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UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS ELECTRICAL CHARGE : Electric Charge is the quantity of electricity transported in one second by a current of one ampere. One Coulomb of charge is equal to the charge on 625 x 1016 electrons. Symbol : Q Unit : Coulomb. -1 Charge of an electron = 625 x 10 ELECTRIC FLUX: The number of end charges of an unit charge or field lines passing through the surface in an electric field is called Electric Flux. Symbol : Unit : Coulombs ELECTRIC FLUX DENSITY: Electric Flux Density is the flux normal per unit area. Symbol: D Unit : Coulomb/m2
16

= - 1.6 x 10 19 C

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UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS Example: In the electric field of a parallel plate air capacitor, the values of D and E are 0.885 C/m2 and 105 N/C, respectively. If area of each plate is 1 sq.m, find i) electric flux ii) value of absolute permittivity of free space.

Solution : i) ii) Electric Flux , = D x A = (0.885 x 10-6) x 1 = 0.885 x 10-6 C Electric Flux density, D = 0 r E 0 = D/r E (Since r = 1 for air) = 0.885 x 10-6 / 1 x 105 = 8.85 x 10-12 F/m

ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH: Electric Field Strength is the force experienced by a unit positive charge placed at that point. Its direction is the direction along which the force acts. Symbol: E Unit : Newton / Coulomb, N/C Example: A parallel plate capacitor has plates 1 mm apart and a dielectric with relative permittivity of 3.39. Find the electric field strength if the surface charge is 3 x 10-4 C/m2. Solution : The surface charge is equal to electric flux density, D. D = 0 r E Electric field intensity, E = D / 0 r = 3 x 10-4/ (8.854 x 10-12 x 3.39) = 10 7 V/m

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UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS ELECTRIC CURRENT : When an external force or potential difference is applied to the atoms, electrons in it flow, constituting a current called Electric Current. One ampere of current is said to flow through a wire if at any section one coulomb of charge flows in one second. Symbol : I Unit : Ampere Example : A 60 W light bulb has a current of 0.5 A flowing through it. Calculate the number of electrons passing through a cross section of filament. Solution: I = Q t = ne t

n = 0.5 x 1 / (1.6 x 10 19 ) = 3.1 x 10 18 electrons / sec. ELECTRIC CURRENT DENSITY: Electric Current Density is the current passing through unit area of cross section normally. Symbol: Unit : Ampere/ Sq.m. Example: If a current of 15 Ampere is flowing through a surface of area 5 sq.m, the current density is = 15/5 = 3 Amps / sqm.

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UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS ELECTRIC POTENTIAL : Electric Potential at any point in an electric field is defined as the work done in bringing a positive charge of one coulomb from infinity to that point against the electric field. Electric Potential, V = Work done Charge = W Q

Electric potential is said to be 1 Volt if 1 joule of work is done to give it a charge of 1 coulomb. Symbol : V Unit : Volt. Example: A charge of 4 coulombs is flowing between points A and B of a circuit. If the potential difference between A and B is 2 volts, how many joules will be released by part AB of the circuit. Solution : The potential difference of 2 volts between points A and B means that each coulomb of charge will give up an energy of 2 joules in moving from A to B. As the charge flowing is 4 coulombs, therefore total energy released by the part AB of the circuit is = 4 x 2 = 8 Joules.

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UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS ELETRIC POWER : The rate at which work is done in an electric circuit is called Electric Power. Electric power = Work done in electric circuit. Time The power consumed in a circuit is 1 watt if a potential difference of 1 volt causes 1 ampere current to flow through the circuit. Symbol : P Unit : C.G.S System : ErgS-1 S. I. System : J S-1, Watt Example : The rating of a machine is 2000 Watts = 2 10 Erg / Sec. (Since 1 Erg/Sec= 10 10 KW or 1 Watt = 10 7 Erg / Sec) Solution: 1 Watt hour ( Whr) = 3600 Joules 1 Kcal = 4186 Joules 1 Horse Power = 735.5 J/s or Watt. RESISTANCE: Resistance is the property of a substance due to which it opposes (or restricts) the flow of electricity through it. Symbol : R Unit: Ohm, R=l/A

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UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS

Example: An electric kettle takes a current of 12.5 amps at 240 V. What is the resistance of the heating element. Solution : Resistance of the heating element, R = V/ I = 240 / 12.5 = 19.2 . Prefix Mega Kilor Centi Milli Micro Meaning One million One thousand One hundredth One thousandth One millionth Abbrevation M K m Equal to 106 103 10-3 10-6

RESISTIVITY: Resistivity is defined as the resistance between the opposite faces of a metre cube of that material. Symbol : Unit : Ohm metre, -m. Example: Resistivity of Aluminium is 2.8 x 10 -8 -m Resistivity of Copper is 1.72 x 10 -8 -m

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UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS Example: Calculate the resistivity of copper conductor having a length of 2 Km and a cross section of 22 mm2. Assume the resistance is 1.64 . Solution : Length of the conductor, l = 2 km = 2000 m Area of cross section, a = 22 mm2 = 22 x 106 m2 Resistance of copper conductor , R = 1.64 Resistivity of Copper, = R x a / l = 1.64 x 22 x 10-6 / 2000 = 18.04 x 10 9 m. CONDUCTANCE: Conductance of a material is a measure of inducement which it offers to the flow of electrons through it. Its is reciprocal of resistance. Symbol : G Unit : Siemens, S Mho CONDUCTIVITY: Conductance between the opposite faces of a meter cube of that material is called Specific Conductance or Conductivity. Symbol: Unit : Siemens / meter, S/m

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UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS CAPACITANCE : The amount of charge required to create a unit potential difference betweeen its plates is termed as Capacitance. It is the property of a capacitor is to store energy in an electric field. Symbol: C Unit : Farad, F SELF INDUCTANCE: The property of the coil due to which it opposes any increase or decrease of current or flux through it is termed as Self Inductance. It is the e.m.f. induced in a coil due to the change of its own flux linked with it. Symbol : L Unit : Henry. MUTUAL INDUCTANCE: The property of one coil ( or circuit) to produce e.m.f. in a nearby coil by induction when the current in the first coil changes is termed as Mutual Inductance. Symbol : M Unit : Henry.

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UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS MAGNETIC FLUX : Magnetic Flux is the magnetic flow that exists in any magnetic circuit. Symbol : Unit : Weber. Weber is the magnetic flux which, linking of a circuit of one turn produces in it an e.m.f of one volt as it is reduced to zero at a uniform rate in one second. MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY : Flux passing per unit area through a plane at right angles to the flux is termed as Magnetic Flux Density. Symbol : B Unit : Weber/ m2 , Tesla MAGNETO MOTIVE FORCE: Magneto Motive Force produces magnetic flux and corresponds to an electromotive force in an Electric circuit. Symbol: M.M.F, Unit : AmpereTurn.

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UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH / MAGNETIC FIELD INTENSITY : Magnetic Field Strength at any point within a magnetic field is equal to the force experienced by a N-pole of one Weber placed at that point or Intensity at a point is the mechanical force which is exerted on unit pole placed at that point in vacuum. Symbol : H Unit : Newton/Weber, N/Wb (or AT/m) SUSCEPTIBILITY : Susceptibility is defined as the ratio of intensity of magnetisation I to the magnetising force. Symbol : H Unit : Henry/metre. RELUCTANCE : Property of a material which opposes the creation of magnetic flux in it is termed as Reluctance. Symbol : S Unit : Ampere Turns / Wb. PERMEABILITY : The Permeability of a material is equal to the ratio of the flux density produced in that material to the flux density produced in vacuum by the same magnetising force. Symbol : Unit : Henry / metre

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APPENDIX
Input Abcoulomb Acre Acre Acre Acre acres acres acres acres acre-feet acres-feet amperes/sq cm amperes/sq cm amperes/sq in amperes/sq in amperes/sq meter amperes/sq meter amperes-hours amperes-hours ampere-turns ampere-turns /cm ampere-turns /cm Ampere-turns /cm ampere-turns /inch. ampere-turns/inch. ampere-turns/inch ampere-turns/m ampere-turns /m ampere-turns/m Angstrom unit Angstrom unit Angstrom unit Are ares ares ares Astronomical unit Atmospheres Atmospheres Atmospheres Atmospheres Atmospheres Atmospheres Atmospheres Atmospheres Multiplication Factor 2.998*1010 10 160 Output Statcoulombs Sq.chain(Gunters) Rods square links(Gunters) hectare or square hectometer sq.feet sq meters sq miles sq yards cu feet gallons amperes/sq in amperes/sq meter amperes/sq cm amperes/sq meter amperes/sq cm amperes/sq in coulombs faradays gilberts ampere-turns/in. ampere-turns/m gilberts/cm ampere-turns/cm ampere-turns/m gilberts/cm amp/turns/cm ampere-turns/in gilberts/cm inch meter micron(Mu) acre(us) sq.yards acres sq meters kilometers ton/sq.inch cms of mercury ft of water(at 4 C) in. of mercury(at 0 C) kgs/sq cm kgs/sq meter pounds/sq in tons/sq ft

1*10 5
0.4047 43,560.0 4047 1.562*10 -3 4840 43560.0 3.259*105 6.452 10 4 0.1550 1550.0 10-4 6.452*10 -4 3600.0 0.03731 1.257 2.540 100.0 1.257 0.3937 39.37 0.4950 0.01 0.0254 0.01257 3937* 10-9 1*10 -10 1*10 -4 0.02471 119.60 0.02471 100.0 1.495*10 8 0.007348 76.0 33.90 29.92 1.0333 10,332.0 14.70 1.058

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UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS

Input Barrels (US., dry) Barrels (US., dry) Barrels (US., liquid) Barrels (oil ) Bar bars bars bars bars bars Baryl Bolt (US cloth) BTU Btu Btu Btu Btu Btu Btu Btu Btu/hr Btu/hr Btu/hr Btu/hr Btu/min Btu/min Btu/min Btu/min Btu/sqft/min Bucket (Br.dry ) bushels bushels bushels bushels bushels bushels Multiplication Factor 7056.0 105.0 31.5 42.0 1.0 0.9869 106 1.02 *10 4 2089.0 14.50 1.00 36.576 10.409 1.055*1010 778.3 252.0 3.931*10-4 1054.8 0.2520 107.5 2.928*10-4 0.2162 0.0700 3.929*10-4 0.2931 12.96 0.02356 0.01757 17.57 0.1221 1.818*10 4 1.2445 2150.4 0.03524 35.24 4.0 64.0 Output quarts (dry) gallons gallons( oil ) MPa atmospheres dynes/sq cm kgs/sq meter pounds/sq ft pounds/sq in dyne/sq cm meters liter-atmosphere ergs foot-lbs gram-calories horsepower-hrs joules kilogram-calories kilogram-meters kilowatt-hrs foot-pounds/sec gram-cal/sec horsepower-hrs watts foot-lbs/sec horsepower kilowatts watts watts/sq.in cubic cm. cu ft cu in cu meters liters pecks pints(dry ) quarts(dry )

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UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS

Input calories,gram(mean) candle/sq.cm candle/sq. in centares (centiares ) centigrade centigrams centiliter centiliter centiliter centiliters centimeters centimeters centimeters centimeters centimeters centimeters centimeters centimeters centimeters-dynes centimeters-dynes centimeters-dynes centimeters-grams centimeters-grams centimeters-grams centimeters of mercury centimeters of mercury centimeters of mercury centimeters of mercury centimeters of mercury centimeters / sec centimeters / sec centimeters / sec centimeters / sec centimeters / sec centimeters / sec centimeters / sec centimeters / sec / sec centimeters / sec / sec centimeters / sec / sec centimeters / sec / sec chain chain chains( surveyors or gunters) circular mils circular mils Multiplication Factor 3.9685*10-3 3.142 0.4870 1.0 ( C *9/5)+32 0.01 0.3382 0.6103 2.705 0.01 3.281*10-2 0.3937 10-5 0.01 6.214*10-6 10.0 393.7 1.094*10-2 1.020*10-3 1.020*10-8 7.376*10-8 980.7 10-5 7.233*10-5 0.01316 0.4461 136.0 27.85 0.1934 1.1969 0.03281 0.036 0.1943 0.6 0.02237 3.728*10-4 0.03281 0.036 0.01 0.02237 792.0 20.12 22.0 5.067*10-6 0.7854 Output B.T.U(mean) lamberts lamberts sq meters fahrenheit grams ounce fluid(US ) cubic inch drams liters feet inches kilometers meters miles Millimeters Mils Yards Cm-grams meter-Kgs pound-feet cm-dynes meter-Kgs pound-feet atmospheres feet of water kgs/sq.meter pounds/sq.feet pounds/sq.inch feet/min feet/sec kms/hr knots meters/min miles/hr miles/min feet/sec/sec kms/hr/sec meters/sec/sec miles/hr/sec inches meters yards sq.cms sq.mils

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UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS

circumference circular mils cords cord feet coulomb coulombs coulombs/sq.cm coulombs/sq.cm coulombs/sq.inch coulombs/sq.inch coulombs/sq.meter coulombs /sq.meter cubic centimeters cubic centimeters cubic centimeters cubic centimeters cubic centimeters cubic centimeters cubic centimeters cubic centimeters cubic feet cubic feet cubic feet cubic feet cubic feet cubic feet cubic feet cubic feet cubic feet cubic feet/min cubic feet /min cubic feet/min cubic feet/min cubic feet /sec cubic feet/sec cubic inches cubic inches cubic inches cubic inches cubic inches cubic inches cubic inches cubic inches cubic inches cubic meters cubic meters cubic meters cubic meters 6.283 7.854*10-7 8 16 2.998*109 1.036*10-5 64.52 104 0.1550 1550.0 10-4 6.452*10-4 3.531*10-5 0.06102 10-6 1.308*10-6 2.642*10-4 0.001 2.113*10-3 1.057*10-3 0.8036 28320.0 1728.0 0.02832 0.03704 7.48052 28.32 59.84 29.92 472.0 0.1247 0.4720 62.43 0.646317 448.831 16.39 5.787*10-4 1.639*10-5 2.143*10-5 4.329*10-3 0.01639 1.061*105 0.03463 0.01732 28.38 106 35.31 61023.0 1.308 radians sq.inches cord feet cubic feet stat coulombs faradays coulombs/sq.inch coulombs/sq.meter coulombs/sq.cm coulombs/sq.meter coulombs/sq.cm coulombs/sq.inch cubic feet cubic inches cubic meters cubic yards gallons (US liquid) liters pints ( US liquid ) quarts ( US liquid ) bushels (dry) cu.cms cu.inches cu.meters cu.yards gallons (US liquid) liters pints ( US liquid ) quarts ( US liquid ) cu.cms/sec gallons/sec liters/sec pounds of water/min million gallons/day gallons/min cu.cms cu.feet cu.meters cu.yards gallons liters mil-feet pints ( US liquid ) quarts ( US liquid ) bushels (dry) cu.cms cu.feet cu.inches

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UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS

cubic meters cubic meters cubic meters cubic meters cubic meters cubic yards cubic yards cubic yards cubic yards cubic yards cubic yards cubic yards cubic yards cubic yards/min cubic yards/min cubic yards/min 264.2 1000.0 2113.0 1057.0 7.646*105 27.0 46656.0 0.7646 202.0 764.6 1615.9 807.9 0.45 3.367 12.74 cu.yards gallons (US liquid) liters Pints ( US liquid ) quarts ( US liquid ) cu.cms cu.feet cu.inches cu.meters gallons (US liquid) liters pints ( US liquid ) quarts ( US liquid ) cu.feet/sec gallons/sec liters/sec

Input Dalton Days Deci grams Deci liters Deci meters Degrees( angle ) Degrees( angle ) Degrees( angle ) Degrees/sec Degrees/sec Degrees/sec Deca grams Deca liters Deca meters Drams(apothecaries/troy) Drams(apothecaries/troy) Drams(US fluid/apoth.) Drams Drams Drams Dyne/cm Dyne/sq.cm Dyne/sq.cm Dyne/sq.cm Dyne Dyne Dyne Dyne Dyne

Multiplication Factor 1.650*10-24 86400.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.01111 0.01745 3600.0 0.01745 0.1667 2.778*10-3 10.0 10.0 10.0 0.1371429 0.125 3.6967 1.7718 27.3437 0.0625 0.01 9.869*10-7 2.953*10-5 4.015*10-4 1.020*10-3 10-7 10-5 1.020*10-6 7.233*10-5

Output

Gram
Sec Grams Liters Meters Quadrants Radians Seconds Radians/sec Revolutions/min Revolutions/sec Grams Liters Meters Ounces(avoidupois) Ounces(troy) Cu.cm Grams Grains Ounces Erg/ sq.mm Atmosphere Inch of mercury at 0 C Inch of water at 4 C Grams Joules/cm Joules/m (newtons) Kgs Poundals

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Dyne Dyne/sq.cm Input Ell Ell Em, Pica Em, Pica Erg/sec Ergs Ergs Ergs Ergs Ergs Ergs Ergs Ergs Ergs Ergs Ergs Ergs/sec Ergs/sec Ergs/sec Ergs/sec Ergs/sec Ergs/sec 2.248*10-6 10-6 Multiplication Factor 114.30 0.45 0.167 0.4233 1.000 9.480*10-11 1.0 7.367*10-8 0.2389*10-7 1.020*10-3 3.7250*10-14 10-7 2.389*10-11 1.020*10-8 0.2778*10-13 0.2778*10-10 5688*10-9 4.427*10-6 7.3756*10-8 1.341*10-10 1.433*10-9 10-10 Pounds bars Output Cm. Inches Inch Cm Dyne-cm/sec Btu Dyne-cms Foot-pounds Gram-calories Gram-cms HP-hrs Joules Kg-calories Kg-meters Kw-hrs Watt-hrs Btu/min Ft-lbs/min Ft-lbs/sec HP Kg-calories/min Kw

nput Farads Faraday/sec Faradays Faradays Fathom Fathoms Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet of water Feet of water Feet of water Feet of water Feet of water Feet of water

Multiplication Factor 106 9.6500*104 26.80 9.649*104 1.828804 6.0 30.48 3.048*10-4 0.3048 1.645*10-4 1.894*10-4 304.8 1.2*104 0.02950 0.8826 0.03048 304.8 62.43 0.4335

Output Micro farads Ampere (absolute) Ampere-hrs Coulombs Meter Feet Cms Kms Meters Miles(naut.) Miles(stat.) Millimeters Mils Atmospheres Inches of mercury Kgs/sq.cms Kgs/sq.m Pounds/sq.feet Pounds/sq.inch

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Feet/min Feet/min Feet/min Feet/min Feet/min Feet/sec Feet/sec Feet/sec Feet/sec Feet/sec Feet/sec Feet/sec/sec Feet/sec/sec Feet/sec/sec Feet/sec/sec Feet/100 feet Foot-candle Foot-pounds Foot-pounds Foot-pounds Foot-pounds Foot-pounds Foot-pounds Foot-pounds Foot-pounds Foot-pounds/min Foot-pounds/min Foot-pounds/min Foot-pounds/min Foot-pounds/min Foot-pounds/sec Foot-pounds/sec Foot-pounds/sec Foot-pounds/sec Foot-pounds/sec Furlongs Furlongs Furlongs 0.5080 0.01667 0.01829 0.3048 0.01136 30.48 1.097 0.5921 18.29 0.6818 0.01136 30.48 1.097 0.3048 0.6818 1.0 10.764 1.286*10-3 1.356*107 0.3238 5.050*10-7 1.356 3.24*10-4 0.1383 3.766*10-7 1.286*10-3 0.01667 3.030*10-5 3.24*10-4 2.260*10-5 4.6263 0.07717 1.818*10-3 0.01945 1.356*10-3 0.125 40.0 660.0 Cm/sec Feet/sec Kms/hr Meters/min Miles/hr Cms/sec Kms/hr Knots Meters/min Miles/hr Miles/min Cm/sec/sec Km/hr/sec Meters/sec/sec Miles/hr/sec Per cent grade Lumen/sq.meter Btu Ergs Gram-calories HP-hrs Joules Kg-calories Kg-meters Kw-hrs Btu/min Foot-pounds/sec HP Kg-calories/min Kw Btu/hr Btu/min HP Kg-calories/min Kw Miles(US) Rods Feet

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UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS Input Gallons

Gallons Gallons Gallons Gallons Gallons Gallons(liq.br.imp.) Gallons(US) Gallons of water Gallons/min Gallons/min Gallons/min Gausses Gausses Gausses Gausses Gilberts Gilberts/cm Gilberts/cm Gilberts/cm Gills(British) Gills Gills Grade Grains Grains(Troy) Grains(Troy) Grains(Troy) Grains(Troy) Grains/US. Gal Grains/US. Gal Grams/imp. gal Grams Grams Grams Grams Grams Grams Grams Grams Grams Grams Grams/cm Grams/cu.cm Grams/cu.cm Grams/cu.cm Grams/liter Grams/liter

Multiplication Factor
3785.0 0.1337 231.0 3.785*10-3 4.951*10-3 3.785 1.20095 0.83267 8.3453 2.228*10-3 0.06308 8.0208 6.452 10-8 6.452*10-8 10-4 0.7958 0.7958 2.021 79.58 142.07 0.1183 0.25 0.01571 0.03657143 1.0 0.06480 2.0833*10-3 0.04167 17.118 142.86 14.286 980.7 15.43 9.807*10-5 9.807*10-3 0.001 1000.0 0.03527 0.03215 0.7093 2.205*10-3 5.600*10-3 62.43 0.03613 3.405*10-7 58.417 8.345

Output
Cu.cm Cu.feet Cu.inches Cu.meters Cu.yards Liters Gallons(US liq.) Gallons(imp) Pounds of water Cu.feet/sec Liters/sec Cu.feet/hr Lines/sq.inch Webers/sq.cm Webers/sq.inch Webers/sq.meter Ampere-turns Ampere-turns/cm Ampere-turns/inch Ampere-turns/m Cu.cm Liters Pints(liq.) Radian Drams(avoirdupois) Grains(avdp) Grams Ounces(avdp) Pennyweight(Troy) Ppm Pounds/million gal. Ppm Dynes Grains Joules/cm Joules/m(Newtons) Kgs Milligrams Ounces(avdp) Ounces(Troy) Poundals Pounds Pounds/inch Pounds/cu.feet Pounds/cu.inch Pounds/mil.foot Grains/gal. Pounds/1000 gal.

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UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS

Input Hand Hectares Hectares Hectograms Hectoliters Hectometers Hectowatts Henries Hogsheads(British) Hogsheads(US) Hogsheads(US) Horsepower Horsepower Horsepower Horsepower(metric542.5ft.lb/sec) Horsepower(550 ft.lb/sec) Horsepower Horsepower Horsepower Horsepower(boiler) Horsepower(boiler) Horsepower-hrs Horsepower-hrs Horsepower-hrs Horsepower-hrs Horsepower-hrs Horsepower-hrs Horsepower-hrs Horsepower-hrs Hours Hours Hundredweights(long) Hundredweights(long) Hundredweights(short) Hundredweights(short) Hundredweights(short) Hundredweights(short) Input Inches Inches Inches Inches Inches Multiplication Factor 10.16 2.471 1.076*105 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1000.0 10.114 8.42184 63 42.44 33000 550.0 0.9863 1.014 10.68 0.7457 745.7 33.479 9.803 2547 2.6845*1013 1.98*106 641190 2.684*106 641.1 2.737*105 0.7457 4.167*10-2 5.952*10-3 112 0.05 1600 100 0.0453592 0.0446429 Multiplication Factor 2.540 2.540*10-2 1.578*10-5 25.40 1000.0 Output Cm. Acres Sq.feet Grams Liters Meters Watts Millihenries Cu.feet Cu.feet Gallons(US) Btu/min Foot-lbs/min Foot-lbs/sec Horsepower(550 ft.lb/sec) Horsepower(metric542.5ft.lb/sec) Kg-calories/min Kilowatts Watts Btu/hr Kw Btu Ergs Foot-lbs Gram-calories Joules Kg-calories Kg-m Kw-hrs Days Weeks Pounds Tons(long) Ounces(avoirdupois) Pounds Tons(metric) Tons(long) Output Centimeters Meters Miles Millimeters Mils

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UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS

Inches Inches of mercury Inches of mercury Inches of mercury Inches of mercury Inches of mercury Inches of mercury Inches of water (at 4 C) Inches of water (at 4 C) Inches of water (at 4 C) Inches of water (at 4 C) Inches of water (at 4 C) Inches of water (at 4 C) International ampere International volt International volt International volt Input Joules Joules Joules Joules Joules Joules Joules/cm Joules/cm Joules/cm Joules/cm Joules/cm Input Kilograms Kilograms Kilograms Kilograms Kilograms Kilograms Kilograms Kilograms Kilograms/cu.m Kilograms/cu.m Kilograms/cu.m Kilograms/cu.m Kilograms/m Kilograms/sq.cm Kilograms/sq.cm Kilograms/sq.cm 2.778*10-2 0.03342 1.133 0.03453 345.3 70.73 0.4912 2.458*10-3 0.07355 2.540*10-3 0.5781 5.204 0.03613 0.9998 1.0003 1.593*10-19 9.654*104 Yards Atmospheres Feet of water Kgs/sq.cm Kgs/sq.m Pounds/sq.feet Pounds/sq.inch Atmospheres Inches of mercury Kgs/sq.cm Ounces/sq.inch Pounds/sq.feet Pounds/sq.inch Ampere(absolute) Volts (absolute) Joules (absolute) Joules

Multiplication Factor 9.480*10-4 107 0.7376 2.389*10-4 0.102 2.778*10-4 1.020*104 107 100.0 723.3 22.48 Multiplication Factor 980665 1000.0 0.09807 9.807 70.93 2.205 9.842*10-4 1.102*10-3 0.001 0.06243 3.613*10-5 3.405*10-10 0.6720 980665(9.81) 0.9678 32.81

Output Btu Ergs Foot-pounds Kg-calories Kg-m Wt-hrs Grams Dynes Joules/m(N) Poundals Pounds Output Dynes Grains Joules/cm Joules/m Poundals Pounds Tons(long) Tons(short) Grams/cu.cm Pounds/cu.feet Pounds/cu.inch Pounds/mil-foot Pounds/ft Dynes(Newton) Atmospheres Feet of water

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UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS

Kilograms/sq.cm Kilograms/sq.cm Kilograms/sq.cm Kilograms/sq.m Kilograms/sq.m Kilograms/sq.m Kilograms/sq.m Kilograms/sq.m Kilograms/sq.m Kilograms/sq.mm Kilogram-calories Kilogram-calories Kilogram-calories Kilogram-calories Kilogram-calories Kilogram-calories Kg/mm.sq.---Kilogram-calories Kilogram meters Kilogram meters Kilogram meters Kilogram meters Kilogram meters Kilogram meters Kilolines Kiloliters Kilometers Kilometers Kilometers Kilometers Kilometers Kilometers Kilometers Kilometers Kilometers Kilometers Kilometers/hr Kilometers/hr Kilometers/hr Kilometers/hr/sec Kilometers/hr/sec Kilometers/hr/sec Kilowatts/hr/sec Kilowatts Kilowatts Kilowatts Kilowatts Kilowatts Kilowatts-hrs 28.96 2048 14.22 9.678*10-5 98.07*10-6 3.281*10-3 2.896*10-3 0.2048 1.422*10-3 106 3.968 3088 1.560*10-3 4186 426.9 4.186 0.00635 1.163*10-3 9.294*10-3 9.804*107 7.233 9.804 2.342*10-3 2.723*10-6 1000.0 1000 105 3281 3.937*104 1000 0.6214 106 1094 27.78 54.68 0.9113 0.5396 16.67 0.6214 27.78 0.9113 0.2778 0.6214 56.92 4.426*104 737.6 1.341 14.34 1000 Inches of mercury Pounds /sq.feet Pounds/sq.inch Atmospheres Bars Feet of water Inches of mercury Pounds /sq.feet Pounds/sq.inch Kgs/sq.m Btu Foot-pounds HP-hrs Joules Kg-m Kilojoules Turns/sq.inch Kilowatt-hrs Btu Ergs Foot-pounds Joules Kg-calories Kilowatt-hrs Maxwells Liters Centimeters Feet Inches Meters Miles Millimeters Yards Cms/sec Feet/min Feet/sec Knots Meters/min Miles/hr Cms/sec/sec Ft/sec/sec Meters/sec/sec Miles/hr/sec Btu/min Foot-lbs/min Foot-lbs/sec Horsepower Kg-calories/min Watts

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UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS

Kilowatts-hrs Kilowatts-hrs Kilowatts-hrs Kilowatts-hrs Kilowatts-hrs Kilowatts-hrs Kilowatts-hrs Kilowatts-hrs Kilowatts-hrs Kilowatts-hrs Knots Knots Knots Knots Knots Knots KPa Input League Light year Light year Lines/sq.cm Lines/sq.in Lines/sq.in Lines/sq.in Lines/sq.in Links(engineers) Lines(surveyors) Liters Liters Liters Liters Liters Liters Liters Liters Liters Liters/min Liters/min Lumens/sq.ft Lumens Lumens Lumens/sq.ft Lux 3413 3.6*1013 2.655*106 859850 1.341 3.6*106 860.5 3.671*105 3.53 22.75 6080 1.8532 1.0 1.151 2027 1.689 0.01 Multiplication Factor 3.0 5.9*1012 9.46091*1012 1.0 0.1550 1.550*10-9 10-8 1.550*10-5 12.0 7.92 0.02838 1000 0.03531 61.02 0.001 1.308*10-3 0.2642 2.113 1.057 5.886*10-4 4.403*10-3 1.0 0.07958 0.001496 10.76 0.0929 Btu Ergs Foot-lbs Gram-calories Horsepower-hrs Joules Kg-calories Kg-meters Pounds of water Evaporated from and at 212F Pounds of water raised from 62 to 212F Feet/hr Kilometers/hr Nautical miles/hr Statute miles/hr Yards/hr Feet/sec Kg/sq.cm

Output Miles(appox) Miles Kilometers Gausses Gausses Webers/sq.cm Webers/sq.in Webers/sq.meter Inches Inches Bushels(US Dry) Cu.cm Cu.feet Cu.inches Cu.meters Cu.yards Gallons (US Liq) Pints (US Liq) Quarts (US Liq) Cu.ft/sec Gals/sec Foot-candles Spherical candle power Watt Lumen/sq.meter Foot-candles

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UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS

Input Maxwells Maxwells Megalines Megaohms Megaohms Meters Meters Meters Meters Meters Meters Meters Meters Meters Meters/min Meters/min Meters/min Meters/min Meters/min Meters/min Meters/sec Meters/sec Meters/sec Meters/sec Meters/sec Meters/sec Meters/sec/sec Meters/sec/sec Meters/sec/sec Meters/sec/sec Meter-kilograms Meters-kilograms Meters-kilograms Microfarad Micrograms Microhms Microhms Microliters Microns Miles(naut.) Miles(naut.) Miles(naut.) Miles(naut.) Miles(naut.) Miles(statute)

Multiplication Factor 0.001 10-8 106 1012 106 100.0 3.281 39.37 0.001 5.396*10-4 6.214*10-4 1000.0 1.094 1.179 1.667 3.281 0.05468 0.06 0.03238 0.03728 196.8 3.281 3.6 0.06 2.237 0.03728 100.0 3.281 3.6 2.237 9.807*107 105 7.233 10-6 10-6 10-12 10-6 10-6 10-6 6080.27 1.853 1853 1.1516 2027 1.609*105

Output Kilolines Webers Maxwells Microhms Ohms Centimeters Feet Inches Kilometers Miles(Naut.) Miles(Stat.) Millimeters Yards Varas Cms/sec Feet/min Feet/sec Kms/hr Knots Miles/hr Feet/min Feet/sec Kms/hr Kms/min Miles/hr Miles/min Cms/sec/sec Ft/sec/sec Kms/hr/sec Miles/hr/sec Cm-dynes Cm-grams Pound-feet Farads Grams Megaohms Ohms Liters Meters Feet Kilometers Meters Miles(statute) Yards Centimeters

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UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS

Miles(statute) Miles(statute) Miles(statute) Miles(statute) Miles(statute) Miles(statute) Miles/hr Miles/hr Miles/hr Miles/hr Miles/hr Miles/hr Miles/hr Miles/hr Miles/hr/sec Miles/hr/sec Miles/hr/sec Miles/hr/sec Miles/min Miles/min Miles/min Miles/min Miles/min Mil-feet Milliers Millimicrons Milligrams Milligrams Milligrams/liter Millihenries Milliliters Millimeters Millimeters Millimeters Millimeters Millimeters Millimeters Millimeters Millimeters Million gals/day Mils Mils Mils Mils Mils Miners inches Minims(British) Minims(US fluid) Minutes(angles) 5280 6.336*104 1.609 1609 0.8684 1760 44.70 88 1.467 1.609 0.02682 0.8684 26.82 0.1667 44.70 1.467 1.609 0.4470 2682 88 1.609 0.8684 60.0 9.425*10-6 1000.0 10-9 0.01543236 0.001 1.0 0.001 0.001 0.1 3.281*10-3 0.03937 10-6 0.001 6.214*10-7 39.37 1.094*10-3 1.54723 2.540*10-3 8.333*10-5 0.001 2.540*10-8 2.778*10-5 1.5 0.059192 0.061612 0.01667 Feet Inches Kilometers Meters Miles(naut.) Yards Cms/sec Feet/min Feets/sec Kms/hr Kms/min Knots Meters/min Miles/min Cms/sec/sec Feet/sec/sec Kms/hr/sec Meters/sec/sec Cms/sec Feet/sec Kms/min Knots/min Miles/hr Cu.inches Kilograms Meters Grains Grams Ppm Henries Liters Centimeters Feet Inches Kms Meters Miles Mils Yards Cu.feet/sec Centimeters Feet Inches Kms Yards Cu.feet/min Cu.cm Cu.cm Degrees

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UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS

Minutes(angles) Minutes(angles) Minutes(angles) MPa Myriagrams Myriameters Myriawatts 1.852*10-4 2.909*10-4 60.0 1.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 Quadrants Radians Seconds N/sq.mm Kgs Kms Kilowatts

Input Nepers Newton

Multiplication Factor 8.686 105

Output Decibels Dynes

Input Ohm(international) Ohms Ohms Ounces Ounces Ounces Ounces Ounces Ounces Ounces Ounces (fluid ) Ounces (fluid ) Ounces (troy ) Ounces (troy ) Ounces (troy ) Ounces (troy ) Ounces (troy ) Ounces/sq.inch Ounces/sq.inch

Multiplication Factor 1.0005 10-6 106 16.0 437.5 28.349527 0.0625 0.9115 2.790*10-5 2.835*10-5 1.805 0.02957 480.0 31.103481 1.09714 20.0 0.08333 4309 0.0625

Output Ohm(absolute) Megaohms Micro ohms Drams Grains Grams Pounds Ounces( troy ) Tons ( long ) Tons ( metric) Cu inches Liters Grains Grams Ounces (avdp ) Pennyweights ( troy ) Pounds ( troy ) Dynes/sq.cm Pounds/sq.inch

Input Parsec Parsec Parts/million Parts/million Parts/million

Multiplication Factor 19*1012 3.084*1013 0.0584 0.07016 8.345

Output Miles Kilometers Grains/U.S gal Grains/imp.gal Pounds/million gal

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UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS

Pascal Pecks (British ) Pecks (British ) Pecks (U.S ) Pecks (U.S ) Pecks (U.S ) Pecks (U.S ) Pennyweights (troy) Pennyweights (troy) Pennyweights (troy) Pennyweights (troy) Pints (dry) Pints (liquid ) Pints (liquid ) Pints (liquid ) Pints (liquid ) Pints (liquid ) Pints (liquid ) Pints (liquid ) Pints (liquid ) Planks quantum Poise Pounds ( avoirdupois ) Poundals Poundals Poundals Poundals Poundals Poundals Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds ( troy ) Pounds ( troy ) Pounds ( troy ) Pounds ( troy ) Pounds ( troy ) Pounds ( troy ) Pounds ( troy ) Pounds ( troy ) 1.0 554.6 9.091901 0.25 537.605 8.809582 8 24.0 0.05 1.55517 4.1667*10-3 33.60 473.2 0.01671 28.87 4.732*10-4 6.189*10-4 0.125 0.4732 0.5 6.624*10-27 1.0 14.5833 13826 14.10 1.383*10-3 0.1383 0.01410 0.03108 256 44.4823*104 7000 453.5924 0.04448 4.448 0.4536 16.0 14.5833 32.17 1.21528 0.0005 5760 373.24177 13.1657 12.0 240.0 0.822857 3.6735*10-4 3.7324*10-4 N/sq.m Cubic inches Liters Bushels Cubic inches Liters Quarts ( dry ) Grains Ounces ( troy ) Grams Pounds (troy ) Cu inches Cu cms Cu feet Cu inches Cu meters Cu yards Gallons Liters Quarts ( liquid ) Erg-second Grams/cm.sec Ounces ( troy) Dynes Grams Joules/cm Joules/meter (Newton ) Kilograms Pounds Grams Dynes Grains Grams Joules/cm Joules/meter ( Newton ) Kilograms Ounces Ounces ( troy ) Poundals Pounds ( troy ) Tons ( short ) Grains Grams Ounces ( advp.) Ounces ( troy ) Pennyweights( troy) Pounds ( advp. ) Tons ( long ) Tons ( metric)

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UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS

Pounds ( troy ) Pounds of water Pounds of water Pounds of water Pounds of water/min Pounds-feet Pounds-feet Pounds-feet Pounds/cu feet Pounds/ cu feet Pounds/ cu feet Pounds/ cu feet Pounds/ cu in. Pounds/ cu in. Pounds/ cu in Pounds/ cu in Pounds/ ft Pounds/ in. Pounds/ mil-foot Pounds/ sq ft Pounds/ sq ft Pounds/ sq ft Pounds/ sq ft Pounds/ sq ft Pounds/ sq inch. Pounds/ sq inch. Pounds/ sq inch Pounds/ sq inch Pounds/ sq inch 4.1143*10-4 0.01602 27.68 0.1198 2.670*10-4 1.356*107 13825 0.1383 0.01602 16.02 5.787*10-4 5.456*10-9 27.68 2.768*104 1728 9.425*10-6 1.488 178.6 2.306*106 4.725*10-4 0.01602 0.01414 4.882 6.944*10-3 0.06804 2.307 2.036 703.1 144.0 Tons (short ) Cu feet Cu inches Gallons Cu ft/sec cm-dynes cm-grams meter-kgs grams/cu cm kgs/cu meter pounds/cu in. pounds/mil-foot gms/cu cm kgs/cu meter pounds/cu ft pounds/mil-foot kgs/meter gms/cm gms/cu cm atmospheres feet of water inches of mercury kgs/sq meter pounds/sq in. atmospheres feet of water inches of mercury kgs/sq meter pounds/sq feet

Input Quadrants (angle ) Quadrants (angle ) Quadrants (angle ) Quadrants (angle ) Quarts ( dry ) Quarts( liq. ) Quarts( liq. ) Quarts( liq. ) Quarts( liq. ) Quarts( liq. ) Quarts( liq. ) Quarts( liq. )

Multiplication Factor 90.0 5400.0 1.571 3.24*105 67.20 946.4 0.03342 57.75 9.464*10-4 1.238*10-3 0.25 0.9463

Output degrees minutes radians seconds cu inches cu cms cu feet cu inches cu meters cu yards gallons liters

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UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS

Input Radians Radians Radians Radians Radians/sec Radians/sec Radians/sec Radians/sec/sec Radians/sec/sec Radians/sec/sec Revolutions Revolutions Revolutions Revolutions/min Revolutions/min Revolutions/min Revolutions/min/min Revolutions/min/min Revolutions/min/min Revolutions/sec Revolutions/sec Revolutions/sec Revolutions/sec/sec Revolutions/sec/sec Revolutions/sec/sec Rod Rod Rods (surveyors meas. ) Rods Multiplication Factor 57.30 3438 0.6366 2.063*105 57.30 9.549 0.1592 573.0 9.549 0.1592 360.0 4.0 6.283 6.0 0.1047 0.01667 1.745*10-3 0.01667 2.778*10-4 360.0 6.283 60.0 6.283 3600.0 60.0 0.25 5.029 5.5 16.5 Output degrees minutes quadrants seconds degrees/sec revolutions/min revolution/sec revs/min/min revs/min/sec rev/sec/sec degrees quadrants radians degrees/sec radians/sec revs/sec radians/sec/sec revs/min/sec revs/sec/sec degrees/sec radians/sec revs/min radians/sec/sec revs/min/min revs/min/sec chain ( Gunters) meters yards feet

Input Scruples Seconds ( angle ) Seconds ( angle ) Seconds ( angle ) Seconds ( angle ) Slug Slug Sphere Square centimeters Square centimeters Square centimeters Square centimeters Square centimeters Square centimeters Square centimeters

Multiplication Factor 20 2.778*10-4 0.01667 3.087*10-6 4.848*10-6 14.59 32.17 12.57 1.973*105 1.076*10-3 0.1550 0.0001 3.861*10-11 100.0 1.196*10-4

Output Grains degrees minutes quadrants radians kilogram pounds steradians circular mils sq feet sq inches sq meters sq miles sq millimeters sq yards

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UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS

Square feet Square feet Square feet Square feet Square feet Square feet Square feet Square feet Square inches Square inches Square inches Square inches Square inches Square inches Square kilometers Square kilometers Square kilometers Square kilometers Square kilometers Square kilometers Square kilometers Square meters Square meters Square meters Square meters Square meters Square meters Square meters Square miles Square miles Square miles Square miles Square miles Square millimeters Square millimeters Square millimeters Square millimeters Square mils Square mils Square mils Square yards Square yards Square yards Square yards Input Volt /inch Volt ( absolute ) 2.296*10-5 1.833*108 929.0 144.0 0.09290 3.587*10-8 9.290*104 0.1111 1.273*106 6.452 6.944*10-3 645.2 106 7.716*10-4 247.1 1010 10.76*106 1.550*109 106 0.3861 1.196*106 2.471*10-4 104 10.76 1550 3.861*10-7 106 1.196 640.0 27.88*106 2.590 2.590*106 3.098*106 1973 0.01 1.076*10-5 1.550*10-3 1.273 6.452*10-6 10-6 2.066*10-4 8361 9.0 1296 Multiplication Factor 0.39370 0.003336 acres circular mils sq cms sq inches sq meters sq miles sq millimeters sq yards circular mils sq cms sq feet sq millimeters sq mils sq yards acres sq cms sq ft sq inches sq meters sq miles sq yards acres sq cms sq feet sq inches sq miles sq millimeters sq yards acres sq feet sq kms sq meters sq yards circular mils sq cms sq feet sq inches circular mils sq cms sq inches acers sq cms sq feet sq inches Output volt/cm stat volts

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UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS

Input watts watts watts watts watts watts watts watts watts watts (Abs.) watts (Abs.) watts-hour watts-hour watts-hour watts-hour watts-hour watts-hour watts-hour watts-hour webers/sq in. webers/sq in. webers/sq meter webers/sq meter webers/sq meter webers/sq meter Input yards yards yards yards yards yards Multiplication Factor 3.4129 0.05688 107.0 44.27 0.7378 1.341*10-3 1.360*10-3 0.01433 0.001 0.056884 1.0 3.413 3.60*10-10 2656.0 859.85 1.341*10-3 0.8605 367.2 0.001 0.1550 1550.0 104 6.452*104 10-4 6.452*10-4 Multiplication factor 91.44 9.144*10-4 0.9144 4.93410-4 5.682*10-4 914.4 Output btu/hr btu/min erg/sec foot-lbs/min foot-lbs/sec horsepower horsepower ( metric ) kg-calories/min kilowatts B.T.U(mean)/min joules/sec btu Ergs foot-pounds gram-calories horsepower-hrs kilogram-calories kilogram-meters kilowatt-hrs webers/sq cm webers/sqmeter gausses lines/sq in. webers/sq cm webers/sq in. Output centimeters kilometers meters miles ( naut. ) miles ( stat. ) millimeters

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