5.

Bourdon gauge
Instrument for measuring pressure, patented by French watchmaker Eugene Bourdon in 1849. The gauge contains a C-shaped tube, closed at one end. When the pressure inside the tube increases, the tube uncurls slightly, causing a small movement at its closed end. A system of levers and gears magnifies this movement and turns a pointer, which indicates the pressure on a circular scale. Bourdon gauges are often fitted to cylinders of compressed gas used in industry and hospitals.

. j

6. Dp cell transducer
Differential pressure is normally measured with an instrument known as a dp cell. It consists of a sensor, a transducer and a transmitter combined in a single device. The dp cell is a very versatile instrument and is the most common of all process instruments. Depending on how it is installed, the dp cell can be used for measuring differential pressure, absolute pressure ,vacuum, level, density and flow .Figure , a differential pressure cell transducer (Rosemount 2024 DP cell, rang 0-750 in H20, 420 mA, 0-5 V de output wiring and 24V power) with liquid purging system use; to measure pressure gradient

J
DP Transmitters
a pressure transmitter for measuring differential pressures with a 4-20mA current loop output signal or amplified voltage output signal in pressure ranges from 1.6mb up to 6 bar differential. Measure air or liquid dp to determine flow in a pipe, negative or positive pressure between rooms.

Pitot Tube
A pitot tube is a pressure measurement instrument used to measure fluid flow velocity. The pitot tube was invented by the French engineer Henri Pitot in the early 1700s and was modified to its modem form in the mid 1800s by French scientist Henry Darcy.It is widely used to determine the air speed of7ai ,craft and to measure air and gas velocities in industrial applications.

SimplE!' PiI:<:>t: TubE!'

St:.at:ic Sou'-CE!'

Pit<:>t:-St:Cilt:lc TubE!'

The basic pitot tube consists of a tube pointing directly into the fluid flow. As this tube contains fluid, a pressure can be measured; the moving fluid is brought to rest (stagnates) as there is no outlet to allow flow to continue. This pressure is the stagnation pressure of the fluid, also known as the total pressure or (particularly in aviation) the pitot pressure. The measured stagnation pressure cannot of itself be used to determine the fluid velocity (airspeed in aviation). However, Bernoulli's equation states:

Pc =p$+'

( ?.'
\-

') - . '. p"i';'.")1')

1;,r _ 'W

-V

t.;

k2itn. \ ..
Jr'

r"s)'

m"~,

Where V is fluid velocity and pressure and p is fluid density

PI

is stagnation or total pressure and

ps

is static

The dynamic pressure, then, is the difference between the stagnation pressure and the static pressure. The static pressure is generally measured using the static ports on the side of the fuselage. The dynamic pressure is then determined using a diaphragm inside an enclosed container. If the air on one side of the diaphragm is at the static pressure, and the other at the stagnation pressure, then the deflection of the diaphragm is proportional to the dynamic pressure, which can then be used to determine the indicated airspeed of the aircraft. The diaphragm arrangement is typically contained within the airspeed indicator, which converts the dynamic pressure to an airspeed reading by means of mechanical levers.

J'

7. Peizometer
Pezometer is a small-diameter observation well used to measure the hydraulic head of groundwater in aquifers. Similarly, it may also be a standpipe, tube, vibrating wire piezometer or manometer used to measure the pressure of a fluid at a specific location in a column. Piezometers should ideally have a very short screen and filter zone, so that they can represent the hydraulic head at a point in the aquifer. If the filter zone is located at a specific isolated depth, the piezometer is defined punctual, or, if the piezometer has a filter on all its length, is defined windowed. The windowed Ii,ezometer is cheaper than the punctual one, but cannot give information on vert7a1 flows. extensimeters (strain gauges piezometers).

peizometer Installation
Traditional Method The instructions below assume that the piezometer will be installed at the bottom of the borehole. 1. Drill the borehole below the required depth of the piezometer. Flush the borehole with water or biodegradable drilling mud. 2. Form a sand intake zone: trernie wet sand to the bottom of the borehole. You must pull drill casing slightly to keep it above the level of the sand. When the sand reaches the required depth of the piezometer, lower the piezometer into the borehole. Trernie sand around the piezometer, again pulling the casing to keep it above the level of the sand. Continue until at least six inches (150 mm) of sand has been placed above the piezometer. Note: If you know that the water table will drop below the elevation of the piezometer, install the piezometer with its filter tip pointing upwards. This allows easy re-entry of water. - / Note: Sometimes the piezometer is placed in a sand-filled ca.ntas bag. The bag then serves as a sand intake zone. 3. Place a bentonite seal above the intake zone, using bentomte chips. A typical seal is at least 1 foot thick, but refer to project specifications for the required length. Again, be sure to pull the casing up above the level of the bentonite. Drop chips in slowly to ensure proper placement of the seal and to avoid bridging. The bentonite seal typically requires 2 to 3 hours to set up, but refer to your bentonite instructions for exact times. Keep the borehole filled with water to fully hydrate the bentonite and prevent it from drawing water from the surrounding soil. 4. Backfill with a bentonite-cement grout. 5. Readings taken immediately after installation will be high~ut will decrease as the grout cures. A datum reading can be taken bours to d.7 instaJlation, depeniling

on the permeability of the soil. Take readings periodically to determine when recovery has occurred (pressure readings have stabilized). 6. Terminate the installation as specified. It is important to terminate the cable above ground level in a waterproof enclosure or with a waterproof conn1ector Protect the installation from construction traffic and mark its location with a stake