.5
Span Wagner
Description Empirical equation of state in the form of a fundamental equation explicit in the Helmholtz free energy, developed specifically to cover the fluid region of carbon dioxide above the triple point. Validity This equation is valid for equilibrium thermodynamic properties of carbon dioxide in the fluid region up to temperatures of 1100 K (827 C) and pressures up to 800 MPa (8000 bar). The EoS was developed with special interest focussed on the behaviour of thermal properties in the critical region and extrapolation behaviour of empirical equations of state. It is therefore able to represent thermal properties and speed of sound in the immediate vicinity of the critical point. Application Carbon dioxide systems. Although developed for pure carbon dioxide, the EoS can be used for CO2 mixtures, with appropriate binary interaction coefficients. Key Points This equation is now generally regarded as the preferred method for equilibrium thermodynamic properties of CO2 and its mixtures and supersedes the earlier equations supplied for the IUPAC tables of CO2 (Ref. 8).
5.2.6
Missing / Upgrading Binary Parameters
When dealing with properties of mixtures composed of dissimilar compounds, the contribution of BIPs is often crucial to quantitative model predictions. In such cases, their presence should always be checked.
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In principle, BIPs are required for pairs of components that differ in size, shape and especially in polarity. The more dissimilar the components, the more non-ideal the mixing process and the more important their BIP. BIPs for pairs of trace components are relatively unimportant. For missing or inadequate BIPs of important binaries, a similar binary can possibly be selected in the short term in advance of experimental data.
More reliable model predictions are obtained when the missing or incorrect BIPs are regressed from experimental data. Preferably, binary parameters should be based on data covering the temperature, pressure and composition range relevant to the problem at hand. Here some problems may be encountered as model parameters often depend on the type of data, e.g., VLE or LLE data. Therefore, different parameter sets may sometimes be needed for different process units. When important BIP's are missing or suspect, basic data specialists should be contacted for advice.
5.3 Special Methods 5.3.1 Introduction
Various methods customised to specific applications are available in stand-alone programs. These methods are generally more accurate but limited to the particular application range. For example, for water, a multi-term equation of state fitted to data from the Steam-Tables is available for the calculation of all thermodynamic properties along with special correlations for transport properties. Similarly, natural gas custody transfers require a highly accurate EoS for the calculation of compressibility factors. Besides special models and special correlations (black oil correlations), there are standard methods equipped with a special parameter package optimized to a specific process or process-unit.
5.3.2
Alcohol (Hydrate Mitigation)
Methanol and glycol are commonly used as hydrate inhibitors in the upstream oil and gas industry. Modelling of alcohol partitioning between liquid, vapour and aqueous phases is therefore required for hydrate inhibition calculations. This can be performed in a variety of software packages with varying degrees of accuracy. Note that the equation of state selected may greatly influence the partitioning results due to the polarity of such alcohols. Multiflash software is proven in service for alcohol partitioning between hydrocarbon phases in the oil and gas industry. It is assumed that methanol would be utilised if hydrate inhibition were required, as it is more volatile than glycol and thus more suited to transportation in the vapour phase.
5.3.3
Solids
In phase behaviour calculations on oil, gas and chemical systems, a solid phase may sometimes be encountered.
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Carbon dioxide may exist as a solid at low temperatures. This has implications for the operation of the conditioning, compression and transportation processes, as low temperatures may potentially be encountered when equipment or pipelines are depressurised. The temperature and pressure of solid CO2 formation can generally be predicted in most common thermodynamic packages, however modelling of the vapour / solid equilibrium is restricted to more specialised packages such as Multiflash. It should be noted that any solid CO2 formed is likely to be pure CO2. This means that the vapour phase could be rich in incompressible gas, which is likely to increase the deviation from pure CO2 properties and behaviour. Gas hydrate and ice utilities are available in most modern thermodynamic packages. These calculate the temperature and pressure of gas hydrate formation, however the approach of these programs is not as rigorous as some other more specialised, packages such as Multiflash.
5.4 Thermodynamic Property Methods 5.4.1 COSTALD Liquid Density
The corresponding states liquid density methods are used for "LNG like" mixtures with excellent accuracy. The COSTALD method uses two parameters to modify the individual pure component densities; one based on the acentric factor and one on experimental density data. It also corrects for high pressures using the Tait correlation. The method is valid for light hydrocarbons between C1-C8 only, as it was developed with data for light C1-C5 hydrocarbons and thus should not be used outside this range. There are no limits on pressure but the reduced temperature should be between 0.25 and 1.0. This application is best suited for use with equations of state that cannot predict liquid densities in light hydrocarbon systems. The applicability to CO2 and its mixtures will be included in future revisions of this technical note.
5.4.2
Equilibrium Properties
Using an equation of state a variety of properties of a mixture can be derived which are of interest to many CCS applications. The equation of state presented by Span and Wagner (Ref 2) can be used for the following equilibrium properties of carbon dioxide mixtures: Phase equilibria Vapour pressure Density Critical Point Triple Point Enthalpy Entropy Joule-Thomson coefficient Isobaric and isochoric heat capacity Thermal expansion coefficient Surface tension Speed of sound Phase transitions o Fusion o Vapour / liquid
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5.5 Transport Properties

The thermodynamic properties of fluids often determine the feasibility of a proposed process design, while the transport properties of the fluids determine the type and size of the equipment and the timescale of the operations. The trend to minimize costs through process integration and energy minimization has increased the need for reliable estimates of transport properties. Two types of methods for the transport properties of mixtures are available: i) model-based predictions and ii) correlations primarily developed for oils or condensates, based on bulk fluid properties. The first class of methods is discussed in this technical note while the second class of methods is often used in reservoir simulation programs that run in non-compositional (black oil) modes. Corresponding states correlations may be used for the following transport properties: Viscosity Diffusion Thermal conductivity
Vesovic et al (Ref 6) present representative equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity of carbon dioxide; these are utilised within Multiflash. The correlations are shown as a function of temperature and pressure in Appendix 5.
5.5.1
Liquid and Vapour Viscosity
The term viscosity in this document stands for dynamic (absolute) viscosity, while the kinematic viscosity is simply obtained as the ratio of dynamic viscosity and density. Accurate prediction of viscosity of a mixture is rather difficult to achieve. Only for wellbehaved mixtures (e.g. hydrocarbon) errors within 10 % may be expected. Nearly all the methods rely on critical data developed from equations of state, and so the choice of these directly affects the accuracy of the results. This is particularly true for CO 2 mixtures with process solvents such as amines or glycols. If accurate viscosity data is required for design purposes, it should be measured in a laboratory at the relevant conditions. The high accuracy CO2 model within Multiflash utilises the correlation of Fenghou et al (Ref 11) to estimate the liquid and vapour viscosity of CO2.
5.5.2
Diffusivity Methods
In Aspen Plus and PRO/II, the diffusion coefficient of a component in a liquid mixture can be calculated with the Wilke-Chang method which uses liquid viscosity, molar volume, and molecular weight as input.
5.5.3
Surface Tension
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Surface tension data are used in calculations of heat transfer, distillation column flooding and loading, and the wetting of packing materials. Surface tensions of liquid mixtures are considered here only. For interfacial tension data of liquid-liquid systems special correlations should be used or measurements should be carried out. Multiflash utilises the Macleod-Sugden surface tension method (Ref 9) to predict surface tension for pure components based on parachors stored in the Multiflash databank. The liquid and vapour molar densities and liquid and vapour mole fractions calculated from the Span Wagner correlations are also utilised. The surface tension for liquid mixtures is obtained by applying a mixing rule to the pure component saturated liquid surface tensions.
5.5.4
Thermal Conductivity
The thermal conductivity formulation used in the CO 2 high accuracy model within Multiflash is that of Scalabrin et al (Ref 12).
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Selection of Method to Determine CO2 Property Data 6.1 Selected Equations of State for Equilibrium Properties
6.1.1
Flow Assurance
The Span Wagner equation of state will be used to model the equilibrium thermodynamic properties of carbon dioxide throughout the flow assurance studies, unless specifically indicated otherwise. The circumstances in which it is envisaged that a correlation other than Span Wagner will be used are illustrated in Appendix 6.
6.1.2
Process Plant
The Span Wagner equation of state was designed for pure CO 2 and thus may only be used with very high purity CO2 streams. It is therefore not applicable to the CCS plant, which will contain a mixture of process gases, for which there a number of reliable proven equations of states, such as Peng Robinson. MHI (Mitsubishi Heavy Industries) modelling will also be utilised, which is based on experimental data from previous pilot and commercial plants.
6.1.3
Equipment Design
It is presumed that most vendors will have proprietary programs to model properties or behaviour that are particularly important for the equipment being designed; e.g. water content for compressor design. While equations of state (Span-Wagner, PR, SRK) can model general properties of water-saturated CO2 sufficiently for the purposes of basic equipment sizing, it is recommended that vendor packages are used to model water drop-out and other pertinent properties specific to the equipment design.
6.2 Selected Correlations for Transport Properties

The correlations of Vesovic et al, Fenghou et al and Scalabrin et al (Ref 6, 11 and12 respectively) will be used within Multiflash to model the thermal conductivity and viscosity of carbon dioxide. The Macleod-Sugden method will be used to model the surface tension (HOLD).
6.3 Likely Errors

The Span Wagner EoS will be used to model the equilibrium thermodynamic properties of carbon dioxide throughout the flow assurance studies, unless specifically indicated otherwise. The likely errors (vs. experimental data) for pure carbon dioxide systems are defined below. The likely error vs. experimental data for carbon dioxide mixtures is more difficult to quantify, as there is limited experimental data on CO2 systems with a similar composition to that expected for the CO2 stream from Kingsnorth Power Station.
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6.3.1
Experiments
The likely errors in the Span Wagner equation of state for pure CO 2 compared to the available experimental data are shown in Table 6-1. Table 6-1 Span Wagner Error vs. Experimental Data Property Nomenclature Likely error vs. experimental data Fluid density +/- 0.03% to 0.05% Speed of sound w +/- 0.03% to 1% Isobaric heat capacity cp +/- 0.15% to 1.5% Triple point temperature Tt +/- 0.003K Triple point pressure pt +/- 0.00010 MPa Triple point saturated liquid density 't +/- 0.18 kg/m Triple point saturated vapour density ''t +/- 0.0034 kg/m Critical temperature Tc +/- 0.015 K Critical pressure pc +/- 0.0030 MPa Critical density c +/- 0.6 kg/m Melting pressure pm/pm: +/- 1.5% for Tt<T<225K pm +/- 0.5% for 225K<T<270K Sublimation pressure psub: +/- 250 Pa for 185K<T<Tt +/- 100 Pa for 170K<T<185 psub +/- 50 Pa for T<170K Vapour pressure ps ps: +/- 0.012% Saturated liquid density : +/- 0.015% for Tt<T<295K +/- 0.04% for 295K<T<303K +/- 1% for 303<T<Tc Saturated vapour density : +/- 0.025% for Tt<T<295K +/- 0.08% for 295K<T<303K +/- 1% for 303<T<Tc The likely percentage error with respect to experimental data is shown as a function of temperature and pressure in Figure 6-1.
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Figure 6-1 Percentage error in Span-Wagner EoS vs. Temperature and Pressure The likely uncertainty with respect to experimental data for the Vesovic et al correlation for thermal conductivity and viscosity is shown in Appendix 4.
6.3.2
Errors Incurred by Utilising Span Wagner for CO2 Mixtures
The accuracy of the Span Wagner equation of state for CO 2 mixtures was checked using Multiflash. The properties of three compositions were compared: 100% CO 2, 99.94% CO2 and 95% CO2. The 99.94% and 95% CO2 compositions were as defined in the Basis of Design for Studies (Ref 7). It was found that there was good agreement between the properties of the 100% and 99.94% compositions for all parameters modelled by the Span Wagner EoS. There was more significant deviation between the 100% and 95% compositions, particularly for dew pressure and compressibility. Care should therefore be taken when using the Span Wagner EoS for lower purity CO 2 mixtures. The 100% and 99.94% phase diagrams are near identical with both showing a vapour pressure line, however the 95% phase diagram shows a distinct bubble and dew line. The dew line is within 10% of the pure vapour pressure line and the bubble point lies 10 20 bar above the vapour pressure line, as shown in Figure 6-5 overleaf.
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Carbon Dioxide Phase Diagram (Multiflash 100% and 95% Compositions)

90
80
Dewpoint 95% Bubblepoint 95% Pure CO2
70
Pressure (bara)
60 50 40 30 20 10 0 -70
-50
-30
-10 Temperature (deg C)
10
30
50
Figure 6-2 Comparison of 100% CO2 and 95% CO2 Phase Diagrams Note that the phase envelope feature did not work for the 95% composition; instead the dew points and bubble points were calculated individually and used to create bubble and dew lines. A table of results is shown in Appendix 4.
6.4 Comparison of Calculation Methods for Pure CO2

The following physical properties of pure CO2 were calculated at a range of temperatures and pressures using all the methods which will be utilised in this project: Density Specific heat capacity (constant pressure) Specific heat capacity (constant volume) Enthalpy Entropy Speed of Sound Compressibility Factor Viscosity
These were used to generate property tables, which could be compared for different equations of state. The reference pressures and temperatures used are illustrated in Figure 6-3.
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Figure 6-3 Reference Conditions for Property Tables The property tables are provided in full in Appendix 7 Property Tables. Data has been provided for commonly available equations of state data for proprietary packages will be added once this is made available (HOLD). Property tables for density (as calculated by Span Wagner, Peng Robinson and Soave Redlich-Kwong) are shown below as an example. Note that the liquid viscosity correlation selected for PR and SRK was Lohrenz-Bray-Clark, which is a reduced density model. key: liquid vapour supercritical Figure 6-4 Key to Fluid Phase on Property Tables
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Table 6-2 CO2 Density Calculated by Span Wagner EoS (kg/m)

Temperature (C) -20 0 10 20 30 31 32 33 35 40 50 60 80 100 120 1.01 2.13 1.97 1.90 1.83 1.77 1.77 1.76 1.75 1.74 1.71 1.66 1.61 1.52 1.44 1.36 30 1036.33 77.34 71.01 66.16 62.21 61.85 61.50 61.16 60.49 58.89 56.03 53.52 49.29 45.82 42.89 40 1040.67 932.11 108.41 97.49 89.76 89.10 88.45 87.81 86.59 83.76 78.86 74.73 68.03 62.75 58.41 50 1044.85 940.52 868.63 140.65 124.02 122.74 121.51 120.33 118.08 113.05 104.85 98.30 88.23 80.65 74.61 Pressure (bara) 60 70 1048.88 1052.77 948.20 955.31 881.78 893.11 782.65 808.60 171.44 266.56 168.55 252.22 165.87 241.66 163.36 233.22 158.79 220.08 149.26 198.02 135.21 172.02 124.91 155.53 110.14 134.06 99.63 119.80 91.54 109.24 74 1054.29 958.02 897.25 816.82 647.42 565.95 314.99 288.25 259.77 224.07 189.32 169.21 144.27 128.23 116.54 80 1056.53 961.94 903.13 827.71 701.72 679.73 652.12 613.68 419.09 277.90 219.18 191.62 160.34 141.28 127.74 100
1063.72
150
1080.03
974.05 920.46 856.31 771.50 761.01 749.98 738.34 712.81 628.61 384.33 289.95 221.60 188.56 167.31
999.53 954.18 903.96 846.98 840.81 834.53 828.15 815.06 780.23 699.75 604.09 427.15 332.35 280.36
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Table 6-3 CO2 Density Calculated by Peng Robinson EoS (kg/m and vs. SW)
Temperature (C) -20 0 10 20 30 31 32 33 35 40 50 60 80 100 120 1.01 2.13 0.0% 1.97 0.0% 1.90 0.0% 1.83 0.0% 1.77 0.0% 1.77 0.0% 1.76 0.0% 1.76 0.0% 1.74 0.0% 1.72 0.0% 1.66 0.0% 1.61 0.0% 1.52 0.0% 1.44 0.0% 1.36 0.0% 30 1033.23 -0.3% 77.88 0.7% 71.85 1.2% 67.04 1.3% 63.06 1.4% 62.70 1.4% 62.34 1.4% 61.99 1.4% 61.30 1.4% 59.67 1.3% 56.74 1.3% 54.15 1.2% 49.78 1.0% 46.20 0.8% 43.18 0.7% 40 1039.74 -0.1% 900.04 -3.4% 109.66 1.2% 99.14 1.7% 91.37 1.8% 90.69 1.8% 90.03 1.8% 89.38 1.8% 88.13 1.8% 85.22 1.7% 80.16 1.6% 75.86 1.5% 68.90 1.3% 63.40 1.0% 58.90 0.8% 50 1045.94 0.1% 913.17 -2.9% 817.39 -5.9% 143.12 1.8% 126.69 2.2% 125.39 2.2% 124.14 2.2% 122.93 2.2% 120.63 2.2% 115.45 2.1% 106.93 2.0% 100.10 1.8% 89.56 1.5% 81.62 1.2% 75.32 1.0% Pressure (bara) 60 70 1051.86 0.3% 925.04 -2.4% 837.78 -5.0% 706.08 -9.8% 175.43 2.3% 172.54 2.4% 169.84 2.4% 167.31 2.4% 162.65 2.4% 152.87 2.4% 138.26 2.3% 127.48 2.1% 111.98 1.7% 100.95 1.3% 92.48 1.0% 1057.52 0.5% 935.90 -2.0% 855.16 -4.2% 744.71 -7.9% 269.79 1.2% 256.52 1.7% 246.44 2.0% 238.23 2.1% 225.23 2.3% 202.94 2.5% 176.10 2.4% 158.90 2.2% 136.39 1.7% 121.44 1.4% 110.39 1.1% 74 1059.72 0.5% 940.01 -1.9% 861.48 -4.0% 756.86 -7.3% 551.08 -14.9% 470.36 -16.9% 316.46 0.5% 291.96 1.3% 264.77 1.9% 229.32 2.3% 193.75 2.3% 172.85 2.2% 146.76 1.7% 129.97 1.4% 117.76 1.0% 80 1062.95 0.6% 945.93 -1.7% 870.40 -3.6% 772.92 -6.6% 617.82 -12.0% 593.02 -12.8% 563.51 -13.6% 526.03 -14.3% 400.25 -4.5% 282.27 1.6% 223.87 2.1% 195.55 2.1% 163.03 1.7% 143.15 1.3% 129.04 1.0% 100 1073.18 0.9% 964.00 -1.0% 896.41 -2.6% 814.90 -4.8% 709.99 -8.0% 697.49 -8.3% 684.50 -8.7% 670.96 -9.1% 642.07 -9.9% 556.57 -11.5% 372.26 -3.1% 290.57 0.2% 223.84 1.0% 190.31 0.9% 168.54 0.7% 150 1095.80 1.5% 1000.95 0.1% 945.73 -0.9% 883.89 -2.2% 814.08 -3.9% 806.61 -4.1% 799.04 -4.3% 791.37 -4.4% 775.75 -4.8% 734.96 -5.8% 646.58 -7.6% 554.32 -8.2% 406.91 -4.7% 325.11 -2.2% 276.96 -1.2%
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Table 6-4 CO2 Density Calculated by Soave Redlich-Kwong EoS (kg/m and vs. SW)
Temperature (C) -20 0 1.01 2.13 0.0% 1.97 0.0% 1.90 10 -0.01% 1.8 20 0.00% 30 31 32 33 35 40 50 60 80 100 120 1.77 0.0% 1.77 0.0% 1.76 0.0% 1.75 0.0% 1.74 0.0% 1.71 0.0% 1.66 0.0% 1.61 0.0% 1.52 0.0% 1.44 0.0% 1.36 0.0% -0.39% 62.04 -0.3% 61.69 -0.3% 61.35 -0.3% 61.01 -0.2% 60.34 -0.2% 58.76 -0.2% 55.92 -0.2% 53.41 -0.2% 49.16 -0.3% 45.66 -0.3% 42.72 -0.4% -0.79% 89.31 -0.5% 88.66 -0.5% 88.03 -0.5% 87.41 -0.5% 86.22 -0.4% 83.43 -0.4% 78.57 -0.4% 74.45 -0.4% 67.74 -0.4% 62.43 -0.5% 58.07 -0.6% -1.68% 122.90 -0.9% 121.68 -0.9% 120.50 -0.8% 119.36 -0.8% 117.19 -0.8% 112.30 -0.7% 104.23 -0.6% 97.72 -0.6% 87.67 -0.6% 80.06 -0.7% 74.01 -0.8% -0.67% 65.9 -1.58% 96.7 30 932.91 -10.0% 76.34 -1.3% 70.53 40 939.61 -9.7% 811.33 -13.0% 106.70 50 945.97 -9.5% 824.38 -12.3% 737.66 15.08% 138.3 Pressure (bara) 60 70 952.03 -9.2% 836.12 -11.8% 757.51 14.09% 639.3 18.31% 168.58 -1.7% 165.91 -1.6% 163.41 -1.5% 161.06 -1.4% 156.74 -1.3% 147.63 -1.1% 133.95 -0.9% 123.80 -0.9% 109.13 -0.9% 98.64 -1.0% 90.56 -1.1% 957.82 -9.0% 846.83 -11.4% 774.32 13.30% 676.1 16.38% 255.21 -4.3% 243.29 -3.5% 234.18 -3.1% 226.72 -2.8% 214.86 -2.4% 194.39 -1.8% 169.53 -1.4% 153.49 -1.3% 132.35 -1.3% 118.23 -1.3% 107.74 -1.4% 74 960.06 -8.9% 850.87 -11.2% 780.41 -13.02% 687.6 -15.82% 506.65 -21.7% 435.97 -23.0% 298.24 -5.3% 276.05 -4.2% 251.32 -3.3% 218.87 -2.3% 186.04 -1.7% 166.61 -1.5% 142.18 -1.4% 126.36 -1.5% 114.80 -1.5% 80 963.36 -8.8% 856.70 -10.9% 789.00 12.64% 702.7 15.11% 567.10 -19.2% 545.64 -19.7% 520.20 -20.2% 488.12 -20.5% 378.73 -9.6% 267.98 -3.6% 214.13 -2.3% 187.89 -2.0% 157.55 -1.7% 138.87 -1.7% 125.56 -1.7% 100 973.78 -8.5% 874.42 -10.2% 813.96 -11.57% 742.0 -13.35% 650.51 -15.7% 639.69 -15.9% 628.46 -16.2% 616.78 -16.5% 591.90 -17.0% 518.37 -17.5% 352.95 -8.2% 276.70 -4.6% 214.69 -3.1% 183.44 -2.7% 163.05 -2.5% 150 996.75 -7.7% 910.60 -8.9% 861.25 -9.74% 806.6 -10.77% 745.56 -12.0% 739.05 -12.1% 732.47 -12.2% 725.81 -12.4% 712.26 -12.6% 676.94 -13.2% 600.46 -14.2% 519.68 -14.0% 385.86 -9.7% 309.89 -6.8% 265.10 -5.4%
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6.5 Mollier and Phase Diagrams

The ChemicaLogic Mollier and phase diagrams for pure CO 2 (Ref 1) are recommended as general methods for both pure CO2 and the 99.94% mixture of CO2. The diagrams are available in the form of excel spreadsheets which allow process information (such as the thermodynamic path through a unit operation) to be superimposed on top of the diagram. The diagrams should be used with care for the lower concentration CO2 mixture. The Mollier and phase diagrams are shown in Figure 6-5 and Figure 6-6 respectively.
Carbon Dioxide: Pressure - Enthalpy Diagram
1,000
180
240 oC
120
200
220
t = 0 oC
100
-40
140
160
260
60
r = 150 100
r = 100
Pressure, Bar
280
40
80
r = 75 r = 50
r = 35
r = 25
Melting Line
r =15
r = 10 r=8 r=6
10
160
180
-40 oC
Sublimation Line
Drawn with CO 2Tab TM A Spreadsheet Add-in for the Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Carbon Dioxide 1
Copyright 1999 ChemicaLogic Corporation www.chemicalogic.com
Enthalpy, kJ/kg
-200 -100 0 100 200
-500
-400
-300
Figure 6-5 CO2 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram
100
140
120
80
200
20
40
60
220
Triple Point (5.18 bar, -56.558 oC)
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Figure 6-6 CO2 Pressure-Temperature Diagram
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References
1. CO2 Phase Diagram and CO2 Enthalpy Diagram, ChemicaLogic Corp, Genesis reference J71018A_CRRPDC_IN_091 2. A New Equation of State for Carbon Dioxide Covering the Fluid Region from the Triple-Point Temperature to 1100K at Pressures up to 800 MPa, Span and Wagner, 1996 3. Phase Equilibrium in Chemical Engineering, S. M. Wallas, Butterworth, 1985 4. Liquids and Liquid Mixtures, Rowlinson & Swinton, Butterworth, 1982 5. Chemical Engineering at Supercritical Conditions, M.E. 6. Transport Properties of Carbon Dioxide, Vesovic et al, 1989. 7. Basis of Design for Studies Phase 1A, J71584-GEN-0001 Rev 01, April 2010 8. S Angus et al, International Thermodynamic Tables of the Fluid state Carbon dioxide, IUPAC, Pergamon Press, 1976 9. Relation Between Surface Tension and Density, D. B. Macleod, Trans. Faraday Soc., 19, 38-41, 1923 10. Lemmon, E.W., Huber, M.L., McLinden, M.O. NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties-REFPROP, Version 8.0, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, 2007. 11. The Viscosity of Carbon Dioxide, A. Fenghou, W.A. Wakeham and V. Vesovic, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data., Vol. 27, 31 (1998) 12. A Reference Multiparameter Thermal Conductivity Equation for Carbon Dioxide with an Optimized Functional Form, G. Scalabrin, P. Marchi, F. Finezzo and R. Span, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data., Vol. 35, 1549 (2006).
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Appendix 1 CO2 Properties as Functions of Reduced Properties
A variety of equilibrium properties of carbon dioxide are shown below as a function of reduced density and reduced pressure, reproduced from Ref 3.
Figure 8-1 CO2 Thermal Conductivity vs. Reduced Density and Temperature
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Figure 8-2 CO2 Expansion Coefficient vs. Reduced Density and Temperature
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Figure 8-3 CO2 Heat of Vapourisation vs. Temperature
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Figure 8-4 CO2 Compressibility vs. Reduced Density and Temperature
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Figure 8-5 Velocity of Sound vs. Reduced Density and Temperature
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Appendix 2 Multiflash Files
The Multiflash fluid files to be utilised for the 100%, 99.94% and 95% CO2 compositions are included below. These incorporate the appropriate fluid correlations and CO2 models.
9.1 100% CO2 composition

# Multiflash version: 3.9.15 March 2010 # # Date: 13 April 2010 Time: 19:08 # remove all; units temperature K pressure Pa enthalpy J/mol entropy J/mol/K volume m3/mol amounts mol viscosity Pas thcond W/m/K surten N/m diffusion m2/s; title "All components in CSMA model with non-default BIPs" ; datum enthalpy compound entropy compound; set fractions; puredata INFODATA ; components overwrite 1 CO2 2 N2 3 H2S 4 METHANE 5 ETHANE 6 PROPANE 7 ISOBUTANE 8 BUTANE 9 ISOPENTANE 10 PENTANE 11 WATER 12 H2 13 AR 14 CO 15 COS ; chardata INFOCHAR TBSOEREIDE ; bipset CSMABIP 1 linear eos none ; bipdata INFOBIPS ; model MCSMA CSMA VDW CSMABIP; model MPDVISC PDVISC LFIT; model MSTRAPP SPTHCOND; model MMCSMCSMA MCS MCSMA; model SOLIDCO2 FREEZEOUT CO2 MCSMA; pd GAS gas MCSMA MCSMA MCSMA MPDVISC MSTRAPP; pd LIQUID1 liquid MCSMA MCSMA MCSMA MPDVISC MSTRAPP MMCSMCSMA; key LIQUID1 not 007732-18-5#WATER#; pd LIQUID2 liquid MCSMA MCSMA MCSMA MPDVISC MSTRAPP MMCSMCSMA; key LIQUID2 not 007732-18-5#WATER#; pd SOLIDCO2 condensed SOLIDCO2; temperature 303.15; pressure 8000000.; amounts 100. .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0; units temperature degC pressure bar enthalpy J/mol entropy J/mol/K volume kg/m3 amounts mole viscosity cP thcond W/m/K surten N/m diffusion m2/s; set physprops 1VCS;
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9.2 99.94% CO2 Composition

# Multiflash version: 3.9.15 March 2010 # # Date: 13 April 2010 Time: 16:50 # remove all; units temperature K pressure Pa enthalpy J/mol entropy J/mol/K volume m3/mol amounts mol viscosity Pas thcond W/m/K surten N/m diffusion m2/s; title "All components in CSMA model with non-default BIPs" ; datum enthalpy compound entropy compound; set fractions; puredata INFODATA ; components overwrite 1 CO2 2 N2 3 H2S 4 METHANE 5 ETHANE 6 PROPANE 7 ISOBUTANE 8 BUTANE 9 ISOPENTANE 10 PENTANE 11 WATER 12 H2 13 AR 14 CO 15 COS 16 O2 ; chardata INFOCHAR TBSOEREIDE ; bipset CSMABIP 1 linear eos none ; bipdata INFOBIPS ; model MCSMA CSMA VDW CSMABIP; model MPDVISC PDVISC LFIT; model MSTRAPP SPTHCOND; model MMCSMCSMA MCS MCSMA; model SOLIDCO2 FREEZEOUT CO2 MCSMA; pd GAS gas MCSMA MCSMA MCSMA MPDVISC MSTRAPP; pd LIQUID1 liquid MCSMA MCSMA MCSMA MPDVISC MSTRAPP MMCSMCSMA; key LIQUID1 not 007732-18-5#WATER#; pd LIQUID2 liquid MCSMA MCSMA MCSMA MPDVISC MSTRAPP MMCSMCSMA; key LIQUID2 not 007732-18-5#WATER#; pd SOLIDCO2 condensed SOLIDCO2; temperature 278.177; pressure 4000000.; amounts 99.94 .035 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .01 .0 .0 .0 .0 .015; units temperature degC pressure bar enthalpy J/mol entropy J/mol/K volume kg/m3 amounts mole viscosity cP thcond W/m/K surten N/m diffusion m2/s; set physprops 1VCS;
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9.3 95% CO2 Composition

# Multiflash version: 3.9.15 March 2010 # # Date: 13 April 2010 Time: 18:12 # remove all; units temperature K pressure Pa enthalpy J/mol entropy J/mol/K volume m3/mol amounts mol viscosity Pas thcond W/m/K surten N/m diffusion m2/s; title "All components in CSMA model with non-default BIPs" ; datum enthalpy compound entropy compound; set fractions; puredata INFODATA ; components overwrite 1 CO2 2 N2 3 H2S 4 METHANE 5 ETHANE 6 PROPANE 7 ISOBUTANE 8 BUTANE 9 ISOPENTANE 10 PENTANE 11 WATER 12 H2 13 AR 14 CO 15 COS ; chardata INFOCHAR TBSOEREIDE ;
Rev.: 02
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bipset CSMABIP 1 linear eos none ; bipdata INFOBIPS ; model MCSMA CSMA VDW CSMABIP; model MPDVISC PDVISC LFIT; model MSTRAPP SPTHCOND; model MMCSMCSMA MCS MCSMA; model SOLIDCO2 FREEZEOUT CO2 MCSMA; pd GAS gas MCSMA MCSMA MCSMA MPDVISC MSTRAPP; pd LIQUID1 liquid MCSMA MCSMA MCSMA MPDVISC MSTRAPP MMCSMCSMA; key LIQUID1 not 007732-18-5#WATER#; pd LIQUID2 liquid MCSMA MCSMA MCSMA MPDVISC MSTRAPP MMCSMCSMA; key LIQUID2 not 007732-18-5#WATER#; pd SOLIDCO2 condensed SOLIDCO2; temperature 301.65; pressure 8000000.; amounts 95. 5. .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .01 .0 .0 .0 .0; units temperature degC pressure bar enthalpy J/mol entropy J/mol/K volume kg/m3 amounts mole viscosity cP thcond W/m/K surten N/m diffusion m2/s; set physprops 1VCS;
KCP-GNS-FAS-DRP-0001_02-ktKKDoc1--Equation of State Prediction of
Carbon Dioxide Properties
Rev.: 02
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10
Appendix 3 Binary Interaction Parameters for Span and Wagner EoS within Multiflash
CO2 CO2 N2 H2 S C1 C2 C3 i-C4 n-C4 i-C5 n-C5 H2 O H2 Ar CO COS O2 Constant Constant Linear Constant Linear Constant Constant Constant Linear Constant Linear Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant 1.103 0.9215 0.994 0.906 0.877 0.872 0.875 0.868 0.905 0.88 1 1 1 1 1
N2 1.103
H2S 0.9215 0.917 0.000164
C1 0.994 0.972 0.975
C2 0.906 0.994 0.935 0.96
C3 0.877 0.968 0.0000976 0.922 1.014 0.997
i-C4 0.872 0.885 0.000311 0.921 1.002 0.996 1.004
n-C4 0.875 1.007 0.921 1.013 0.985 0.997 1
i-C5 0.868 0.99 0.896 1.032 0.989 0.979 1 0.984
n-C5 0.905 1 0.896 1.011 0.989 0.981 1 0.984 0.989 1 1 1 1 1 1
H2O 0.88 1 0.9065 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
H2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
AR 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
CO 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
COS 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
O2 1 1.009 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0.917 0.000164 0.972 0.994 0.968 9.76E-05 0.885 0.000311 1.007 0.99 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.009
0.975 0.935 0.922 0.921 0.921 0.896 0.896 0.9065 1 1 1 1 1
0.96 1.014 1.002 1.013 1.032 1.011 1 1 1 1 1 1
0.997 0.996 0.985 0.989 0.989 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.004 0.997 0.979 0.981 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0.984 0.984 1 1 1 1 1 1
0.989 1 1 1 1 1 1
Rev.: 02
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11
Appendix 4 Comparison of Multiflash Results for CO2 Mixtures
Tables of results for the dew point calculations for the 100%, 99.94% and 95% CO 2 calculations are shown below. The difference between the calculated properties at 100% CO2 composition and the reduced purity compositions was determined to allow the error incurred by assuming pure CO2 composition to be estimated. The calculations were performed at 0, 10, 20 and 30 C. Table 11-1 Dew Point Calculation at 0C 100% 99.94% composition composition Parameter Value Dewpressure bara 34.85 35.09 0.7% Z 0.07 0.07 0.7% Av.Mol.Wt. 44.01 44.00 0.0% Density kg/m 927.4 927.1 0.0% H J/mol -13501.3 -13493.9 -0.1% S J/mol/K -76.53 -76.47 -0.1% U J/mol -13666.7 -13660.4 0.0% G J/mol 7403.7 7394.8 -0.1% Viscosity cP 0.10 0.10 -0.1% Th.C.W/m/K 0.11 0.11 0.0% STen N/m 0.0040 0.0039 -0.3%
95% composition Value 37.52 7.7% 0.08 7.9% 43.91 -0.2% 923.0 -0.5% -13411.3 -0.7% -76.05 -0.6% -13589.8 -0.6% 7362.9 -0.6% 0.10 -0.9% 0.11 -0.7% 0.0038 -4.1%
Table 11-2 Dew Point Calculation at 10C 100% 99.94% composition composition Parameter Value Error Dewpressure bara 45.02 45.25 0.5% Z 0.10 0.10 0.5% Av.Mol.Wt. 44.01 44.00 0.0% Density kg/m 861.1 860.8 0.0% H J/mol -12369.0 -12361.6 -0.1% S J/mol/K -72.64 -72.58 -0.1% U J/mol -12599.1 -12592.8 -0.1% G J/mol 8199.9 8190.3 -0.1% Viscosity cP 0.09 0.09 -0.1% Th.C.W/m/K 0.10 0.10 0.0% STen N/m 0.0026 0.0026 -0.3%
95% composition Value Error 48.88 8.6% 0.11 9.2% 43.87 -0.3% 853.3 -0.9% -12220.9 -1.2% -71.93 -1.0% -12472.2 -1.0% 8146.1 -0.7% 0.09 -1.7% 0.09 -1.1% 0.0025 -6.1%
Page 46 of 70
Table 11-3 Dew Point Calculation at 20C 100% 99.94% composition composition Parameter Value Error Dewpressure bara 57.29 57.49 0.3% Z 0.13 0.13 0.4% Av.Mol.Wt. 44.01 44.00 0.0% Density kg/m 773.4 773.0 -0.1% H J/mol -11042.6 -11035.0 -0.1% S J/mol/K -68.27 -68.21 -0.1% U J/mol -11368.6 -11362.3 -0.1% G J/mol 8971.2 8960.8 -0.1% Viscosity cP 0.08 0.08 -0.1% Th.C.W/m/K 0.08 0.08 0.0% STen N/m 0.0015 0.0015 0.0%
95% composition Value Error 63.09 10.1% 0.15 11.9% 43.78 -0.5% 757.2 -2.1% -10771.5 -2.5% -67.08 -1.8% -11136.3 -2.0% 8892.0 -0.9% 0.07 -3.5% 0.08 -2.1% 0.0014 -4.9%
Table 11-4 Dew Point Calculation at 30C 100% 99.94% composition composition Parameter Value Error Dewpressure bara 72.14 72.28 0.2% Z 0.21 0.21 0.2% Av.Mol.Wt. 44.01 44.00 0.0% Density kg/m 593.3 593.3 0.0% H J/mol -8900.0 -8895.3 -0.1% S J/mol/K -61.42 -61.37 -0.1% U J/mol -9435.0 -9431.3 0.0% G J/mol 9718.8 9707.6 -0.1% Viscosity cP 0.06 0.06 -1.2% Th.C.W/m/K 0.07 0.07 -0.1% STen N/m 0.0003 0.0004 16.8%
95% composition Value Error Fail Fail Fail Fail Fail Fail Fail Fail Fail Fail Fail Fail Fail Fail Fail Fail Fail Fail Fail Fail Fail Fail
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12
Appendix 5 Thermal Conductivity and Viscosity Correlation and Uncertainty
The thermal conductivity and viscosity of carbon dioxide are shown along with the estimated uncertainty in the correlations in and respectively, reproduced from Ref 6.
Figure 12- 1 Vesovic et al Correlation for CO2 Thermal Conductivity

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Figure 12-2 Vesovic et al correlation for CO2 Viscosity
Rev.: 02
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13
Appendix 6 Flow Diagram to Determine Recommended Calculation Method
Rev.: 02
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14
Appendix 7 Property Tables
Property tables for CO2 are presented for the following calculation methods: Span Wagner Equation of State Peng Robinson Equation of State Soave Redlich-Kwong Equation of State For the PR and SRK tables the percentage difference from the results obtained from Span Wagner are shown also. The phase is indicated using the following key: key: liquid vapour supercritical Figure 14-1 Key to Fluid Phase on Property Tables
Rev.: 02
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14.1
Span and Wagner
Table 14-1 CO2 Density Calculated by Span Wagner EoS (kg/m)

Temperature (C) -20 0 10 20 30 31 32 33 35 40 50 60 80 100 120 1.01 2.13 1.97 1.90 1.83 1.77 1.77 1.76 1.75 1.74 1.71 1.66 1.61 1.52 1.44 1.36 30 1036.33 77.34 71.01 66.16 62.21 61.85 61.50 61.16 60.49 58.89 56.03 53.52 49.29 45.82 42.89 40 1040.67 932.11 108.41 97.49 89.76 89.10 88.45 87.81 86.59 83.76 78.86 74.73 68.03 62.75 58.41 50 1044.85 940.52 868.63 140.65 124.02 122.74 121.51 120.33 118.08 113.05 104.85 98.30 88.23 80.65 74.61 Pressure (bara) 60 70 1048.88 948.20 881.78 782.65 171.44 168.55 165.87 163.36 158.79 149.26 135.21 124.91 110.14 99.63 91.54 1052.77 955.31 893.11 808.60 266.56 252.22 241.66 233.22 220.08 198.02 172.02 155.53 134.06 119.80 109.24 74 1054.29 958.02 897.25 816.82 647.42 565.95 314.99 288.25 259.77 224.07 189.32 169.21 144.27 128.23 116.54 80 1056.53 961.94 903.13 827.71 701.72 679.73 652.12 613.68 419.09 277.90 219.18 191.62 160.34 141.28 127.74 100
1063.72
150
1080.03
974.05 920.46 856.31 771.50 761.01 749.98 738.34 712.81 628.61 384.33 289.95 221.60 188.56 167.31
999.53 954.18 903.96 846.98 840.81 834.53 828.15 815.06 780.23 699.75 604.09 427.15 332.35 280.36
Table 14-2 CO2 Cv Calculated by Span Wagner EoS (kJ/kgK)

Temperature (C) -20 0 10 20 30 31 32 33 35 40 50 60 80 100 120 1.01 30 40 50 Pressure (bara) 60 70 74 80 100 150
0.611 0.632 0.642 0.652 0.662 0.663 0.664 0.665 0.667 0.672 0.682 0.692 0.710 0.728 0.745
0.935 0.803 0.769 0.752 0.744 0.743 0.743 0.742 0.742 0.740 0.740 0.741 0.748 0.757 0.769
0.936 0.941 0.862 0.809 0.784 0.782 0.781 0.779 0.776 0.771 0.764 0.761 0.762 0.768 0.777
0.936 0.935 0.958 0.903 0.838 0.834 0.830 0.826 0.820 0.808 0.792 0.783 0.777 0.779 0.786
0.937 0.932 0.945 0.997 0.922 0.912 0.903 0.895 0.881 0.855 0.824 0.807 0.793 0.791 0.794
0.938 0.930 0.937 0.967 1.151 1.094 1.055 1.026 0.984 0.922 0.863 0.835 0.810 0.803 0.803
0.938 0.929 0.935 0.960 1.128 1.459 1.245 1.149 1.057 0.958 0.882 0.847 0.817 0.807 0.807
0.938 0.929 0.932 0.951 1.032 1.055 1.088 1.139 1.317 1.033 0.912 0.866 0.827 0.815 0.812
0.940 0.927 0.927 0.935 0.960 0.964 0.969 0.974 0.986 1.029 1.029 0.939 0.864 0.839 0.830
0.943 0.927 0.923 0.921 0.926 0.926 0.927 0.928 0.929 0.933 0.944 0.959 0.927 0.890 0.869
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Table 14-3 CO2 Cp Calculated by Span Wagner EoS (kJ/kgK)

0.808 0.827 0.836 0.846 0.856 0.857 0.858 0.858 0.860 0.865 0.875 0.884 0.902 0.919 0.936
2.139 1.471 1.300 1.205 1.146 1.142 1.137 1.133 1.125 1.107 1.080 1.061 1.039 1.029 1.025
2.115 2.495 1.832 1.503 1.345 1.334 1.323 1.313 1.293 1.253 1.193 1.152 1.102 1.076 1.062
2.093 2.417 2.880 2.212 1.691 1.661 1.634 1.608 1.562 1.470 1.346 1.268 1.177 1.129 1.103
2.074 2.354 2.704 3.945 2.492 2.384 2.291 2.209 2.073 1.834 1.567 1.420 1.266 1.190 1.147
2.055 2.300 2.577 3.302 7.972 5.984 4.944 4.289 3.495 2.581 1.911 1.630 1.374 1.258 1.195
2.048 2.281 2.535 3.149 9.881 47.392 14.313 8.471 5.245 3.159 2.109 1.736 1.424 1.288 1.216
2.038 2.254 2.480 2.974 5.221 6.089 7.609 10.936 29.594 4.950 2.513 1.928 1.505 1.336 1.248
2.008 2.179 2.339 2.622 3.260 3.368 3.491 3.632 3.989 5.657 5.808 3.033 1.857 1.522 1.367
1.947 2.050 2.132 2.246 2.418 2.439 2.462 2.485 2.534 2.675 3.049 3.434 2.902 2.104 1.720
Table 14-4 CO2 Enthalpy Calculated by Span Wagner EoS (kJ/kg)

-38.3 -21.9 -13.6 -5.2 3.3 4.2 5.0 5.9 7.6 11.9 20.6 29.4 47.3 65.5 84.1
-352.5 -64.6 -50.8 -38.3 -26.6 -25.4 -24.3 -23.2 -20.9 -15.3 -4.4 6.3 27.3 47.9 68.5
-352.7 -307.3 -70.2 -53.8 -39.6 -38.3 -37.0 -35.6 -33.0 -26.7 -14.5 -2.8 19.7 41.5 62.8
-352.8 -308.2 -282.1 -74.4 -55.3 -53.7 -52.0 -50.4 -47.2 -39.7 -25.6 -12.6 11.8 34.8 57.1
-352.8 -309.0 -284.0 -252.5 -76.1 -73.6 -71.3 -69.1 -64.8 -55.1 -38.2 -23.3 3.3 27.8 51.1
-352.9 -309.7 -285.5 -256.8 -114.1 -107.2 -101.8 -97.2 -89.5 -74.7 -52.8 -35.2 -5.6 20.6 45.1
-352.9 -310.0 -286.0 -258.2 -212.5 -195.2 -128.2 -117.4 -104.4 -84.6 -59.4 -40.4 -9.3 17.6 42.6
-352.9 -310.3 -286.7 -259.9 -222.7 -217.1 -210.4 -201.3 -154.5 -103.9 -70.4 -48.7 -15.1 13.1 38.9
-352.9 -311.3 -288.7 -264.1 -235.2 -231.9 -228.4 -224.9 -217.3 -193.7 -122.7 -81.8 -35.9 -2.6 26.1
-352.5 -312.7 -291.8 -269.9 -246.7 -244.3 -241.8 -239.3 -234.3 -221.3 -192.8 -160.2 -94.0 -44.8 -7.0
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Table 14-5 CO2 Entropy Calculated by Span Wagner EoS (kJ/kg)

-0.137 -0.075 -0.045 -0.016 0.013 0.015 0.018 0.021 0.027 0.041 0.068 0.095 0.147 0.197 0.245
-1.911 -0.832 -0.782 -0.739 -0.700 -0.696 -0.692 -0.688 -0.681 -0.663 -0.629 -0.596 -0.535 -0.478 -0.424
-1.915 -1.743 -0.891 -0.834 -0.787 -0.782 -0.778 -0.774 -0.765 -0.745 -0.706 -0.671 -0.605 -0.545 -0.489
-1.919 -1.750 -1.657 -0.934 -0.870 -0.864 -0.859 -0.854 -0.843 -0.819 -0.775 -0.735 -0.664 -0.601 -0.543
-1.923 -1.757 -1.667 -1.558 -0.961 -0.953 -0.945 -0.938 -0.924 -0.893 -0.840 -0.794 -0.717 -0.649 -0.588
-1.927 -1.763 -1.676 -1.577 -1.102 -1.080 -1.062 -1.047 -1.022 -0.974 -0.905 -0.852 -0.765 -0.693 -0.629
-1.929 -1.766 -1.680 -1.583 -1.431 -1.373 -1.153 -1.118 -1.076 -1.012 -0.933 -0.875 -0.784 -0.710 -0.644
-1.931 -1.769 -1.685 -1.591 -1.467 -1.449 -1.426 -1.397 -1.244 -1.081 -0.976 -0.909 -0.811 -0.734 -0.667
-1.939 -1.780 -1.699 -1.614 -1.517 -1.506 -1.495 -1.483 -1.458 -1.383 -1.160 -1.035 -0.901 -0.809 -0.734
-1.956 -1.804 -1.729 -1.653 -1.575 -1.567 -1.559 -1.551 -1.535 -1.493 -1.403 -1.304 -1.111 -0.975 -0.877
Table 14-6 CO2 Speed of Sound Calculated by Span Wagner EoS (m/s)
249.2 258.1 262.4 266.6 270.7 271.1 271.5 271.9 272.7 274.7 278.7 282.6 290.2 297.6 304.8
718.4 221.5 231.5 239.9 247.4 248.1 248.8 249.5 250.9 254.2 260.5 266.4 277.2 287.1 296.4
728.6 547.9 216.1 228.2 237.9 238.8 239.7 240.6 242.2 246.3 253.8 260.6 272.8 283.7 293.7
738.4 567.7 457.7 213.3 227.1 228.3 229.5 230.6 232.7 237.8 246.8 254.7 268.5 280.4 291.2
747.8 585.1 485.8 353.1 213.9 215.7 217.3 218.9 221.9 228.5 239.5 248.8 264.3 277.3 288.9
756.9 600.7 509.1 396.6 191.8 196.5 200.1 203.2 208.3 218.1 232.1 243.0 260.4 274.5 286.8
760.5 606.6 517.5 410.5 235.4 171.0 185.7 192.7 200.9 213.4 229.1 240.8 258.9 273.5 286.0
765.7 615.0 529.3 429.2 292.9 273.5 251.6 226.2 181.3 205.6 224.7 237.5 256.8 272.0 285.0
782.7 640.9 563.7 478.8 382.4 372.0 361.4 350.6 328.4 269.9 218.2 229.9 251.6 268.4 282.5
821.6 695.2 630.4 563.9 495.8 488.9 482.0 475.2 461.4 427.4 362.5 309.2 270.3 274.8 286.1
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Table 14-7 CO2 Compressibility Calculated by Span Wagner EoS (-)

0.991 0.993 0.994 0.995 0.995 0.995 0.995 0.995 0.995 0.996 0.996 0.997 0.997 0.998 0.998
0.061 0.752 0.790 0.819 0.842 0.844 0.846 0.848 0.852 0.861 0.877 0.891 0.912 0.929 0.942
0.080 0.083 0.690 0.741 0.778 0.781 0.784 0.788 0.793 0.807 0.831 0.850 0.881 0.904 0.922
0.100 0.103 0.108 0.642 0.704 0.709 0.714 0.718 0.727 0.748 0.781 0.808 0.849 0.879 0.902
0.120 0.123 0.127 0.138 0.611 0.619 0.627 0.635 0.649 0.679 0.727 0.763 0.816 0.854 0.882
0.139 0.142 0.147 0.156 0.459 0.483 0.502 0.519 0.546 0.598 0.667 0.715 0.783 0.829 0.863
0.147 0.150 0.154 0.164 0.200 0.228 0.408 0.444 0.489 0.558 0.640 0.695 0.769 0.819 0.855
0.158 0.161 0.166 0.175 0.199 0.205 0.213 0.225 0.328 0.487 0.598 0.663 0.748 0.803 0.843
0.197 0.199 0.203 0.211 0.226 0.229 0.231 0.234 0.241 0.269 0.426 0.548 0.676 0.752 0.805
0.290 0.291 0.294 0.300 0.309 0.310 0.312 0.313 0.316 0.325 0.351 0.395 0.526 0.640 0.720
Table 14-8 CO2 Viscosity Calculated by Span Wagner EoS (cP)

0.0127 0.0137 0.0142 0.0147 0.0152 0.0152 0.0153 0.0153 0.0154 0.0157 0.0161 0.0166 0.0175 0.0185 0.0194
0.1415 0.0144 0.0148 0.0153 0.0157 0.0157 0.0158 0.0158 0.0159 0.0161 0.0166 0.0170 0.0179 0.0188 0.0197
0.1435 0.1007 0.0155 0.0158 0.0161 0.0161 0.0162 0.0162 0.0163 0.0165 0.0169 0.0173 0.0182 0.0190 0.0199
0.1455 0.1032 0.0842 0.0167 0.0168 0.0168 0.0168 0.0168 0.0169 0.0170 0.0173 0.0177 0.0185 0.0193 0.0201
0.1474 0.1055 0.0872 0.0677 0.0180 0.0179 0.0179 0.0179 0.0179 0.0179 0.0180 0.0182 0.0189 0.0196 0.0204
0.1493 0.1078 0.0900 0.0722 0.0214 0.0208 0.0205 0.0202 0.0198 0.0193 0.0190 0.0190 0.0194 0.0200 0.0207
0.1501 0.1086 0.0910 0.0737 0.0495 0.0412 0.0237 0.0225 0.0213 0.0202 0.0195 0.0194 0.0196 0.0202 0.0208
0.1512 0.1099 0.0925 0.0757 0.0561 0.0533 0.0501 0.0460 0.0298 0.0223 0.0205 0.0200 0.0200 0.0205 0.0211
0.1548 0.1139 0.0970 0.0815 0.0661 0.0645 0.0628 0.0612 0.0577 0.0478 0.0284 0.0238 0.0220 0.0218 0.0221
0.1636 0.1231 0.1068 0.0925 0.0796 0.0784 0.0772 0.0760 0.0736 0.0677 0.0565 0.0461 0.0325 0.0278 0.0262
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14.2
Peng Robinson
Table 14-9 CO2 Density Calculated by Peng Robinson EoS (kg/m and vs. SW)
Temperature (C) -20 0 10 20 30 31 32 33 35 40 50 60 80 100 120 1.01 2.13 0.0% 1.97 0.0% 1.90 0.0% 1.83 0.0% 1.77 0.0% 1.77 0.0% 1.76 0.0% 1.76 0.0% 1.74 0.0% 1.72 0.0% 1.66 0.0% 1.61 0.0% 1.52 0.0% 1.44 0.0% 1.36 0.0% 30 1033.23 -0.3% 77.88 0.7% 71.85 1.2% 67.04 1.3% 63.06 1.4% 62.70 1.4% 62.34 1.4% 61.99 1.4% 61.30 1.4% 59.67 1.3% 56.74 1.3% 54.15 1.2% 49.78 1.0% 46.20 0.8% 43.18 0.7% 40 1039.74 -0.1% 900.04 -3.4% 109.66 1.2% 99.14 1.7% 91.37 1.8% 90.69 1.8% 90.03 1.8% 89.38 1.8% 88.13 1.8% 85.22 1.7% 80.16 1.6% 75.86 1.5% 68.90 1.3% 63.40 1.0% 58.90 0.8% 50 1045.94 0.1% 913.17 -2.9% 817.39 -5.9% 143.12 1.8% 126.69 2.2% 125.39 2.2% 124.14 2.2% 122.93 2.2% 120.63 2.2% 115.45 2.1% 106.93 2.0% 100.10 1.8% 89.56 1.5% 81.62 1.2% 75.32 1.0% Pressure (bara) 60 70 1051.86 0.3% 925.04 -2.4% 837.78 -5.0% 706.08 -9.8% 175.43 2.3% 172.54 2.4% 169.84 2.4% 167.31 2.4% 162.65 2.4% 152.87 2.4% 138.26 2.3% 127.48 2.1% 111.98 1.7% 100.95 1.3% 92.48 1.0% 1057.52 0.5% 935.90 -2.0% 855.16 -4.2% 744.71 -7.9% 269.79 1.2% 256.52 1.7% 246.44 2.0% 238.23 2.1% 225.23 2.3% 202.94 2.5% 176.10 2.4% 158.90 2.2% 136.39 1.7% 121.44 1.4% 110.39 1.1% 74 1059.72 0.5% 940.01 -1.9% 861.48 -4.0% 756.86 -7.3% 551.08 -14.9% 470.36 -16.9% 316.46 0.5% 291.96 1.3% 264.77 1.9% 229.32 2.3% 193.75 2.3% 172.85 2.2% 146.76 1.7% 129.97 1.4% 117.76 1.0% 80 1062.95 0.6% 945.93 -1.7% 870.40 -3.6% 772.92 -6.6% 617.82 -12.0% 593.02 -12.8% 563.51 -13.6% 526.03 -14.3% 400.25 -4.5% 282.27 1.6% 223.87 2.1% 195.55 2.1% 163.03 1.7% 143.15 1.3% 129.04 1.0% 100 1073.18 0.9% 964.00 -1.0% 896.41 -2.6% 814.90 -4.8% 709.99 -8.0% 697.49 -8.3% 684.50 -8.7% 670.96 -9.1% 642.07 -9.9% 556.57 -11.5% 372.26 -3.1% 290.57 0.2% 223.84 1.0% 190.31 0.9% 168.54 0.7% 150 1095.80 1.5% 1000.95 0.1% 945.73 -0.9% 883.89 -2.2% 814.08 -3.9% 806.61 -4.1% 799.04 -4.3% 791.37 -4.4% 775.75 -4.8% 734.96 -5.8% 646.58 -7.6% 554.32 -8.2% 406.91 -4.7% 325.11 -2.2% 276.96 -1.2%
Page 56 of 70
Table 14-10 CO2 Cv Calculated by Peng Robinson EoS (kJ/kgK and vs. SW)
Temperature (C) -20 0 10 20 30 31 32 33 35 40 50 60 80 100 120 1.01 0.606 -1.0% 0.627 -0.7% 0.638 -0.7% 0.649 -0.6% 0.659 -0.5% 0.660 -0.5% 0.661 -0.5% 0.662 -0.5% 0.664 -0.5% 0.669 -0.5% 0.679 -0.4% 0.689 -0.3% 0.709 -0.2% 0.727 -0.1% 0.745 0.0% 30 0.926 -0.9% 0.658 -18.0% 0.666 -13.4% 0.674 -10.4% 0.683 -8.2% 0.684 -8.0% 0.685 -7.8% 0.686 -7.7% 0.687 -7.3% 0.692 -6.6% 0.700 -5.3% 0.709 -4.3% 0.726 -2.9% 0.743 -1.9% 0.760 -1.2% 40 0.928 -0.8% 0.904 -3.9% 0.680 -21.0% 0.687 -15.1% 0.693 -11.5% 0.694 -11.2% 0.695 -11.0% 0.696 -10.7% 0.697 -10.2% 0.701 -9.0% 0.709 -7.2% 0.717 -5.8% 0.733 -3.8% 0.749 -2.5% 0.765 -1.6% 50 0.930 -0.7% 0.907 -3.0% 0.889 -7.2% 0.702 -22.2% 0.706 -15.7% 0.707 -15.2% 0.707 -14.8% 0.708 -14.4% 0.709 -13.6% 0.712 -11.9% 0.718 -9.2% 0.725 -7.3% 0.740 -4.8% 0.755 -3.1% 0.770 -1.9% Pressure (bara) 60 70 0.931 -0.6% 0.910 -2.4% 0.894 -5.3% 0.868 -13.0% 0.723 -21.6% 0.723 -20.7% 0.723 -19.9% 0.723 -19.2% 0.723 -17.9% 0.725 -15.2% 0.729 -11.5% 0.735 -9.0% 0.748 -5.7% 0.762 -3.7% 0.776 -2.3% 0.932 -0.5% 0.913 -1.8% 0.899 -4.1% 0.878 -9.2% 0.754 -34.5% 0.751 -31.4% 0.748 -29.1% 0.747 -27.2% 0.744 -24.3% 0.742 -19.5% 0.742 -14.1% 0.745 -10.7% 0.756 -6.7% 0.768 -4.3% 0.782 -2.7% 74 0.933 -0.5% 0.914 -1.7% 0.900 -3.7% 0.881 -8.2% 0.835 -26.0% 0.814 -44.2% 0.770 -38.1% 0.764 -33.5% 0.757 -28.4% 0.750 -21.7% 0.748 -15.2% 0.750 -11.4% 0.759 -7.1% 0.771 -4.5% 0.784 -2.8% 80 0.934 -0.5% 0.915 -1.4% 0.902 -3.2% 0.885 -7.0% 0.853 -17.4% 0.847 -19.7% 0.840 -22.8% 0.831 -27.1% 0.797 -39.5% 0.767 -25.8% 0.757 -17.0% 0.757 -12.6% 0.764 -7.6% 0.775 -4.8% 0.787 -3.0% 100 0.936 -0.4% 0.920 -0.8% 0.909 -1.9% 0.895 -4.2% 0.876 -8.8% 0.873 -9.4% 0.871 -10.1% 0.868 -10.9% 0.862 -12.5% 0.844 -18.0% 0.802 -22.1% 0.786 -16.3% 0.783 -9.4% 0.790 -5.9% 0.799 -3.7% 150 0.942 -0.1% 0.928 0.1% 0.921 -0.2% 0.912 -1.1% 0.901 -2.6% 0.900 -2.8% 0.899 -3.0% 0.898 -3.2% 0.895 -3.6% 0.889 -4.7% 0.874 -7.4% 0.858 -10.5% 0.835 -9.9% 0.828 -6.9% 0.831 -4.5%
Page 57 of 70
Table 14-11 CO2 Cp Calculated by Peng Robinson EoS (kJ/kgK and vs. SW)
Temperature (C) -20 0 10 20 30 31 32 33 35 40 50 60 80 100 120 1.01 0.80 -0.9% 0.82 -0.6% 0.83 -0.6% 0.84 -0.5% 0.85 -0.4% 0.85 -0.4% 0.85 -0.4% 0.86 -0.4% 0.86 -0.4% 0.86 -0.4% 0.87 -0.3% 0.88 -0.2% 0.90 -0.2% 0.92 -0.1% 0.94 0.0% 30 2.17 1.7% 1.22 -16.8% 1.15 -11.4% 1.11 -8.1% 1.08 -6.0% 1.08 -5.8% 1.07 -5.6% 1.07 -5.5% 1.07 -5.2% 1.06 -4.5% 1.04 -3.3% 1.04 -2.5% 1.03 -1.3% 1.02 -0.5% 1.03 0.0% 40 2.14 1.0% 2.79 11.7% 1.50 -18.1% 1.33 -11.5% 1.24 -8.0% 1.23 -7.7% 1.22 -7.5% 1.22 -7.2% 1.21 -6.8% 1.18 -5.7% 1.14 -4.2% 1.12 -3.1% 1.09 -1.5% 1.07 -0.6% 1.06 0.0% 50 2.10 0.4% 2.65 9.8% 3.42 18.7% 1.85 -16.5% 1.52 -10.1% 1.50 -9.7% 1.48 -9.3% 1.46 -8.9% 1.43 -8.3% 1.37 -6.9% 1.28 -4.9% 1.22 -3.6% 1.16 -1.8% 1.12 -0.7% 1.10 0.0% Pressure (bara) 60 70 2.07 -0.1% 2.55 8.3% 3.11 15.2% 5.12 29.8% 2.18 -12.5% 2.10 -11.8% 2.03 -11.2% 1.97 -10.6% 1.87 -9.7% 1.69 -7.9% 1.48 -5.5% 1.36 -3.9% 1.24 -2.0% 1.18 -0.7% 1.15 0.0% 2.04 -0.6% 2.46 7.0% 2.90 12.6% 4.01 21.3% 6.54 -18.0% 5.07 -15.2% 4.27 -13.6% 3.75 -12.5% 3.11 -10.9% 2.36 -8.5% 1.80 -5.9% 1.56 -4.2% 1.35 -2.1% 1.25 -0.8% 1.20 0.0% 74 2.03 -0.8% 2.43 6.5% 2.83 11.8% 3.76 19.3% 12.94 30.9% 55.01 16.1% 12.09 -15.6% 7.33 -13.5% 4.65 -11.4% 2.88 -8.8% 1.98 -6.0% 1.66 -4.3% 1.39 -2.2% 1.28 -0.9% 1.22 0.0% 80 2.02 -1.1% 2.39 5.9% 2.74 10.7% 3.48 16.9% 6.46 23.8% 7.48 22.8% 9.11 19.7% 12.14 11.0% 20.26 -31.5% 4.47 -9.7% 2.35 -6.4% 1.84 -4.5% 1.47 -2.3% 1.32 -0.9% 1.25 0.0% 100 1.97 -1.9% 2.27 4.1% 2.52 7.8% 2.93 11.9% 3.75 15.0% 3.88 15.1% 4.02 15.1% 4.17 14.9% 4.54 13.7% 5.82 2.8% 4.85 -16.5% 2.80 -7.8% 1.80 -3.3% 1.50 -1.4% 1.36 -0.3% 150 1.88 -3.5% 2.07 1.2% 2.21 3.7% 2.38 6.1% 2.61 7.8% 2.63 7.9% 2.66 8.0% 2.69 8.1% 2.74 8.1% 2.89 7.9% 3.18 4.2% 3.29 -4.1% 2.61 -9.9% 1.99 -5.5% 1.67 -2.6%
Page 58 of 70
Table 14-12 CO2 Enthalpy Calculated by Peng Robinson EoS (kJ/kg and vs. SW)
Temperature (C) -20 0 10 20 30 31 32 33 35 40 50 60 80 100 120 1.01 -38.0 -0.6% -21.8 -0.5% -13.5 -0.4% -5.2 -0.3% 3.3 -0.8% 4.2 -0.7% 5.0 -0.6% 5.9 -0.6% 7.6 -0.6% 11.9 -0.5% 20.5 -0.4% 29.3 -0.4% 47.1 -0.3% 65.3 -0.3% 83.9 -0.2% 30 -350.6 -0.5% -60.8 -5.8% -48.9 -3.7% -37.7 -1.7% -26.7 0.6% -25.7 0.9% -24.6 1.2% -23.5 1.5% -21.4 2.3% -16.1 4.9% -5.6 26.6% 4.8 -23.4% 25.4 -6.8% 45.9 -4.2% 66.4 -3.0% 40 -351.0 -0.5% -303.1 -1.4% -66.5 -5.3% -52.4 -2.5% -39.6 0.0% -38.4 0.2% -37.2 0.5% -35.9 0.8% -33.5 1.4% -27.6 3.3% -15.9 10.2% -4.7 68.7% 17.3 -12.2% 38.8 -6.3% 60.2 -4.3% 50 -351.4 -0.4% -304.8 -1.1% -275.0 -2.5% -71.5 -3.9% -54.9 -0.7% -53.4 -0.5% -51.9 -0.2% -50.5 0.1% -47.6 0.7% -40.6 2.3% -27.4 6.8% -14.9 18.1% 8.8 -24.8% 31.6 -9.2% 53.8 -5.7% Pressure (bara) 60 70 -351.7 -0.3% -306.2 -0.9% -278.3 -2.0% -240.0 -4.9% -74.8 -1.7% -72.6 -1.4% -70.6 -1.0% -68.6 -0.7% -64.7 -0.1% -55.9 1.5% -40.1 5.0% -26.0 11.2% 0.0 -101.4% 24.1 -13.3% 47.4 -7.4% -352.0 -0.3% -307.5 -0.7% -280.9 -1.6% -247.5 -3.7% -109.6 -3.9% -103.9 -3.1% -99.3 -2.5% -95.3 -2.0% -88.5 -1.1% -75.1 0.6% -54.8 3.8% -38.1 8.1% -9.4 67.5% 16.4 -20.2% 40.8 -9.4% 74 -352.0 -0.2% -308.0 -0.6% -281.8 -1.5% -249.7 -3.3% -192.0 -9.7% -170.0 -12.9% -123.1 -3.9% -113.9 -3.0% -102.5 -1.8% -84.7 0.1% -61.3 3.3% -43.3 7.2% -13.2 42.0% 13.3 -24.4% 38.2 -10.3% 80 -352.2 -0.2% -308.6 -0.6% -283.1 -1.3% -252.5 -2.8% -207.6 -6.8% -200.6 -7.6% -192.4 -8.5% -182.0 -9.6% -145.5 -5.8% -103.0 -0.9% -72.2 2.5% -51.6 6.1% -19.2 27.1% 8.6 -34.5% 34.2 -11.9% 100 -352.5 -0.1% -310.4 -0.3% -286.5 -0.8% -259.4 -1.8% -226.6 -3.7% -222.8 -3.9% -218.8 -4.2% -214.7 -4.5% -206.0 -5.2% -180.3 -6.9% -119.7 -2.4% -83.6 2.2% -40.1 11.7% -7.6 187.9% 20.9 -19.9% 150 -352.8 0.1% -313.4 0.2% -292.0 0.1% -269.0 -0.3% -244.1 -1.0% -241.5 -1.1% -238.9 -1.2% -236.2 -1.3% -230.8 -1.5% -216.7 -2.1% -186.3 -3.3% -153.7 -4.1% -93.5 -0.5% -48.2 7.4% -11.9 68.5%
Page 59 of 70
Table 14-13 CO2 Entropy Calculated by Peng Robinson EoS (kJ/kg and vs. SW)
Temperature (C) -20 0 10 20 30 31 32 33 35 40 50 60 80 100 120 1.01 -0.139 1.1% -0.077 2.7% -0.047 4.9% -0.018 14.8% 0.010 -19.7% 0.013 -16.2% 0.016 -13.7% 0.019 -12.0% 0.024 -9.5% 0.038 -6.4% 0.065 -3.9% 0.092 -2.9% 0.144 -1.9% 0.194 -1.5% 0.242 -1.2% 30 -1.905 -0.3% -0.819 -1.6% -0.776 -0.8% -0.737 -0.3% -0.700 0.1% -0.697 0.1% -0.693 0.2% -0.690 0.2% -0.683 0.2% -0.666 0.4% -0.633 0.6% -0.601 0.8% -0.541 1.1% -0.484 1.3% -0.431 1.5% 40 -1.910 -0.3% -1.728 -0.9% -0.878 -1.5% -0.829 -0.6% -0.786 -0.1% -0.782 0.0% -0.778 0.0% -0.774 0.0% -0.766 0.1% -0.747 0.3% -0.710 0.6% -0.676 0.8% -0.612 1.1% -0.553 1.4% -0.497 1.6% 50 -1.915 -0.2% -1.738 -0.7% -1.631 -1.5% -0.923 -1.2% -0.867 -0.3% -0.862 -0.2% -0.857 -0.2% -0.853 -0.1% -0.843 0.0% -0.821 0.2% -0.779 0.6% -0.741 0.8% -0.672 1.2% -0.609 1.4% -0.551 1.6% Pressure (bara) 60 70 -1.920 -0.2% -1.747 -0.5% -1.647 -1.2% -1.514 -2.8% -0.955 -0.6% -0.948 -0.5% -0.941 -0.4% -0.935 -0.4% -0.922 -0.2% -0.894 0.1% -0.844 0.5% -0.801 0.8% -0.725 1.2% -0.659 1.5% -0.598 1.7% -1.925 -0.1% -1.756 -0.4% -1.660 -0.9% -1.544 -2.1% -1.086 -1.5% -1.067 -1.2% -1.052 -1.0% -1.039 -0.8% -1.016 -0.5% -0.973 -0.1% -0.909 0.5% -0.859 0.8% -0.775 1.2% -0.704 1.5% -0.640 1.7% 74 -1.927 -0.1% -1.759 -0.4% -1.665 -0.9% -1.554 -1.9% -1.361 -4.9% -1.289 -6.2% -1.135 -1.6% -1.104 -1.2% -1.067 -0.8% -1.010 -0.2% -0.936 0.4% -0.882 0.8% -0.794 1.2% -0.721 1.5% -0.656 1.7% 80 -1.929 -0.1% -1.764 -0.3% -1.672 -0.7% -1.566 -1.6% -1.416 -3.5% -1.393 -3.8% -1.366 -4.2% -1.332 -4.7% -1.213 -2.5% -1.076 -0.5% -0.979 0.3% -0.916 0.7% -0.821 1.2% -0.745 1.5% -0.678 1.7% 100 -1.938 0.0% -1.778 -0.1% -1.692 -0.4% -1.598 -1.0% -1.488 -1.9% -1.476 -2.0% -1.463 -2.2% -1.449 -2.3% -1.421 -2.6% -1.338 -3.2% -1.148 -1.0% -1.037 0.3% -0.910 1.1% -0.821 1.5% -0.746 1.7% 150 -1.957 0.1% -1.808 0.2% -1.731 0.1% -1.651 -0.1% -1.568 -0.5% -1.559 -0.5% -1.550 -0.6% -1.542 -0.6% -1.524 -0.7% -1.479 -1.0% -1.383 -1.4% -1.284 -1.6% -1.108 -0.3% -0.983 0.8% -0.888 1.3%
Page 60 of 70
Table 14-14 CO2 Speed of Sound Calculated by Peng Robinson EoS (m/s and vs. SW)
Temperature (C) -20 0 10 20 30 31 32 33 35 40 50 60 80 100 120 1.01 249.2 0.0% 258.1 0.0% 262.4 0.0% 266.6 0.0% 270.7 0.0% 271.1 0.0% 271.5 0.0% 271.9 0.0% 272.7 0.0% 274.7 0.0% 278.7 0.0% 282.6 0.0% 290.2 0.0% 297.6 0.0% 304.8 0.0% 30 592.7 -17.5% 223.4 0.8% 232.2 0.3% 240.1 0.1% 247.3 0.0% 248.0 0.0% 248.7 0.0% 249.4 0.0% 250.7 -0.1% 254.0 -0.1% 260.2 -0.1% 266.1 -0.1% 277.0 -0.1% 287.0 0.0% 296.3 0.0% 40 602.1 -17.4% 471.7 -13.9% 220.0 1.8% 230.3 0.9% 239.1 0.5% 240.0 0.5% 240.8 0.5% 241.6 0.4% 243.2 0.4% 247.0 0.3% 254.2 0.2% 260.9 0.1% 273.0 0.1% 284.0 0.1% 294.0 0.1% 50 611.2 -17.2% 484.8 -14.6% 414.9 -9.4% 220.0 3.1% 231.0 1.7% 232.0 1.6% 233.0 1.5% 234.0 1.5% 235.9 1.3% 240.4 1.1% 248.7 0.8% 256.2 0.6% 269.5 0.4% 281.3 0.3% 292.0 0.3% Pressure (bara) 60 70 620.1 -17.1% 497.0 -15.0% 431.5 -11.2% 352.1 -0.3% 223.6 4.5% 224.8 4.2% 225.9 4.0% 227.1 3.7% 229.3 3.3% 234.5 2.6% 243.8 1.8% 252.1 1.3% 266.5 0.9% 279.1 0.6% 290.4 0.5% 628.8 -16.9% 508.6 -15.3% 446.4 -12.3% 376.8 -5.0% 220.7 15.0% 221.2 12.6% 222.1 11.0% 223.0 9.8% 225.1 8.0% 230.3 5.6% 240.1 3.5% 248.9 2.4% 264.3 1.5% 277.5 1.1% 289.3 0.9% 74 632.2 -16.9% 513.0 -15.4% 452.0 -12.7% 385.1 -6.2% 287.3 22.1% 259.3 51.6% 226.7 22.0% 225.3 16.9% 225.7 12.3% 229.8 7.7% 239.2 4.4% 248.1 3.0% 263.6 1.8% 277.0 1.3% 289.0 1.0% 80 637.2 -16.8% 519.6 -15.5% 460.0 -13.1% 396.4 -7.6% 317.5 8.4% 307.0 12.3% 295.2 17.3% 281.3 24.4% 245.0 35.1% 231.9 12.8% 238.8 6.3% 247.3 4.1% 262.9 2.4% 276.5 1.6% 288.6 1.3% 100 653.6 -16.5% 540.2 -15.7% 484.5 -14.0% 428.1 -10.6% 368.7 -3.6% 362.4 -2.6% 356.1 -1.5% 349.7 -0.3% 336.6 2.5% 302.6 12.1% 255.8 17.2% 252.4 9.8% 263.7 4.8% 276.7 3.1% 288.9 2.3% 150 692.1 -15.8% 585.9 -15.7% 536.1 -15.0% 488.1 -13.4% 442.0 -10.8% 437.5 -10.5% 433.1 -10.2% 428.6 -9.8% 419.8 -9.0% 398.2 -6.8% 358.2 -1.2% 325.6 5.3% 294.9 9.1% 293.2 6.7% 299.9 4.8%
Page 61 of 70
Table 14-15 CO2 Compressibility Calculated by Peng Robinson EoS (N/A, vs. SW)
Temperature (C) -20 0 10 20 30 31 32 33 35 40 50 60 80 100 120 1.01 0.991 0.0% 0.993 0.0% 0.994 0.0% 0.994 0.0% 0.995 0.0% 0.995 0.0% 0.995 0.0% 0.995 0.0% 0.995 0.0% 0.995 0.0% 0.996 0.0% 0.996 0.0% 0.997 0.0% 0.997 0.0% 0.998 0.0% 30 0.061 0.3% 0.746 -0.7% 0.781 -1.2% 0.808 -1.3% 0.831 -1.3% 0.833 -1.3% 0.835 -1.3% 0.837 -1.3% 0.841 -1.3% 0.850 -1.3% 0.866 -1.2% 0.880 -1.2% 0.903 -1.0% 0.921 -0.8% 0.935 -0.7% 40 0.080 0.1% 0.086 3.6% 0.682 -1.1% 0.729 -1.7% 0.764 -1.8% 0.768 -1.8% 0.771 -1.8% 0.774 -1.8% 0.780 -1.7% 0.793 -1.7% 0.817 -1.6% 0.838 -1.5% 0.870 -1.3% 0.895 -1.0% 0.914 -0.8% 50 0.100 -0.1% 0.106 3.0% 0.114 6.3% 0.631 -1.7% 0.689 -2.1% 0.694 -2.1% 0.699 -2.1% 0.703 -2.1% 0.712 -2.1% 0.732 -2.1% 0.766 -2.0% 0.794 -1.8% 0.837 -1.5% 0.869 -1.2% 0.894 -0.9% Pressure (bara) 60 70 0.119 -0.3% 0.126 2.5% 0.134 5.3% 0.153 10.8% 0.597 -2.3% 0.605 -2.3% 0.613 -2.3% 0.620 -2.4% 0.634 -2.4% 0.663 -2.4% 0.711 -2.2% 0.748 -2.0% 0.803 -1.6% 0.843 -1.3% 0.873 -1.0% 0.138 -0.4% 0.145 2.1% 0.153 4.4% 0.170 8.6% 0.453 -1.2% 0.475 -1.7% 0.493 -1.9% 0.508 -2.1% 0.534 -2.3% 0.583 -2.4% 0.651 -2.3% 0.700 -2.1% 0.769 -1.7% 0.818 -1.3% 0.854 -1.0% 74 0.146 -0.5% 0.153 1.9% 0.161 4.2% 0.177 7.9% 0.234 17.5% 0.274 20.3% 0.406 -0.5% 0.438 -1.3% 0.480 -1.9% 0.545 -2.3% 0.626 -2.3% 0.680 -2.1% 0.756 -1.7% 0.808 -1.3% 0.846 -1.0% 80 0.157 -0.6% 0.164 1.7% 0.172 3.8% 0.187 7.1% 0.226 13.6% 0.235 14.6% 0.246 15.7% 0.263 16.7% 0.343 4.7% 0.479 -1.5% 0.585 -2.1% 0.650 -2.0% 0.735 -1.7% 0.793 -1.3% 0.835 -1.0% 100 0.195 -0.9% 0.201 1.0% 0.209 2.7% 0.222 5.1% 0.246 8.7% 0.250 9.1% 0.253 9.6% 0.258 10.0% 0.268 11.0% 0.304 12.9% 0.440 3.2% 0.547 -0.2% 0.670 -1.0% 0.745 -0.9% 0.799 -0.7% 150 0.286 -1.4% 0.290 -0.1% 0.297 0.9% 0.306 2.3% 0.322 4.0% 0.324 4.2% 0.326 4.4% 0.328 4.6% 0.332 5.1% 0.345 6.2% 0.380 8.2% 0.430 9.0% 0.553 5.0% 0.654 2.2% 0.729 1.2%
Page 62 of 70
Table 14-16 CO2 Viscosity Calculated by Peng Robinson EoS (cP and vs. SW)
Temperature (C) -20 0 10 20 30 31 32 33 35 40 50 60 80 100 120 1.01 0.0133 4.6% 0.0143 4.3% 0.0148 4.2% 0.0153 4.1% 0.0158 4.0% 0.0158 3.9% 0.0159 3.9% 0.0159 3.9% 0.0160 3.9% 0.0163 3.8% 0.0167 3.7% 0.0172 3.6% 0.0181 3.4% 0.0191 3.2% 0.0200 3.0% 30 0.1177 -16.8% 0.0154 6.5% 0.0158 6.2% 0.0162 6.0% 0.0166 5.7% 0.0166 5.7% 0.0167 5.7% 0.0167 5.6% 0.0168 5.6% 0.0170 5.5% 0.0174 5.2% 0.0179 5.0% 0.0188 4.6% 0.0196 4.3% 0.0205 4.0% 40 0.1201 -16.3% 0.0830 -17.6% 0.0165 6.9% 0.0168 6.6% 0.0171 6.3% 0.0172 6.3% 0.0172 6.2% 0.0172 6.2% 0.0173 6.1% 0.0175 6.0% 0.0179 5.7% 0.0183 5.5% 0.0191 5.0% 0.0199 4.7% 0.0207 4.3% 50 0.1225 -15.8% 0.0857 -17.0% 0.0698 -17.1% 0.0179 7.2% 0.0179 6.9% 0.0179 6.8% 0.0180 6.8% 0.0180 6.8% 0.0180 6.7% 0.0181 6.5% 0.0184 6.2% 0.0187 5.9% 0.0195 5.4% 0.0202 5.0% 0.0210 4.6% Pressure (bara) 60 70 0.1249 -15.3% 0.0881 -16.5% 0.0728 -16.5% 0.0564 -16.6% 0.0193 7.5% 0.0193 7.5% 0.0192 7.4% 0.0192 7.4% 0.0192 7.3% 0.0191 7.1% 0.0192 6.7% 0.0194 6.3% 0.0199 5.8% 0.0206 5.3% 0.0213 4.9% 0.1273 -14.8% 0.0905 -16.0% 0.0756 -16.0% 0.0608 -15.7% 0.0230 7.7% 0.0225 7.9% 0.0221 7.9% 0.0218 7.9% 0.0214 7.9% 0.0207 7.6% 0.0203 7.1% 0.0203 6.7% 0.0206 6.1% 0.0211 5.5% 0.0217 5.1% 74 0.1282 -14.6% 0.0915 -15.8% 0.0766 -15.8% 0.0623 -15.5% 0.0419 -15.3% 0.0354 -14.0% 0.0255 7.4% 0.0242 7.8% 0.0230 8.0% 0.0218 7.8% 0.0209 7.3% 0.0207 6.9% 0.0208 6.2% 0.0213 5.6% 0.0219 5.2% 80 0.1296 -14.3% 0.0929 -15.5% 0.0781 -15.5% 0.0643 -15.1% 0.0479 -14.5% 0.0457 -14.3% 0.0431 -14.0% 0.0399 -13.1% 0.0306 2.6% 0.0241 7.8% 0.0220 7.5% 0.0214 7.1% 0.0213 6.3% 0.0217 5.8% 0.0222 5.3% 100 0.1342 -13.3% 0.0973 -14.6% 0.0828 -14.6% 0.0699 -14.2% 0.0573 -13.2% 0.0560 -13.1% 0.0547 -13.0% 0.0533 -12.8% 0.0505 -12.4% 0.0429 -10.4% 0.0296 4.2% 0.0255 6.8% 0.0234 6.6% 0.0231 6.0% 0.0233 5.6% 150 0.1454 -11.1% 0.1077 -12.5% 0.0933 -12.7% 0.0810 -12.4% 0.0703 -11.7% 0.0693 -11.6% 0.0683 -11.5% 0.0673 -11.4% 0.0654 -11.2% 0.0606 -10.5% 0.0517 -8.6% 0.0436 -5.4% 0.0332 2.2% 0.0291 4.8% 0.0276 5.2%
Page 63 of 70
14.3
Soave Redlich Kwong
Table 14-17 CO2 Density Calculated by Soave Redlich-Kwong EoS (kg/m and vs. SW)
Temperature (C) -20 0 1.01 2.13 0.0% 1.97 0.0% 1.90 10 -0.01% 1.8 20 0.00% 30 31 32 33 35 40 50 60 80 100 120 1.77 0.0% 1.77 0.0% 1.76 0.0% 1.75 0.0% 1.74 0.0% 1.71 0.0% 1.66 0.0% 1.61 0.0% 1.52 0.0% 1.44 0.0% 1.36 0.0% -0.39% 62.04 -0.3% 61.69 -0.3% 61.35 -0.3% 61.01 -0.2% 60.34 -0.2% 58.76 -0.2% 55.92 -0.2% 53.41 -0.2% 49.16 -0.3% 45.66 -0.3% 42.72 -0.4% -0.79% 89.31 -0.5% 88.66 -0.5% 88.03 -0.5% 87.41 -0.5% 86.22 -0.4% 83.43 -0.4% 78.57 -0.4% 74.45 -0.4% 67.74 -0.4% 62.43 -0.5% 58.07 -0.6% -1.68% 122.90 -0.9% 121.68 -0.9% 120.50 -0.8% 119.36 -0.8% 117.19 -0.8% 112.30 -0.7% 104.23 -0.6% 97.72 -0.6% 87.67 -0.6% 80.06 -0.7% 74.01 -0.8% -0.67% 65.9 -1.58% 96.7 30 932.91 -10.0% 76.34 -1.3% 70.53 40 939.61 -9.7% 811.33 -13.0% 106.70 50 945.97 -9.5% 824.38 -12.3% 737.66 15.08% 138.3 Pressure (bara) 60 70 952.03 -9.2% 836.12 -11.8% 757.51 14.09% 639.3 18.31% 168.58 -1.7% 165.91 -1.6% 163.41 -1.5% 161.06 -1.4% 156.74 -1.3% 147.63 -1.1% 133.95 -0.9% 123.80 -0.9% 109.13 -0.9% 98.64 -1.0% 90.56 -1.1% 957.82 -9.0% 846.83 -11.4% 774.32 13.30% 676.1 16.38% 255.21 -4.3% 243.29 -3.5% 234.18 -3.1% 226.72 -2.8% 214.86 -2.4% 194.39 -1.8% 169.53 -1.4% 153.49 -1.3% 132.35 -1.3% 118.23 -1.3% 107.74 -1.4% 74 960.06 -8.9% 850.87 -11.2% 780.41 -13.02% 687.6 -15.82% 506.65 -21.7% 435.97 -23.0% 298.24 -5.3% 276.05 -4.2% 251.32 -3.3% 218.87 -2.3% 186.04 -1.7% 166.61 -1.5% 142.18 -1.4% 126.36 -1.5% 114.80 -1.5% 80 963.36 -8.8% 856.70 -10.9% 789.00 12.64% 702.7 15.11% 567.10 -19.2% 545.64 -19.7% 520.20 -20.2% 488.12 -20.5% 378.73 -9.6% 267.98 -3.6% 214.13 -2.3% 187.89 -2.0% 157.55 -1.7% 138.87 -1.7% 125.56 -1.7% 100 973.78 -8.5% 874.42 -10.2% 813.96 -11.57% 742.0 -13.35% 650.51 -15.7% 639.69 -15.9% 628.46 -16.2% 616.78 -16.5% 591.90 -17.0% 518.37 -17.5% 352.95 -8.2% 276.70 -4.6% 214.69 -3.1% 183.44 -2.7% 163.05 -2.5% 150 996.75 -7.7% 910.60 -8.9% 861.25 -9.74% 806.6 -10.77% 745.56 -12.0% 739.05 -12.1% 732.47 -12.2% 725.81 -12.4% 712.26 -12.6% 676.94 -13.2% 600.46 -14.2% 519.68 -14.0% 385.86 -9.7% 309.89 -6.8% 265.10 -5.4%
Page 64 of 70
Table 14-18 CO2 Cv Calculated by Soave Redlich-Kwong EoS (kJ/kgK and vs. SW)
Temperature (C) -20 0 10 20 30 31 32 33 35 40 50 60 80 100 120 1.01 0.606 -0.9% 0.627 -0.7% 0.638 -0.6% 0.649 -0.6% 0.659 -0.5% 0.660 -0.5% 0.661 -0.5% 0.662 -0.5% 0.664 -0.5% 0.669 -0.4% 0.680 -0.4% 0.689 -0.3% 0.709 -0.2% 0.727 -0.1% 0.745 0.0% 30 0.978 4.6% 0.663 -17.4% 0.671 -12.8% 0.679 -9.8% 0.687 -7.7% 0.688 -7.5% 0.689 -7.3% 0.689 -7.1% 0.691 -6.8% 0.695 -6.1% 0.704 -4.8% 0.712 -3.9% 0.729 -2.5% 0.746 -1.5% 0.762 -0.8% 40 0.981 4.8% 0.948 0.8% 0.687 -20.2% 0.693 -14.4% 0.699 -10.8% 0.700 -10.5% 0.701 -10.2% 0.701 -10.0% 0.703 -9.5% 0.706 -8.4% 0.714 -6.6% 0.721 -5.2% 0.737 -3.3% 0.753 -2.0% 0.768 -1.1% 50 0.983 4.9% 0.952 1.8% 0.930 -3.0% 0.711 -21.3% 0.714 -14.8% 0.714 -14.3% 0.715 -13.9% 0.715 -13.4% 0.716 -12.7% 0.719 -11.0% 0.725 -8.4% 0.731 -6.6% 0.745 -4.1% 0.760 -2.5% 0.774 -1.4% Pressure (bara) 60 70 0.984 5.1% 0.956 2.6% 0.936 -0.9% 0.903 -9.5% 0.734 -20.5% 0.733 -19.6% 0.733 -18.8% 0.733 -18.1% 0.733 -16.8% 0.734 -14.2% 0.737 -10.5% 0.742 -8.0% 0.754 -4.9% 0.767 -3.0% 0.781 -1.7% 0.986 5.2% 0.959 3.2% 0.941 0.5% 0.915 -5.4% 0.769 -33.2% 0.765 -30.0% 0.763 -27.7% 0.760 -25.9% 0.757 -23.0% 0.753 -18.3% 0.752 -12.9% 0.755 -9.6% 0.764 -5.7% 0.775 -3.4% 0.788 -1.9% 74 0.987 5.2% 0.961 3.4% 0.943 0.9% 0.919 -4.2% 0.864 -23.4% 0.839 -42.5% 0.788 -36.7% 0.780 -32.1% 0.772 -27.0% 0.763 -20.3% 0.759 -13.9% 0.760 -10.2% 0.768 -6.0% 0.778 -3.6% 0.790 -2.0% 80 0.988 5.3% 0.963 3.7% 0.946 1.5% 0.924 -2.9% 0.885 -14.2% 0.878 -16.8% 0.870 -20.0% 0.860 -24.5% 0.821 -37.6% 0.783 -24.2% 0.770 -15.6% 0.768 -11.2% 0.774 -6.5% 0.783 -3.9% 0.795 -2.2% 100 0.991 5.5% 0.968 4.4% 0.954 2.9% 0.937 0.2% 0.913 -4.9% 0.910 -5.6% 0.907 -6.4% 0.904 -7.2% 0.897 -9.1% 0.875 -15.0% 0.824 -19.9% 0.803 -14.5% 0.796 -7.9% 0.800 -4.6% 0.809 -2.5% 150 0.998 5.9% 0.979 5.6% 0.969 5.0% 0.957 3.8% 0.943 1.9% 0.942 1.7% 0.940 1.4% 0.939 1.2% 0.936 0.7% 0.928 -0.6% 0.909 -3.7% 0.889 -7.3% 0.858 -7.4% 0.846 -4.9% 0.846 -2.7%
Page 65 of 70
Table 14-19 CO2 Cp Calculated by Soave Redlich-Kwong EoS (kJ/kgK and vs. SW)
Temperature (C) -20 0 10 20 30 31 32 33 35 40 50 60 80 100 120 1.01 0.80 -0.9% 0.82 -0.6% 0.83 -0.5% 0.84 -0.5% 0.85 -0.4% 0.85 -0.4% 0.85 -0.4% 0.86 -0.4% 0.86 -0.4% 0.86 -0.3% 0.87 -0.3% 0.88 -0.2% 0.90 -0.1% 0.92 -0.1% 0.94 0.0% 30 2.26 5.7% 1.23 -16.4% 1.16 -11.0% 1.11 -7.8% 1.08 -5.7% 1.08 -5.5% 1.08 -5.4% 1.07 -5.2% 1.07 -4.9% 1.06 -4.2% 1.05 -3.1% 1.04 -2.3% 1.03 -1.1% 1.02 -0.4% 1.03 0.1% 40 2.22 4.9% 2.88 15.5% 1.50 -17.9% 1.33 -11.2% 1.24 -7.7% 1.23 -7.4% 1.23 -7.2% 1.22 -6.9% 1.21 -6.5% 1.18 -5.5% 1.15 -3.9% 1.12 -2.8% 1.09 -1.4% 1.07 -0.4% 1.06 0.1% 50 2.18 4.1% 2.74 13.2% 3.53 22.5% 1.85 -16.5% 1.52 -9.8% 1.50 -9.4% 1.49 -9.0% 1.47 -8.7% 1.44 -8.0% 1.37 -6.6% 1.28 -4.7% 1.23 -3.3% 1.16 -1.5% 1.12 -0.5% 1.10 0.2% Pressure (bara) 60 70 2.15 3.5% 2.62 11.3% 3.19 18.0% 5.29 34.1% 2.18 -12.5% 2.10 -11.8% 2.04 -11.1% 1.98 -10.5% 1.88 -9.5% 1.69 -7.6% 1.49 -5.2% 1.37 -3.6% 1.25 -1.7% 1.18 -0.5% 1.15 0.2% 2.12 2.9% 2.53 9.8% 2.96 15.0% 4.07 23.3% 6.46 -19.0% 5.04 -15.7% 4.26 -13.9% 3.75 -12.6% 3.12 -10.8% 2.37 -8.3% 1.81 -5.5% 1.57 -3.8% 1.35 -1.8% 1.25 -0.5% 1.20 0.2% 74 2.10 2.7% 2.49 9.3% 2.89 14.1% 3.81 20.9% 12.96 31.2% 54.05 14.0% 12.15 -15.1% 7.36 -13.1% 4.67 -11.0% 2.90 -8.3% 1.99 -5.6% 1.67 -3.9% 1.40 -1.8% 1.28 -0.6% 1.22 0.3% 80 2.09 2.4% 2.45 8.6% 2.80 12.8% 3.52 18.3% 6.43 23.1% 7.40 21.5% 8.95 17.6% 11.79 7.8% 21.26 -28.2% 4.54 -8.3% 2.37 -5.7% 1.85 -4.0% 1.48 -1.9% 1.33 -0.6% 1.25 0.3% 100 2.04 1.5% 2.32 6.6% 2.57 9.8% 2.96 13.0% 3.74 14.7% 3.86 14.7% 3.99 14.4% 4.14 14.1% 4.49 12.5% 5.72 1.2% 5.02 -13.5% 2.85 -6.0% 1.81 -2.4% 1.51 -0.8% 1.37 0.2% 150 1.94 -0.3% 2.12 3.6% 2.25 5.5% 2.41 7.3% 2.62 8.3% 2.64 8.3% 2.67 8.4% 2.69 8.4% 2.74 8.3% 2.88 7.8% 3.17 4.0% 3.32 -3.4% 2.68 -7.6% 2.03 -3.7% 1.70 -1.3%
Page 66 of 70
Table 14-20 CO2 Enthalpy Calculated by Soave Redlich-Kwong EoS (kJ/kg and vs. SW)
Temperature (C) -20 0 10 20 30 31 32 33 35 40 50 60 80 100 120 1.01 -38.0 -0.7% -21.8 -0.6% -13.5 -0.6% -5.1 -0.8% 3.3 0.1% 4.2 0.0% 5.0 -0.1% 5.9 -0.1% 7.6 -0.2% 11.9 -0.2% 20.6 -0.3% 29.3 -0.3% 47.2 -0.2% 65.4 -0.2% 83.9 -0.2% 30 -351.8 -0.2% -60.1 -6.9% -48.2 -5.1% -36.9 -3.8% -25.9 -2.5% -24.8 -2.4% -23.8 -2.2% -22.7 -2.1% -20.5 -1.8% -15.2 -0.8% -4.7 6.4% 5.7 -8.9% 26.4 -3.3% 46.9 -2.2% 67.4 -1.6% 40 -352.3 -0.1% -302.6 -1.5% -65.5 -6.8% -51.4 -4.5% -38.5 -2.8% -37.3 -2.6% -36.1 -2.5% -34.8 -2.3% -32.4 -1.9% -26.4 -1.0% -14.8 2.1% -3.5 25.3% 18.6 -5.9% 40.1 -3.2% 61.5 -2.2% 50 -352.8 0.0% -304.6 -1.2% -273.9 -2.9% -70.2 -5.6% -53.6 -3.2% -52.1 -3.0% -50.6 -2.8% -49.1 -2.6% -46.2 -2.2% -39.2 -1.2% -25.9 1.2% -13.4 6.5% 10.4 -11.8% 33.2 -4.6% 55.4 -2.9% Pressure (bara) 60 70 -353.1 0.1% -306.2 -0.9% -277.5 -2.3% -238.2 -5.6% -73.2 -3.8% -71.0 -3.5% -69.0 -3.3% -67.0 -3.0% -63.1 -2.6% -54.2 -1.5% -38.5 0.6% -24.2 3.9% 1.7 -47.7% 26.0 -6.7% 49.3 -3.7% -353.4 0.2% -307.6 -0.7% -280.4 -1.8% -246.3 -4.1% -107.8 -5.5% -102.1 -4.7% -97.5 -4.2% -93.5 -3.8% -86.7 -3.1% -73.3 -1.8% -52.9 0.2% -36.2 2.7% -7.4 31.4% 18.5 -10.0% 43.0 -4.6% 74 -353.5 0.2% -308.1 -0.6% -281.4 -1.6% -248.7 -3.7% -190.6 -10.3% -168.6 -13.6% -121.5 -5.2% -112.3 -4.4% -100.8 -3.4% -82.9 -2.0% -59.4 0.1% -41.3 2.3% -11.1 19.4% 15.5 -12.0% 40.5 -5.0% 80 -353.7 0.2% -308.8 -0.5% -282.7 -1.4% -251.7 -3.2% -206.5 -7.3% -199.7 -8.0% -191.6 -8.9% -181.4 -9.9% -145.5 -5.8% -101.4 -2.4% -70.3 -0.2% -49.6 1.9% -17.0 12.4% 10.9 -16.8% 36.6 -5.8% 100 -354.1 0.3% -310.8 -0.2% -286.4 -0.8% -258.9 -2.0% -225.9 -3.9% -222.1 -4.2% -218.2 -4.5% -214.1 -4.8% -205.5 -5.4% -180.2 -7.0% -118.9 -3.1% -81.7 0.0% -37.7 5.0% -5.0 87.5% 23.7 -9.2% 150 -354.5 0.5% -313.9 0.4% -292.1 0.1% -268.8 -0.4% -243.7 -1.2% -241.1 -1.3% -238.4 -1.4% -235.8 -1.5% -230.3 -1.7% -216.3 -2.3% -186.0 -3.5% -153.3 -4.3% -91.9 -2.2% -45.5 1.5% -8.7 22.8%
Page 67 of 70
Table 14-21 CO2 Entropy Calculated by Soave Redlich-Kwong EoS (kJ/kg and vs. SW)
Temperature (C) -20 0 10 20 30 31 32 33 35 40 50 60 80 100 120 1.01 -0.139 1.2% -0.077 2.7% -0.047 4.9% -0.018 14.8% 0.010 -19.7% 0.013 -16.2% 0.016 -13.7% 0.019 -11.9% 0.024 -9.5% 0.038 -6.4% 0.065 -3.9% 0.092 -2.9% 0.144 -1.9% 0.194 -1.5% 0.242 -1.2% 30 -1.914 0.1% -0.819 -1.5% -0.776 -0.8% -0.737 -0.3% -0.700 0.1% -0.697 0.1% -0.693 0.1% -0.689 0.2% -0.683 0.2% -0.665 0.4% -0.632 0.6% -0.600 0.7% -0.540 1.0% -0.484 1.2% -0.430 1.4% 40 -1.920 0.2% -1.731 -0.7% -0.878 -1.5% -0.829 -0.6% -0.786 -0.1% -0.782 0.0% -0.778 0.0% -0.774 0.0% -0.766 0.1% -0.747 0.3% -0.710 0.5% -0.676 0.7% -0.611 1.0% -0.552 1.3% -0.496 1.4% 50 -1.926 0.3% -1.743 -0.4% -1.633 -1.4% -0.923 -1.2% -0.867 -0.3% -0.862 -0.2% -0.857 -0.2% -0.852 -0.1% -0.843 0.0% -0.820 0.2% -0.779 0.5% -0.741 0.7% -0.671 1.1% -0.609 1.3% -0.550 1.5% Pressure (bara) 60 70 -1.931 0.4% -1.753 -0.2% -1.650 -1.0% -1.514 -2.8% -0.955 -0.6% -0.948 -0.5% -0.941 -0.5% -0.935 -0.4% -0.922 -0.2% -0.893 0.1% -0.844 0.5% -0.800 0.8% -0.725 1.1% -0.658 1.3% -0.597 1.5% -1.937 0.5% -1.763 -0.1% -1.665 -0.7% -1.547 -1.9% -1.086 -1.5% -1.067 -1.2% -1.052 -1.0% -1.039 -0.8% -1.016 -0.5% -0.973 -0.1% -0.909 0.4% -0.858 0.7% -0.774 1.1% -0.703 1.4% -0.639 1.5% 74 -1.939 0.5% -1.766 0.0% -1.670 -0.6% -1.557 -1.7% -1.362 -4.8% -1.290 -6.1% -1.135 -1.6% -1.105 -1.2% -1.068 -0.7% -1.010 -0.2% -0.936 0.4% -0.881 0.7% -0.793 1.1% -0.720 1.4% -0.654 1.5% 80 -1.942 0.5% -1.771 0.1% -1.678 -0.4% -1.570 -1.4% -1.419 -3.3% -1.396 -3.6% -1.369 -4.0% -1.336 -4.4% -1.220 -2.0% -1.077 -0.4% -0.979 0.3% -0.916 0.7% -0.821 1.1% -0.744 1.4% -0.677 1.6% 100 -1.951 0.7% -1.787 0.4% -1.699 0.0% -1.604 -0.6% -1.493 -1.6% -1.481 -1.7% -1.468 -1.8% -1.455 -1.9% -1.427 -2.2% -1.345 -2.7% -1.152 -0.6% -1.039 0.4% -0.910 1.1% -0.820 1.4% -0.745 1.6% 150 -1.973 0.9% -1.819 0.8% -1.741 0.7% -1.660 0.4% -1.576 0.0% -1.567 0.0% -1.558 -0.1% -1.549 -0.1% -1.532 -0.2% -1.486 -0.4% -1.391 -0.9% -1.292 -1.0% -1.113 0.2% -0.985 1.0% -0.888 1.3%
Page 68 of 70
Table 14-22 CO2 Speed of Sound Calculated by Soave Redlich-Kwong EoS (m/s and vs. SW)
Temperature (C) -20 0 10 20 30 31 32 33 35 40 50 60 80 100 120 1.01 249.4 0.1% 258.2 0.1% 262.5 0.1% 266.7 0.1% 270.8 0.1% 271.2 0.1% 271.6 0.1% 272.0 0.1% 272.9 0.1% 274.9 0.1% 278.8 0.0% 282.7 0.0% 290.3 0.0% 297.7 0.0% 304.9 0.0% 30 579.4 -19.4% 227.4 2.6% 236.1 2.0% 243.8 1.6% 250.9 1.4% 251.6 1.4% 252.3 1.4% 252.9 1.4% 254.2 1.3% 257.4 1.3% 263.6 1.2% 269.3 1.1% 280.1 1.0% 289.9 1.0% 299.1 0.9% 40 588.9 -19.2% 469.1 -14.4% 225.1 4.2% 235.1 3.0% 243.8 2.5% 244.6 2.4% 245.4 2.4% 246.2 2.3% 247.7 2.3% 251.5 2.1% 258.6 1.9% 265.1 1.7% 277.0 1.5% 287.7 1.4% 297.5 1.3% 50 598.0 -19.0% 482.4 -15.0% 416.6 -9.0% 225.9 5.9% 236.7 4.2% 237.7 4.1% 238.6 4.0% 239.6 3.9% 241.4 3.7% 245.8 3.4% 253.9 2.9% 261.2 2.6% 274.3 2.2% 285.8 1.9% 296.3 1.8% Pressure (bara) 60 70 606.9 -18.8% 494.8 -15.4% 433.7 -10.7% 357.3 1.2% 230.2 7.6% 231.3 7.3% 232.4 7.0% 233.5 6.7% 235.7 6.2% 240.7 5.4% 249.8 4.3% 257.9 3.7% 272.0 2.9% 284.3 2.5% 295.4 2.3% 615.6 -18.7% 506.5 -15.7% 448.9 -11.8% 382.9 -3.4% 228.2 19.0% 228.7 16.4% 229.4 14.7% 230.3 13.4% 232.3 11.5% 237.3 8.8% 246.9 6.4% 255.5 5.1% 270.4 3.9% 283.3 3.2% 294.8 2.8% 74 619.0 -18.6% 511.0 -15.8% 454.5 -12.2% 391.4 -4.7% 296.1 25.8% 268.1 56.8% 234.6 26.3% 233.1 20.9% 233.2 16.1% 237.1 11.1% 246.3 7.5% 254.9 5.9% 270.0 4.3% 283.1 3.5% 294.7 3.0% 80 624.1 -18.5% 517.5 -15.9% 462.6 -12.6% 402.9 -6.1% 327.0 11.6% 316.7 15.8% 305.2 21.3% 291.6 28.9% 254.8 40.6% 239.8 16.6% 246.2 9.6% 254.5 7.1% 269.6 5.0% 282.9 4.0% 294.7 3.4% 100 640.4 -18.2% 538.1 -16.0% 487.2 -13.6% 434.8 -9.2% 378.6 -1.0% 372.6 0.2% 366.6 1.4% 360.4 2.8% 347.8 5.9% 314.5 16.5% 265.4 21.6% 260.7 13.4% 271.4 7.9% 284.1 5.8% 295.9 4.8% 150 678.5 -17.4% 583.6 -16.1% 538.4 -14.6% 494.5 -12.3% 451.8 -8.9% 447.6 -8.5% 443.4 -8.0% 439.2 -7.6% 430.9 -6.6% 410.4 -4.0% 371.7 2.6% 339.0 9.6% 305.7 13.1% 302.7 10.2% 308.9 8.0%
Page 69 of 70
Table 14-23 CO2 Compressibility Calculated by Soave Redlich-Kwong EoS (N/A and vs. SW)
Temperature (C) -20 0 10 20 30 31 32 33 35 40 50 60 80 100 120 1.01 0.992 0.03% 0.993 0.0% 0.994 0.0% 0.995 0.0% 0.995 0.0% 0.995 0.0% 0.995 0.0% 0.995 0.0% 0.996 0.0% 0.996 0.0% 0.996 0.0% 0.997 0.0% 0.997 0.0% 0.998 0.0% 0.998 0.0% 30 0.067 11.09% 0.762 1.3% 0.795 0.7% 0.822 0.4% 0.844 0.3% 0.846 0.3% 0.848 0.3% 0.850 0.2% 0.854 0.2% 0.863 0.2% 0.879 0.2% 0.892 0.2% 0.915 0.3% 0.932 0.3% 0.945 0.4% 40 0.089 10.76% 0.096 14.9% 0.701 1.6% 0.747 0.8% 0.782 0.5% 0.785 0.5% 0.788 0.5% 0.791 0.5% 0.797 0.4% 0.810 0.4% 0.834 0.4% 0.854 0.4% 0.885 0.4% 0.909 0.5% 0.927 0.6% 50 0.111 10.45% 0.118 14.1% 0.127 17.8% 0.653 1.7% 0.710 0.9% 0.715 0.9% 0.720 0.8% 0.724 0.8% 0.733 0.8% 0.753 0.7% 0.786 0.6% 0.813 0.6% 0.855 0.6% 0.886 0.7% 0.910 0.8% Pressure (bara) 60 70 0.132 10.17% 0.139 13.4% 0.148 16.4% 0.169 22.4% 0.621 1.7% 0.629 1.6% 0.637 1.5% 0.644 1.4% 0.658 1.3% 0.687 1.1% 0.734 0.9% 0.770 0.9% 0.824 0.9% 0.863 1.0% 0.892 1.1% 0.153 9.91% 0.160 12.8% 0.169 15.3% 0.187 19.6% 0.479 4.5% 0.501 3.7% 0.519 3.2% 0.534 2.9% 0.560 2.4% 0.609 1.9% 0.676 1.5% 0.725 1.3% 0.793 1.3% 0.840 1.3% 0.875 1.4% 74 0.161 9.82% 0.169 12.6% 0.177 15.0% 0.194 18.8% 0.255 27.8% 0.295 29.8% 0.430 5.6% 0.463 4.4% 0.506 3.4% 0.571 2.4% 0.652 1.8% 0.706 1.6% 0.780 1.5% 0.831 1.5% 0.868 1.5% 80 0.174 9.67% 0.181 12.3% 0.190 14.5% 0.206 17.8% 0.246 23.7% 0.255 24.6% 0.267 25.4% 0.283 25.7% 0.363 10.7% 0.505 3.7% 0.612 2.4% 0.677 2.0% 0.761 1.8% 0.817 1.7% 0.858 1.7% 100 0.215 9.24% 0.222 11.4% 0.230 13.1% 0.243 15.4% 0.268 18.6% 0.272 19.0% 0.276 19.3% 0.280 19.7% 0.290 20.4% 0.326 21.3% 0.464 8.9% 0.574 4.8% 0.698 3.2% 0.773 2.8% 0.826 2.6% 150 0.315 8.36% 0.319 9.8% 0.326 10.8% 0.336 12.1% 0.351 13.6% 0.353 13.8% 0.355 13.9% 0.357 14.1% 0.362 14.4% 0.375 15.3% 0.409 16.5% 0.459 16.2% 0.583 10.7% 0.687 7.3% 0.762 5.8%
Page 70 of 70
Table 14-24 CO2 Viscosity Calculated by Soave Redlich-Kwong EoS (cP and vs. SW)
Temperature (C) -20 0 10 20 30 31 32 33 35 40 50 60 80 100 120 1.01 0.0133 4.6% 0.0143 4.3% 0.0148 4.2% 0.0153 4.1% 0.0158 4.0% 0.0158 3.9% 0.0159 3.9% 0.0159 3.9% 0.0160 3.9% 0.0163 3.8% 0.0167 3.7% 0.0172 3.6% 0.0181 3.4% 0.0191 3.2% 0.0200 3.0% 30 0.0889 -37.2% 0.0154 6.3% 0.0157 6.1% 0.0162 5.8% 0.0166 5.6% 0.0166 5.6% 0.0167 5.5% 0.0167 5.5% 0.0168 5.5% 0.0170 5.4% 0.0174 5.2% 0.0179 5.0% 0.0187 4.6% 0.0196 4.3% 0.0205 4.0% 40 0.0904 -37.0% 0.0684 -32.1% 0.0165 6.5% 0.0168 6.3% 0.0171 6.0% 0.0171 6.0% 0.0172 6.0% 0.0172 6.0% 0.0173 5.9% 0.0174 5.8% 0.0178 5.6% 0.0182 5.3% 0.0190 4.9% 0.0199 4.6% 0.0207 4.2% 50 0.0919 -36.8% 0.0703 -31.9% 0.0595 -29.4% 0.0177 6.4% 0.0178 6.3% 0.0179 6.3% 0.0179 6.3% 0.0179 6.3% 0.0179 6.2% 0.0181 6.1% 0.0184 5.9% 0.0187 5.6% 0.0194 5.2% 0.0202 4.8% 0.0210 4.5% Pressure (bara) 60 70 0.0933 -36.7% 0.0721 -31.7% 0.0619 -29.1% 0.0495 -26.8% 0.0191 6.3% 0.0191 6.3% 0.0190 6.3% 0.0190 6.3% 0.0190 6.3% 0.0190 6.2% 0.0191 6.0% 0.0193 5.8% 0.0199 5.4% 0.0206 5.0% 0.0213 4.7% 0.0947 -36.5% 0.0737 -31.6% 0.0640 -28.9% 0.0532 -26.2% 0.0224 4.6% 0.0219 5.1% 0.0216 5.4% 0.0213 5.6% 0.0209 5.9% 0.0204 6.1% 0.0201 6.0% 0.0201 5.9% 0.0205 5.5% 0.0210 5.1% 0.0217 4.8% 74 0.0953 -36.5% 0.0744 -31.5% 0.0648 -28.8% 0.0544 -26.1% 0.0382 -22.8% 0.0329 -20.1% 0.0245 3.4% 0.0235 4.4% 0.0224 5.2% 0.0213 5.8% 0.0206 6.0% 0.0205 5.9% 0.0207 5.5% 0.0212 5.2% 0.0218 4.8% 80 0.0961 -36.4% 0.0753 -31.4% 0.0659 -28.8% 0.0560 -26.0% 0.0433 -22.7% 0.0415 -22.2% 0.0394 -21.3% 0.0369 -19.7% 0.0292 -2.0% 0.0234 4.8% 0.0216 5.7% 0.0212 5.7% 0.0212 5.5% 0.0215 5.2% 0.0221 4.9% 100 0.0989 -36.1% 0.0783 -31.2% 0.0693 -28.6% 0.0605 -25.8% 0.0511 -22.7% 0.0501 -22.3% 0.0490 -21.9% 0.0480 -21.5% 0.0458 -20.7% 0.0397 -17.1% 0.0284 0.0% 0.0248 4.0% 0.0231 5.0% 0.0229 5.0% 0.0231 4.8% 150 0.1055 -35.5% 0.0851 -30.8% 0.0766 -28.3% 0.0688 -25.7% 0.0614 -22.9% 0.0607 -22.6% 0.0600 -22.3% 0.0593 -22.0% 0.0578 -21.4% 0.0543 -19.9% 0.0473 -16.4% 0.0407 -11.8% 0.0318 -2.0% 0.0283 1.9% 0.0270 3.1%

6.23 Equation of State Prediction of Carbon Dioxide Properties

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6.23 Equation of State Prediction of Carbon Dioxide Properties

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KCP-GNS-FAS-DRP-0001 Rev.

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Equation of State Prediction of Carbon Dioxide Properties

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Abbreviations and Glossary Abbreviations

2.2 Glossary of Terms

KCP-GNS-FAS-DRP-0001_02-ktKKDoc1--Equation of State Prediction of Carbon Dioxide Properties

Printed on: 18-Jan-2011

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Thermodynamic Behaviour of Pure Carbon Dioxide 3.1 Phases of Carbon Dioxide

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3.2 Overview of CO2 Basic Properties 3.2.1 The Critical Region

Density as Function of Temperature and Pressure

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70 bara < P < 77.4 bara

Other Properties near Critical Pressure and Temperature

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Basic Data for CO2 Mixtures 4.1 Introduction

conditions of the system or process

availability of experimental data computational speed

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4.2 Commercial Software Packages

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Span Wagner PR SRK PR SRK

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Property Calculation Methods 5.1 Corresponding States Correlations

5.2 Equations of State 5.2.1 Introduction

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Soave Redlich-Kwong (SRK)

Peng Robinson (PR)

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CPA (Cubic Plus Association)

Missing / Upgrading Binary Parameters

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5.3 Special Methods 5.3.1 Introduction

Alcohol (Hydrate Mitigation)

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5.4 Thermodynamic Property Methods 5.4.1 COSTALD Liquid Density

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5.5 Transport Properties

Liquid and Vapour Viscosity

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6.2 Selected Correlations for Transport Properties

6.3 Likely Errors

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Errors Incurred by Utilising Span Wagner for CO2 Mixtures

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Carbon Dioxide Phase Diagram (Multiflash 100% and 95% Compositions)

Dewpoint 95% Bubblepoint 95% Pure CO2

-10 Temperature (deg C)

6.4 Comparison of Calculation Methods for Pure CO2

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