1st.

Chapter
Determination of coplanar resultant force acting on a particle, resolution of forces into components and their moments. Theorem: Statics 43 54. p.

1st Problem
Consider a particle A acted upon by two coplanar forces. The forces considered here all pass through A, they are also said to be concurrent. Determine the resultant force of the acting forces in the A point by calculation and construction! Given data F1 = 250 N; F2 = 500 N Solution by calculation (Statics 52.page.) In order to obtain the resultant force, the two vectors, F1 and F2, must be added together. So to say, summarized: Fr = Fi The force vectors: F2 = F2j = 500j F1 = F1i = 250i; By substituting into the resultant force: Fr = F1i F2j = 250i 500j [N] Result The resultant force (Statics 49.page.): By vector coordinates: Fr = 250i 500j [N] By magnitude and unit-vectors:
Fr = F12 + F22 = (250) 2 + (500) 2 = 559 N The resultant is situated in the 3rd plane section (both of its coordinates are negative), thus its angle: F 250 x = 180 + arc tg 2 = 180 + arc tg = 243,4 . F1 500 By the use of the unit vector: The unit vector of the resultant force: e = i cos x + j sin x = 0,44776i 0,89415 j Fr = Fr e = 559e [N ]

Solution by construction (Statics 46. pages) The Parallelogram-law will be applied after setting the scale: By adding the forces together (one after the other, without any concern of their order) the resultant vector can be obtained by connecting the tail of the first vector with the tip of the last vector.

Result According to the scale the resultant is approximately: Fr 550 N, angle of the resultant: x 250, while its line of action crosses the intersection of the line of action of the two forces.

2nd Problem
Determine the resultant of F1 and F2! Given data F1 = 500 N; F2 = 400 N; 1 = 15; 2 = 75 Solution by calculation (Statics 52. pages.) The resultant of the forces can be determined by adding F1 and F2 together, so to say summarizing the given vectors. Fr = Fi The Fr resultant vector components can be derived by the deconvolution of F1 and F2 scalar components: Frx = Fix; Fry = Fiy The components: F1x = F1cos1 = 500cos15 = 483 N F1y = F1sin1 = 500sin15 = 129,4 N F2x = F2cos2 = 400cos75 = 103,5 N F2y = F2sin2 = 400sin75 = 386,4 N The components of the resultant force: Frx = F1x + F2x = 483 + 103,5 = 586,5 N Fry = F1y + F2y = 129,4 + 386,4 = 515,8 N

Result The resultant: By vector coordinates:

Fr = Frxi + Fryj = 586,5i + 515,8j [N] By magnitude and unit vector:

2 2 Fe = Fex + Fey = 586,5 2 + 515,8 2 = 781,04 N

The resultant is situated in the 1st plane section (both of its coordinates are positive), thus its angle: F 515,8 x = arc tg ey = arc tg = 41,33 Fex 586,5 Solution by construction (Statics 46. pages) By setting the scale, the forces are added together by appropriate scaling, direction and sense one after the other. The resultant vector can be obtained by connecting the tail of the first vector with the tip of the last vector. According to the scale the resultant is approximately: Fr 790 N, angle of the resultant: x 40, while its line of action crosses the intersection of the line of action of the two forces.

3rd Problem
Consider a particle denoted by O acted upon a certain system of forces. Determine the resultant of the given system of force by calculation and construction! Given data F1 = 2000 N; F2 = 3000 N; F3 = 7 kN; F4 = 4 kN; 1 = 30; 2 = 80; 3 = 100; 4 = 40 Solution by calculation (Statics 52. pages.) The resultant of the forces can be determined by adding the forces together, so to say summarizing the given vectors. Fe = Fi The Fr resultant vector components can be derived by the deconvolution of scalar components of the system of forces: Fex = Fix; Fey = Fiy Calculation of the components: Fix = Ficosi Fiy = Fisini (1.1) For example the components of the 2nd force: F2x = F2cos2 = 3000cos80 = 520,94 N F2y = F2sin2 = 3000sin80 = 2954,42 N In order to make the calculation more transparent, the components of the forces can be summarized in a table. Naturally, all the components must be calculated as it is shown in the example. Fix [N] Fiy [N] i 1732,05 1000 1 520,94 2954,42 2 1215,53 6893,65 3 3064,17 2571,15 4 4101,63 5510,38 Result The resultant: By vector coordinates:: Fr = 4101,63i 5510,38j [N] By magnitude and unit vector:
2 2 Fr = Frx + Fry = 4101,632 + 5510,382 = 6869,32 N

The resultant is situated in the 4th plane section thus its angle: Fey 5510,38 x = 360 arc tg = 360 arc tg = 306,66 Fex 4101,63
Solution by construction (Statics 46. pages) By setting the scale, the forces are added together by appropriate scaling, direction and sense one after the other. The resultant vector can be obtained by connecting the tail of the first vector with the tip of the last vector. Since the constructed forces do not depend upon the order in which F1, F2, F4, F3 are selected, it can be concluded that the addition of vectors is commutative.

In this case the order is: F1, F2, F4, F3. Result According to the scale the resultant is approximately: Fr 7000 N, angle of resultant: x 55. The line of action of resultant crosses the intersection of F1, F2, F4, F3.

4th Problem
Break up the F force vector into u and v components. Apply calculation and construction! Data F = 500 N; 1 = 30; 2 = 60 Solution By setting the scale, the F force vector is plotted by appropriate scaling, direction and sense. Then drawing parallel lines with the u and v from the tip of the vector, the lines will intersect the magnitude of the u and v. This is the inverse Parallelogram Law. (Statics 46.p.). Results According to the scaling, the magnitude of the u and v components are: Fu 280 N; Fv 280 N. Their senses can be determined from the vector plot.

5th Problemt
Break up the F force vector into x and y components with calculation. Data F = 500 N; = 60 Solution In a Cartesian x,y system, the perpendicular components can be derived by deconvoluting the components of the F vector (Statics 50th. p). According to the OAB triangle: Fx = F cos = 500 cos 60 = 250 N

Fy = F sin = 500 sin 60 = 433,01 N Result The x and y components of the F force vector: Fx = 250 N, Fy = 433,01 N (By the use of these, the F vector can be described as follows: F = Fx i + Fy j = 250i + 433,01j [N] )

6th Problem
Determine the moment of F related to the O point! Data F = 100 N; = 60; xF = 2,5 m; yF = 1,4 m Solution

a., According to the secondary school studies, the magnitude of the moment can be obtained by: Mo = rF, where r is the perpendicular distance between the O point and the line of action of the force. It is not easy to define this distance. According to the figure:
2 2 rA = y F + x F = 2,5 2 + 1,4 2 = 2,86 m y 1,4 = arc tg F = arc tg = 29,25 xF 2,5 = 90 (90 ) = = 60 29,25 = 30,75 r = rA cos = 2,86 cos 30,75 = 2,46 m The magnitude of the moment taking into consideration the sense is the following: M = rF = 2,46 100 = 246 Nm

b., Let us find the solution of the earlier problem by the use of the Superposition law: Each components of the force vector has an effect as a moment around the O point, and these effects can be summed. The force vector is situated in the x-y plan, thus the moment calculated on the O point which is also situated in the x-y plan is in the z direction. The components of the F force vector are: Fx = Fsin = 100sin60 = 86,6 N Fy = Fcos = 100cos60 = 50 N According to this result, the moment taking into consideration the sense of rotation is calculated in the following way: M0 = yFFx xFFy = 1,486,6 2,550 = 246,24 Nm The difference between this result and the result given in the a.), is caused by rounding error.
Result The moment vectorr:

Mo = 246,24k [Nm], since the F force vector rotates clockwise, the moment vector points to the negative direction of z.