Pharmacology Viva Questions:

Katzung 11th Edition

Pharmacology Unit 1:
Viva Questions
Describe the cellular basis of drug action. (1/00) pg 15 How do drugs interact with receptors ? (2/96, 1/98) pg 15 Spare receptors and their significance. (1/10) pg 17 Explain the mechanism of drug antagonism. (1/95) pg 18 Define the terms receptor agonist, antagonist and partial antagonist with examples. (1/98, 2/99, 1/02, 2/03, 1/10) pg 18-19 Use a dose/response curve to demonstrate reversible vs irreversible antagonists. (1/96, 1/08) pg 18 Describe signaling mechanisms. (2/99) pg 20-21 What are 2nd messengers, and how do they work ? (2/98, 2/03, 2/04, 2/06, 1/08, 1/10) pg 24-29 Define potency and efficacy (2/10) pg 30-31 Use a dose/response curve to demonstrate the difference between potency and efficacy. (2/95, 1/05, 1/06, 1/07, 2/08, 2/10) pg 30-31 Discuss the variation in drug responsiveness. (2/02, 1/04, 1/05, 2/06, 2/09) pg 32-33

Pharmacology Unit 2:
Viva Questions
Define pharmacokinetics. (2/01) pg 37 What is volume of distribution ? (1/95, 1/99, 2/00, 2/01, 1/03, 1/06, 1/07, 1/09) pg 37-38 Define clearance. (1/97, 2/09, 2/10) pg 38 What do you understand by the term elimination kinetics ? (1/99, 2/00, 1/02, 2/02, 1/06, 1/09) pg 41

What factors influence the half life of a drug ? (2/95, 2/98, 2/00, 2/06, 1/09, 2/10) pg 41 What is bioavailability ? (2/03, 1/05, 1/08) pg 43 Tell me about absorption of drugs. (2/02, 2/05) pg 43 Rate of absorption from the small intestine (2/10) pg 44 Describe the first pass effect and extraction ratio. (1/97, 1/04, 2/07, 2/08) pg 44 Routes of drug administration. (2/07, 2/10) pg 44 Drug metabolism and influence on dosing. (2/05) pg 46 How do you calculate loading dose ? (1/96, 1/99) pg 47 Therapeutic drug monitoring. (1/10) pg 48-49 What is steady state ? (2/97) Discuss drug biotransformation. (1/96, 2/97, 2/99, 1/00, 1/03, 2/05, 1/07, 2/09) pg 53 P450 enzyme system. (2/07, 2/08) pg 54-59 How would you evaluate a new drug ? (2/04, 1/10) pg 68

Pharmacology Unit 3:
Viva Questions
Tell me about nitrous oxide. (2/01, 1/06) Tell me about halothane. (2/00) Tell me about thiopentone. (2/99, 2/01, 1/02, 1/08) Tell me about propofol. (2/99, 1/01, 1/03, 2/09) Tell me about ketamine. (1/01, 2/06, 2/09) What classes of local anaesthetics are there ? (2/04) Tell me about lignocaine. (2/99, 1/02, 2/02, 2/04, 1/05) Prilocaine (1/07) Tell me about bupivicaine. (2/01) Topical anaesthetics (1/06, 2/09) What is meant by MAC ? What are its practical applications ? Tell me about the PK / Toxicity of STP ? What is meant by T and T ? Tell me about the structure of local anaesthetics. Tell me about the toxicity of L.A.s. Tell me about the toxicity of prilocaine. What is the maximum safe dose of lignocaine / prilocaine / bupivacaine ?

Pharmacology Unit 4:
Viva Questions
Tell me about non-depolarizing muscle relaxants. (1/96) pg 453 Tell me about vecuronium. (2/00) pg 453 Tell me about pancuronium. (2/10) pg 453 Tell me about suxamethonium. (1/95, 2/99, 2/00, 1/03, 1/06, 2/09) pg 455-457 Compare and contrast suxamethonium and vecuronium. (1/98) pg 456 table 27-1 Dantrolene (2/07) pg 465 Advantages of eye ointments over eye drops (2/10) List by action drugs used topically in the eye (2/10) pg 93 Ideal properties of an ocular L/A (2/10) pg 446

Pharmacology Unit 5:
Viva Questions
What are indirect acting cholinomimetics ? (2/03) pg 105 What do you know about muscarinic receptor blocking drugs ? (2/03) pg 113-118 Tell me about atropine. (2/96, 2/97, 1/01, 1/07, 1/08, 1/10) pg 114-118 Tell me about benztropine. (1/01, 2/06) pg 115 Sympathomimetics (2/05) pg 135-138 Tell me about adrenaline. (2/95, 2/97, 1/01, 1/09) pg 139, 141 Tell me about the pharmacodynamics of dopamine. (1/97) pg 137, 139 Amphetamines (2/09) pg 141-142

Pharmacology Unit 6:
Revision Week

Pharmacology Unit 7:
Viva Questions
Tell me about beta blockers. (1/95, 2/98, 1/99, 2/01, 2/04, 1/05, 1/06, 1/07) pg 156-158 Tell me about atenolol. (2/00, 2/02) pg 159 Tell me about carvedilol. (1/05) pg 159 Tell me about sotalol. (2/95) pg 159 Metoprolol (1/10) pg 159

Pharmacology Unit 8:
Viva Questions What agents are used to treat hypertension ? (2/98, 1/09) pg 170 What IV agents are available for the management of hypertension in ED ? (1/98) pg 178-180 Tell me about sodium nitroprusside. (1/98) pg 179 Tell me about Ace inhibitors and angiotensin antagonists. (2/98, 2/00, 1/02, 1/03, 2/10) 181-183 Tell me about captopril. (1/96) pg 181 Drug interactions of ace inhibitors (2/10) pg 183 Angiotensin II blockers (1/08) pg 183

Pharmacology Unit 9:
Viva Questions
Tell me about agents used in the treatment of angina. (2/98) pg 191 What drugs are used to treat IHD syndromes ? (1/00) pg 191-192 Discuss the clinical effects of nitrates (2/04, 1/08, 2/10) pg 195-196 Tell me about glyceryl trinitrate, including mechanism of action (2/01, 2/02, 1/07, 2/10) pg 195-196 Discuss the different classes of calcium channel blockers. (2/96, 1/98, 1/99, 2/02, 2/06, 2/09) pg 200

Tell me about verapamil. (2/01) pg 200-202 What drugs are used to treat cardiac failure ? (1/00) pg 216-217 Tell me about cardiac glycosides. (1/04, 1/06, 1/09) pg 214-215 Tell me about digoxin toxicity. (2/04) pg 215-216

Pharmacology Unit 10:

Viva Questions
Tell me about class 1 anti-arrhythmic agents. (2/96, 2/06) pg 235 Discuss the anti-arrhythmic effects of lignocaine (1/05) pg 238-239 Discuss flecainide (2/08) pg 239 Tell me about amiodarone. (1/97, 2/99, 1/04, 1/06, 1/10) pg 240-241 Interesting because of multiple actions, long T1/2, large VD, toxicity. Tell me about adenosine. (1/96, 2/99, 1/03, 2/05) pg 244

Pharmacology Unit 11:

Viva Questions
Acetazolamide (2/07) pg 256-257 How do loop diuretics work ? (2/04, 1/08) pg 258 Tell me about Frusemide. (2/99, 1/02, 2/10) pg 258-259 Side effects of frusemide (2/10) pg 259 Thiazide diuretics (2/06) pg 260-261 Osmotic diuretics (1/07) pg 263

Pharmacology Unit 12:

Viva Questions
Tell me about heparin. (2/97, 2/99, 1/06) pg 591-592 Low molecular weight heparins (1/08) pg 591

Compare heparin to clexane. (2/00, 1/03) pg 591 Tell me about warfarin and the super-warfarins. (2/97, 2/99, 2/09) pg 595-596 Warfarin interactions (1/06) pg 596 What thrombolytics are there ? (2/99) pg 597 Tell me about t-PA. (1/96, 1/07, 2/09) pg 597 Compare streptokinase and t-PA. (2/98) pg 597 Antiplatelet agents (2/03, 1/05) pg 598 Aspirin (2/03, 2/07, 1/10) pg 598 Clopidogrel (2/06) pg 598

Pharmacology Unit 13:

Revision Week

Pharmacology Unit 14:

Viva Questions Tell me about salbutamol. (1/95, 1/96, 1/01, 2/08) pg 342-344 Beta receptor agonists (2/03, 2/07) pg 344 How do methylxanthines work ? (2/02, 1/08) pg 345 Tell me about ipratropium bromide. (2/95, 2/02, 2/03) pg 347 Inhaled asthma preventers (1/06) pg 347-349 Tell me about sodium cromoglycate. (2/02) pg 348-349 Classification of drugs in asthma (2/09) pg 354

Pharmacology Unit 15:

Viva Questions

What are the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance ? (1/00, 2/05) pg 776, 796, 799, 808, 811, 816, 820 Mechanisms by which antibiotics act (1/00) pg 790, 805, 814, 821 Which anti-microbials act on the cell wall? (2/98) pg 790-791 Which anti-microbials act on protein synthesis? (2/98) pg 805, 814 Tell me about the beta lactam agents. (1/95, 1/08) pg 774-780 Tell me about penicillin. (2/03, 2/06) pg 775-778 Penicillin allergy and side effects (1/05) pg 780 Tell me about flucloxacillin. (2/99) pg 790 Generations of cephs. (2/96, 1/02, 2/04, 2/08, 2/10) pg 781-784 Cephalosporins MOA and cross allergy (2/10) pg 784 Antibiotics for staphylococcal infections (1/09) Antibiotics for CNS infections (1/10) Which antibiotics are used to treat PID ? (1/98) Tetracycline. (1/96, 1/98, 1/03, 2/03, 1/04) pg 796-798 Macrolide antibiotics. (2/95, 1/99, 2/00, 1/09) pg 799-801 Erythromycin MOA, interactions, side effects (2/10) pg 799-780 Tell me about azithromycin. (1/05) pg 801 Tell me about chloramphenicol. (2/97, 1/07) pg 802-803

Pharmacology Unit 16:

Viva Questions Tell me about the aminoglycosides. (1/97, 1/99) pg 807-810 Tell me about gentamicin. (2/01, 2/03, 1/07, 2/08) pg 811-812 Antibiotics in urinary sepsis (1/10) pg 814 Tell me about sulphonamides. (2/01, 1/02, 1/05) pg 815-817 Trimethoprim (2/06) pg 817-818 Tell me about the quinolones. (2/00, 2/01, 1/03, 1/04, 2/04, 1/08) pg 819821 Tell me about ciprofloxacin. (2/98) pg 821 Tell me about isoniazid. (1/97) pg 824-825

Pharmacology Unit 17:

Viva Questions Tell me about acyclovir. (2/97, 2/00, 1/09) pg 846 What types of antivirals are there ? (2/96) pg 850-853 Which antibiotics are used to treat diverticulitis ? (1/98) Tell me about metronidazole. (1/98, 2/08) pg 877 Anti sepsis: chlorhexidine (1/07) pg 880

Pharmacology Unit 18:

Revision Week

Pharmacology Unit 19:

Viva Questions
Compare phenytoin and diazepam in the treatment of seizures. (1/98) pg 379 Mechanism of action of flumazenil (2/10) pg 380 Indications for use of flumazenil (2/10) pg 380 Potential problems of flumazenil (2/10) pg 380 Indications for benzodiazepine use (2/10) pg 380 Tell me about the benzodiazepines. (2/00, 2/02, 2/05) pg 384 Benzodiazepine toxicity (2/02) Tell me about midazolam. (2/99, 2/04, 1/07) pg 384 Clonazepam (2/07) pg 385

Pharmacology Unit 20:

Viva Questions
What are the effects of chronic alcohol toxicity ? (2/02) pg 390-393 Rationale for benzodiazepines in alcohol withdrawal (2/10) pg 394 Tell me about methanol metabolism and toxicity. (1/05) pg 396 Tell me about phenytoin. (2/98, 1/99, 1/00, 2/08, 2/10) pg 403-404 Side effects of phenytoin (2/10) pg 405 Compare phenytoin and diazepam in the treatment of seizures. (1/98) Tell me about carbamazepine. (2/96, 2/98, 2/02, 1/09) pg 405-406 Tell me about sodium valproate. (1/05) pg 413-414 Anti seizure drugs (2/05) pg 420-421 Drugs in status epilepticus (1/10) pg 420-421

Pharmacology Unit 21:

Viva Questions
Pharmacokinetics of antipsychotics (2/10) pg 491 Discuss the side effects of antipsychotic agents. (1/05) pg 497-499 Tell me about the phenothiazines. (2/02) pg 489, 493, 505 Tell me about chlorpromazine. (1/97, 1/09) pg 505 Discuss the properties of haloperidol. (1/98) pg 505 Define atypical psychotic, give an example - olanzapine (1/06, 1/07) pg 490 Olanzepine and drug reactions (2/10) pg 505 Pharmacokinetics of lithium (2/05, 2/10) pg 500 Side effects and toxicity of lithium (2/10) pg 503

Pharmacology Unit 22:

Viva Questions
St Johns Wort (2/06) pg 1120-1121 Tell me about SSRIs. (2/98, 1/01, 1/04, 2/08) pg 516, 518, 524 Tell me about MAOs. (2/96, 1/01, 1/04) pg 518, 520, 524 Tell me about the pharmacodynamics of TCAs. (2/95, 2/08) pg 519 Compare SSRIs with TCAs. (1/99) pg 527

Pharmacology Unit 23:

Viva Questions Tell me about opiate receptors. (1/99) pg 532 Discuss the bioavailability of opiates. (1/95) pg 533 Opioid analgesia (2/05) pg 535-537 Tell me about the toxicity of opiates. (2/02) pg 538-540 Discuss opioid agonists, antagonists and partial agonists. (1/04) pg 546547 Morphine (2/07, 1/10) pg 549 Tell me about pethidine. (2/00) pg 549 Compare pethidine and morphine. (1/98) pg 549 Tell me about fentanyl. (1/00) pg 549 Drugs binding to transporters of amines (1/08) pg 563-565

Pharmacology Unit 24:

Revision Week

Pharmacology Unit 25:

Viva Questions Thioamides (2/08) Tell me about hydrocortisone. (2/97, 2/03) pg 682-686 Tell me about prednisolone. (2/96, 1/01) pg 687 Dexamethasone (2/06) pg 687

Pharmacology Unit 26:

Viva Questions Tell me about insulin. (1/95, 2/97, 2/04) pg 731-734 Sulphonylureas (2/08) pg 738-740 Tell me about glucagon, role as antidote (2/03, 2/05) pg 746 Discuss the oral hypoglycaemics. (1/01, 1/03, 2/03) pg 748 Classification of drugs used in diabetes (2/09) pg 748-749

Pharmacology Unit 27:

Viva Questions
H1 receptor antagonists (1/02, 2/04, 2/07) pg 275-279 Ondansetron (2/06, 1/09) pg 285 Anti-migraine agents (2/05) pg 287-288

Pharmacology Unit 28:

Viva Questions
Side effects of NSAIDS (2/09) pg 624 Tell me about aspirin. (1/95, 1/99, 2/00, 2/03) pg 624 Tell me about the pharmacokinetics of aspirin. (2/01) pg 624 Tell me about cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors. (2/03, 1/05) pg 626 Tell me about indomethacin. (1/97, 2/01) pg 627 Tell me about paracetamol. (2/01, 2/04, 2/05, 2/07) pg 635-636 Agents for gout (2/07) pg 636-639 Tell me about colchicine. (1/97) pg 636-637

Pharmacology Unit 29:

Viva Questions
Tell me about H2 receptor antagonists. (1/02, 1/04) pg 1069-1071 Compare ranitidine and omeprazole. (2/98) pg 1096 Tell me about metoclopramide. (2/01, 2/08) pg 1078 Laxatives (2/0, 2/08) pg 1079-1080 Octreotide (1/08) pg 1081 What drugs have an anti-emetic action ? (1/05, 1/08) pg 1084-1087

Pharmacology Unit 30:

Revision Week

Pharmacology Unit 31:

Viva Questions
Penicillamine (2/07) pg 1010 What methods are there of decreasing absorption of toxic drugs from the GIT ? (1/95) pg 1018 Activated charcoal (2/09) pg 1018 Paracetamol toxicity (2/05, 1/10) pg 1020 Salicylate toxicity (1/06) pg 1021 Tricyclic overdose (1/01) pg 1021 Digoxin toxicity (2/04) pg 1023

Pharmacology Unit 32:

Viva Questions OTC preparations toxic potential. (2/07) pg 1103-1105 Evaluation of drugs and clinical trials (2/04, 1/10) pg 70-73 Tell me about the mechanisms of some drugs harmful in pregnancy. (1/00) pg 1026-1028 What drugs should be avoided during pregnancy and breast feeding ? (2/98, 1/00, 1/09) pg 1028 table 59-1 How does age influence how the body handles drugs ? (2/98) pg 10291032 Prescribing in children. (1/09) pg 1035 What problems arise with drugs in the elderly ? (1/00, 2/01, 2/04, 2/06, 1/09) pg 1037-1039

Give some examples of mechanisms. (1/00) pg 1040-1043 Discuss active and passive immunization. (2/95, 1/10) pg 1151 Discuss hepatitis immunization. (1/95) pg 1152 table A-1

Pharmacology Unit 33:

No Viva Questions