615431

Air duct

AHU

Solar
radiation

Thermal
radiation
Convection
Solar
radiation

Fresh air intake

Thermal
radiation

Absorbed

Supply
air
Radiation
from light

Return
air

Electric power

Cooling
tower

Transmitted
Conduction
Evaporator

Absorbed
pump

Convection
Convection
Conduction

Reflectted

Compressor
Condenser
Water
chiller

pump

Human requirements
Equipment operating requirements

Indoor condition to be achieved by

the air-conditioning system

Solar radiation on building

Thermal environment as dynamic
process

Heat transfer into the interior

through building envelope

Additional constraints on airconditioning system

Dynamic requirement on electricity

supply

Air-conditioning and ventilating

equipment operation as dynamic
processes




: 23-27 C

: 40-70% RH

External factors
Building
component

Roof

Mode of
heat gain

Character of
heat gain

Conduction heat Heat flow through

gain
finite mass

Wall

Factors which affect

heat gain

Solar-shading,
absorption of solar
radiation by surfaces

Similar to roof

Window

Relation
transmission

Instantaneous,
non-dynamic
energy gain

Shading by:
1.external devices
2.internal devices
3.film

Door

Ex-filtration &
conduction

Air leakage
cool or warm

Closure of door

Internal factors

End-use

Attributes

Character of end-use

Lighting

Device efficacy (lm/W)

Power intensity (W/m2)

Profile of space use

People

Level of activity: 80-500 W/Person

1.Sensible heat
2.Latent heat
Density, number of person/m2

Profile of occupancy and

activities of people in the space

Ventilation Air change rate

Fresh air control
Cooling control

Pattern of change of air and

enthalpy of the air

Equipment Efficiency intensity (W/m2)

Profile of use of equipment

Schedule of use
Performance of building envelope

Cooling load

A/C system

* Exterior
environment

* Solar
radiation

* Infiltration

* Equipment

* Lighting

* People
* Ventilation

(Building Envelope)

Short-wavelength radiation or solar radiation

Long-wavelength radiation or Infrared radiation

For steady-state conduction in one dimension;

dT
q kA
dx
q
k
A
dT
dx

= heat transfer rate, W

= thermal conductivity, W/(m.K)
= area normal to heat flow, m2
= temperature gradient, K/m

For steady-state conduction in one dimension;

T2 T1
T2 T1
q kA
A
x 2 x1
Rk
Rk = thermal resistance
for conduction,

x 2 x1
Rk
k

m2.K/W

T1

x2

x1
T1

T2

R1

T2

T1

Rk = R1 + R2 + R3
=

Dx 1

k1

Dx 2

k2

Dx 3

k3

T1

Dx1 Dx2 Dx3

k1 k2

k3

R1 R2 R3

T2

T2

T Tw

q hA(T Tw ) A
Rc

= heat transfer rate, W

= convection heat transfer coefficient, W/(m.K)

= bulk temperature of fluid, K or oC

Tw

= wall temperature, K or oC

q 12

T14 T24

1 1

A1 1

q 12

T
F
A

A1F12

1 2

A2 2

= heat transfer rate, W

= emittance
= temperature, K
= configuration factor
= surface area, m2
= Boltzmann constant, = 5.673 x 10-8 W/(m2.K4)

; A1 = A2 = A, F12 = 1

q 12 A

T14 T24
1

1 2
T1 T2

A
1/ 1 1/ 2 1
T1 T2 T12 T22
T1 T2

A
Rr

T1

T2

To

Dx1

Dx2

Dx3

k2

k3

k1

Ti

Rk2
Rc2

To

Rco Rk1

Ti
Rk3 Rci

Rr2

Rtot Rco Rk 1 Rk 2 // Rc 2 // Rr 2 Rci

Rk 2Rc 2Rr 2
Rk 2 // Rc 2 // Rr 2
Rk 2 Rc 2 Rr 2

To Ti

q A
Rtot

q UA To Ti
U

Rtot

U = overall heat-transfer coefficient, W/(m2.K)

Uave = aUa +bUb + +nUn
a,b,, n

Example 1. Calculate the U-factor of the 38 x 90 mm stud wall shown in

The figure below.
The studs are at 400 mm OC. There is 90 mm mineral fiber bat insulation [R = 2.3
(m2K)/W] in the stud space. The inside finish is 13 mm gypsum wallboard; the
outside is finished with rigid foam insulating sheathing [R = 0.7 (m2K)/W] and 13
by 200 mm vinyl siding.
The insulated cavity occupies
approximately 75% of the transmission
area; the studs, plates, and sills occupy
21%; and the headers occupy 4%.

R
R
Element
(Insulated (Studs, Plates,
Cavity) and Headers)
1. Outside surface, 24 km/h wind
0.044
0.044
2. Wood bevel lapped siding
0.14
0.14
3. Rigid foam insulating sheathing
0.7
0.7
4. Mineral fiber batt insulation
2.3

5. Wood stud

0.63
6. Gypsum wallboard
0.08
0.08
7. Inside surface, still air
0.12
0.12
3.38
1.7
R ASHRAE HandbookFundamentals
assume the headers are solid wood, in this case, and group
them with the studs, plates, and sills.
Uav =(0.75x0.297)+(0.25x0.588) = 0.37 W (m2K)

UoAo = Uwall1 Awall1 +Uwall2 Awall2 + + Uwall m Awall m

+Uwindow1 Awindow1 + Uwindow2 Awindow2++Uwindow n Awindow n
+Udoor1 Adoor1 +Udoor2 Adoor2 + + Udoor o Adoor o
Example 2. Calculate Uo for a wall 10 x2.4 m, constructed as in Example 1.
The wall contains two double-glazed (12.7 mm airspace) fixed windows with
wood/vinyl frames. [U = 2.98 W/(m2K).] One window is 1500 by 860 mm and
the second 900 by 760 mm. The wall also contains a 45 mm solid core flush
door with a metal storm door 860 by 2000 mm [U = 1.42 W/(m2K)].

Solution: The U-factor for the wall was obtained in Example 1. The
areas of the different components are
Awindow = (1.500 x 0.860) + (0.900 x 0.760) =1.97 m2
Adoor = (0.860 x 2.000) = 1.72 m2
Awall = (10 x 2.4) (1.97 + 1.72) = 20.31 m2
Therefore, the combined thermal transmittance for the wall is

(0.37 20.31)
(2.98 1.97)
(1.42 1.72)
10 2.4

Uo

= 0.66 W/m2.K

Item
1. Outside surface (wind for summer 24 km/hr)

Resistance R
0.044

2. Built-up roofing, 9.5 mm

3. Rigid roof deck insulation
4. Concrete slab, lightweight aggregate, 50 mm
5. Corrugated metal deck

6. Metal ceiling suspension system with metal hanger rods

7. Nonreflective air space, greater than 90 mm (32.2oC

mean; 5.6 oC T difference)

0.18

8. Metal lath and lightweight aggregate plaster, 19 mm

9. Inside surface (still air)
R total
Uavg= 1/Rtotal

Note:
1. Heat flow down. Use largest air space (90 mm) in Table
2. Area of hanger rods is negligible in relation to ceiling area.

0.16

Effective emittance
0.03

Thermal Resistances of Plane Air Space,

(m2K)/W at 90 mm Air Space

0.05

0.2

0.5

0.82

q = UA(Ti -Tgrd )
where:

U = overall heat-transfer coefficient from Table,

W/(m2. oC)

A = wall or floor surface area below ground level

Ti = inside air temperature, oC
Tgrd = design ground surface temperature, oC

Ground T
Ambient T
Sky T

Ground T
Ambient T
Sky T

(oC)

(oC)

..

(AIT, )

..

..

..

..

..

26.78 26.61 26.91 27.38 28.62 29.58

..

..

..

..

..

..

30.23 30.42 30.09 29.35 28.35 27.43

32

U-Factor of under-ground walls, W/(m2.K)

Basement
Depth (m)

Uninsulated

R-0.73
(m2.K)/W

R-1.47
(m2.K)/W

R-2.20
(m2.K)/W

0.3

2.33

0.86

0.53

0.38

0.6

1.79

0.76

0.49

0.36

0.9

1.49

0.69

0.45

0.34

1.2

1.29

0.63

0.43

0.32

1.5

1.14

0.58

0.40

0.31

1.8

1.02

0.54

0.38

0.29

2.1

0.93

0.51

0.36

0.28

Soil conductivity (ksoil) = 1.38W/(m.oC)

U-Factor of basement floors, W/(m2.K)

Depth of
Basement
wall below
ground level
(m)

Shortest Width of Basement

6m

7.3 m

8.5 m

9.7 m

1.5

0.18

0.16

0.15

0.13

1.8

0.17

0.15

0.14

0.12

2.1

0.16

0.15

0.13

0.12

The data in the table is for concrete floor only. If floor tile or
carpet is added, the overall coefficients for the finished floor
may be computed as

Rtot = 1/UA +Radd

 Solar

radiation effects on the heat gain of a building

Thermal

radiation is electromagnetic radiation,

composes of
most of infrared

all of visible light

The part that creates a heating effect.

part of ultraviolet

l = 100 100,000 nm

 Global

irradiance (W/m2)

is the total thermal radiation that impinges on a

surface from all directions and from all sources.
It composes of
Beam irradiance
Diffuse irradiance
"Irradiance" is used when the electromagnetic radiation is
incident on the surface.

Absorptance, a

Absorption is the transformation of the radiant energy

into thermal energy stored by the molecules.

Reflectance,

Reflection is the return of radiation by a surface without

change of frequency.

Transmittance,

Transmission is the passage of radiation through a

medium without change of frequency.

a1

Emittance,

The emittance is the fraction of the blackbody

energy that a surface would emit at the same
temperature

E = EB
E is total emissive power (W/m2)

is the total energy emitted by the surface into the

space in all directions because of the temperature
of the material.

 (Beam or Direct Radiation)

(Diffuse Radiation)

(Global Radiation or Total radiation)

Air mass

zenith angle = 0
Air mass =1
Air mass = 0
Air mass > 1

21 June

21 December

Tropic of Cancer
Latitude 23.5

Sun

Equator
Air mass
during
summer

Air mass
during
winter

Equator
Latitude 23.5
Tropic of Capricorn

21 September
Autumnal equinox
Sun
23.5
21 June
Summer solstice

21 December

21 March
Vernal equinox

Winter solstice

f (latitude)
OQ OQ

d (declination)

w, Hour Angle ( )

solar altitude angle, as

solar azimuth, s

suns zenith angle, fs

W
Altitude angle a
s

fs Zenith angle

Azimuth angle
(positive due west)

Solar Time

This is the time based on the physical angular motion of the sun. Solar
noon is the time when the altitude angle of the sun reaches its peak.
Solar time can be calculated from

where ts

tl
Lgs
Lgl
Eqt

ts

tl 4(Lgs Lgl) + Eqt

=
=
=
=
=

solar time,
local standard time,
standard local longitude,
actual longitude, and
equation of time (min).

Note that the negative sign for the second term is for eastern longitude.
The last two terms are in minutes.

The equation of time is a correction term for the solar time in

reference to the distortion of the suns position due to the earths

rotation on a wobbling axis.

Eqt

9.87 sin 2B - 7.53 cos B - 1.5 sin B, min

360o (jd-81) / 364, 1 jd 365,

where jd is Julian date, which is the day number of the year.

Eqt varies within +/-15 minutes, and changes with respect to the
day of the year.

variation of Eqt with different days of the

year.
20
15

Time (min)

10
5
0

21 41 61 81 101 121 141 161 181 201 221 241 261 281 301 321 341 361 365

-5
-10
-15

Julian date (Jd)

local longitude Lgl is 100.5 E

standard longitude Lgs is 105 E
At 11:00, local time, on 23 May, the solar time can be calculated as in
the followings.
For Bangkok,

The Julian date jd is obtained as 31 + 28 + 31 + 30 + 23 = 143

then
B
= 360o (jd - 81) / 364 = 61.32
Eqt
= 9.87 sin 2B - 7.53 cos B - 1.5 sin B
= 3.382 minutes
= 3 minutes 22.9 seconds
solar time (ts) = tl 4(Lgs Lgl) + Eqt
= 11:00 4(105 100.5) minutes
+ 3 minutes 22.9 seconds
= 10:45:22.9.

solar altitude angle:

sinas

solar azimuth angle: sins

where Lt

= sin Lt . sind + cos Lt. cosd . Cosw

= cosd . sinw / cosas

= the latitude of the considered location

(Bangkok =13.7 N)

= declination angle,

= 23.45 sin[360(284+jd) / 365]

the value of which is between +/23.45

= solar hour angle,

= (ts 12)/12, radian

Calculate the solar altitude and azimuth angles at 11:00 hour on 23

May in Bangkok.
The solar time is obtained in the previous example

ts

= 10:45:22.9
= 10.7563 (decimal).

The solar hour angle

= (10.7563 12)/12,

= 0.3256, radian,
= 18.66 and
the declination angle

= 23.45 sin[360 (284+143) / 365],

= 20.54

as
s

= sin-1[sin(13.7) . sin(20.54)
+ cos(13.7) . cos(20.54).cos(-18.66)]
= 70.9
= sin-1[cos(20.54) . sin(-18.66) / cos(70.9)]
= 66.3 or 113.7

For May 23, the sun is due north for our location in Bangkok.
Therefore, the angle -113.7 is the correct one.

x1, Zenith
Vn
Vs

=

Vn =

x3, North

as
s
p

Planes azimuth, p

Walls inclination angle,

x2, East

The total solar radiation on the unshaded plane Eet is

Eet
where

EeS

cos
Eed
Eeg
g

(1 cos )
(1- cos )
EeS cos Eed
g Eeg
2
2

= the beam normal component of the solar radiation,

in the direction of the sun, W/m2
= cosine of angle between the plane normal and the solar vector
= diffuse component of the solar radiation on a horizontal plane,
W/m2
= total solar radiation on a horizontal plane (global radiation), W/m2
= reflectivity of the horizontal surface of the ground around
the inclined plane.

cos = sind . sin Lt . cos sind . cos Lt . sin . cosp

+ cosd . cos Lt . cos . cosw
+ cosd . sin Lt. sin . cosp . cosw
+ cosd . sin . sinp . sinw
For vertical plane
= 90, cos = 0, sin = 1
cos = sind . cos Lt. cosp
+ cosd . sin Lt. cosp . cosw
+ cosd . sinp . sinw.

Time
(hour)
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

Solar radiation (W/m2)

Mar 21
Beam
202.1
266.8
326.6
380.6
414.0
424.9
414.0
380.6
326.6
266.8
202.1

Diffuse
81.1
156.2
226.0
270.7
293.5
303.4
293.5
270.7
226.0
156.2
81.1

June 21
Beam
82.0
127.3
197.1
284.5
349.1
367.5
349.1
284.5
197.1
127.3
82.0

Diffuse
87.8
158.0
215.0
266.0
305.0
318.0
305.0
266.0
215.0
158.0
87.8

Sept 21
Beam
116.2
184.3
239.0
278.0
305.0
320.0
305.0
278.0
239.0
184.3
116.2

Diffuse
49.9
112.0
163.8
207.0
240.9
258.0
240.9
207.0
163.8
112.0
49.9

Dec 21
Beam
146.7
265.0
352.0
420.0
472.3
489.7
472.3
420.0
352.0
265.0
146.7

Diffuse
45.6
101.0
145.0
173.0
188.0
194.0
188.0
173.0
145.0
101.0
45.6

Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)

is responsible for transmission of solar radiation

directly through the glazing assembly and
absorbed solar radiation. (shown in Table)

Shading coefficient (SC)

is a ratio of the solar heat gain coefficient of the

given glazing to that of reference glazing (3mmclear glazing)

SC = SHGC/0.87

Aluminium frame

Other frame

0.86
0.81
0.73
0.59

0.67
0.62
0.55
0.44

0.78
0.73
0.65
0.52

0.80
0.79
0.61
0.41

0.78
0.77
0.59
0.40

0.78
0.74
0.67
0.54

0.75
0.71
0.64
0.52

0.19
0.39

0.16
0.30

0.18
0.35

0.07
0.27

0.07
0.26

0.18
0.36

0.17
0.34

0.49
0.47

0.31
0.29

0.41
0.39

0.42
0.37

0.41
0.36

0.46
0.43

0.43
0.41

0.13
0.29

0.10
0.20

0.11
0.25

0.06
0.24

0.06
0.23

0.13
0.27

0.12
0.26

0.51
0.31

0.32
0.21

0.44
0.27

0.64
0.51

0.63
0.50

0.47
0.29

0.45
0.27

Other frame

Aluminium frame

Uncoated clear
3
CLR
0.9
6
CLR
0.88
6
BRZ
0.68
6
GRY
0.46
Reflective single
6
SS CLR, 8%
0.08
6
TI on CLR, 30%
0.30
Uncoated double
6
BRZ CLR
0.47
6
GRY CLR
0.41
Reflective double
6
SSCLR8%,CLR
0..07
6
TICLR30%CLR 0.27
Low-E double, e 0.1 on surface 2
6
LE CLR
0.72
6
HPGRNLECLR
0.57

Hemispherical
diffuse

Visible transmittance

Type of glazing

Glazing
thickness, mm

Glazing system

70 degrees

Properties of window system

Visible
SHGC at incident angle transmittance
SHGC

Normal

Properties at center of glazing

Note:
CLR = clear,
BRZ = bronze,
GRY = Grey,
SS = stainless steel reflective coating,
TI = titanium dioxide reflective coating,
HPGRN = high performance green tinted glass,
LE = low emissivity.

The Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV)

OTTV =

(1- WWR) (Uw) (TDeq)

+ (WWR) (Uf) (T)
+ (WWR) (ESR) (SHGC) (SC)

WWR: window to wall ratio

 Window

area / Total wall area

WWR = [ ( 2.4 x 1.6 ) x 4 ] / ( 3.2 x 12 )

= , m2-K/W

Dx

Dx

= , m

= , W/m-K
63

R Ro

Outside
Ro

Dx 1

k1

Dx 2

Dx 1

Dx 2

Dx n

k1

k2

kn

k2

...

Dx n

kn

Ri

Inside
Ri

Ro
0.044

Ri
0.12

R =

Ro =

Ri =

xn =

kn =

64

R Ro

Outside
Ro

Dx 1

Dx 2

k1

k2

k1

Dx 2

k2

... Ra ...

Dx n
Ra

Dx 1

kn

Inside
Ri

Dx n

kn

Ri

Ra =

Ra
5 mm

20 mm

100 mm

0.11
0.25

0.148
0.578

0.160
0.606

65

0.01 m

=1/R

= X / k

Exterior

Cement /
Sand
Plaster

Rtotal =

0.1 m

0.01 m

Interior

Q-con
Block

Cement /
Sand
Plaster

Ro + X1 / k1 + X2 / k2
+ X3 / k3 + X4 / k4 + Ri

0.01
0.1
0.01
0.044

0.12
0.533 0.13 0.533

North

Type of building
Inclination
Direction
*cp*Thickness instead of *Thickness
Office & school (8.00 - 17.00 hr)
Hotel & hospital (0.00 24.00 hr)
Department store & hypermart (10.00 - 22.00 hr)

Office
Inclination Direction *cp*thickness
degree
0
90
15

North-east

30

East

45

South-east

60

South

75

South-west

90

West

North

North

North-west

kJ/(m2.K)
15
30
50
100
200
300
400

Inclination
angle

Direction

East

Absorptance

0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9

10.8
10.4
10
9.1
7.9
7.3
7.1

14.1
13.7
13.2
12.1
10.6
9.9
9.6

17.4
16.9
16.3
15.1
13.4
12.5
12.2

20.7
20.1
19.5
18.1
16.1
15.1
14.7

Materials

Conductivity, k Density, Specific heat,

3
W/(m.K)
kJ/(kg.K)
kg/m

Concrete, light weight of

0.303
density 960 kg/m3
3
0.346
density 1120 kg/m
3
0.476
density 1280 kg/m
Plastering materials
(a) gypsum
0.235
(b) perlite
0.115
(c) sand/cement
0.553
Surface finish
Solar absorptance

Surfacing Material

Cream or pale color marble

Cream or pale color granite
Cream or pale color gravel
Light colored cladding

Paint

Cream

0.5

960
1120
1280

0.84
0.84
0.84

720
616
1568

1.09
1.34
0.84

Remark

Surface of pale color

=1/R

= X / k

0.006 m

Rtotal = Ro + X1 / k1 + Ri
gray glass
single pane

Rtotal = 0.044+(0.006/1.053)+0.12

Type of building

Category of Building
T, ( o C )

school building

Office & school

Hospital & hotel

Department store & hypermart

 Type

of building
Inclination

Direction

Effective Solar Radiation for Office or School Building (W/m2)

Direction
Inclination

North

North-east

East

South-east

South

South-west

West

North-west

437.38

437.38

437.38

437.38

437.38

437.38

437.38

437.38

15

405.00

421.74

433.61

440.00

441.62

438.90

431.51

419.53

30

358.99

390.20

412.96

425.48

428.59

422.98

408.39

385.65

45

306.68

348.31

379.58

397.17

401.47

393.20

372.57

341.61

60

255.37

301.60

337.61

358.44

363.45

353.18

328.62

293.33

75

212.39

255.60

291.21

312.65

317.70

306.52

281.11

246.70

90

185.06

215.84

244.53

263.14

267.41

256.82

234.58

207.62

 Glass type
Thickness
Glass
thickness
, mm

Glass type

Visible
transmittance

SHGC

0.006 m

Uncoated single glazing

Clear glass

0.88

0.73

Bronze glass

0.54

0.54

Green glass

0.76

0.54

Gray glass

0.46

0.52

Bluegreen glass

0.75

0.55

gray glass
single pane

SC

jd = Julian date : the day number of the year
21 March

jd = 31+29+21 = 81

22 June

jd = 31+29+31+30+31+22 = 174

23 September

jd = 31+29+31+30+31+30+31+31+23 = 267

22 December

jd = 31+29+31+30+31+30+31+31+30+31+30+22 = 357

jd

=
B = 360(j
81)/365
local
standard
actual
time
local
longitude
longitude
: Bangkok
: Thailand
= 23.45sin
100.5
= 105 ooEE [360(284 + jd)/365 ]
dstandard
Eqt = 9.87sin2B 7.53cosB 1.5sinB
ts = tl 4(Lgs Lgl)+Eqt
= (ts 12)/12
latitude of location = 13.7 oN

s = sin-1 (sinLt . sin + cosLt . cos . cos)

plane
azimuth angle : south = 0 o
s = sin-1 ( cos . sin / cos
)
s

cos = sins.cos + coss.sins.sin.sinp + coss.coss.sin.cosp

Inclination angle = 90 o

 Eet = Af [ Ees cos + Eed ( 1+ cos)/2]

Solar radiation (W/m2)
Time

2.4 m

1.6 m

Af = window area

= 2.4x1.6 m2

21-Mar

22-Jun

23-Sep

22-Dec

(hour)

Beam
(Ees)

Diffuse
(Eed)

Beam
(Ees)

Diffuse
(Eed)

Beam
(Ees)

Diffuse
(Eed)

Beam
(Ees)

Diffuse
(Eed)

185.7

121.6

145.4

196.2

202.3

165.1

270.0

83.5

290.1

190.0

204.3

275.6

296.2

241.8

454.4

140.5

10

374.8

245.4

250.9

338.6

369.9

302.0

603.3

186.5

11

433.8

284.1

282.6

381.2

418.3

341.4

704.9

217.9

12

463.2

303.4

297.3

401.1

437.9

357.5

751.3

232.2

13

461.0

301.9

294.2

397.0

427.6

349.0

738.9

228.4

14

427.3

279.8

273.6

369.1

388.0

316.7

668.7

206.7

15

364.5

238.7

236.5

319.1

321.7

262.6

546.1

168.8

16

276.7

181.2

185.3

250.0

233.5

190.6

380.8

117.7

17

170.0

111.3

123.0

165.9

129.2

105.5

185.6

57.4

Eew = Afu Ees cos + Af Eed ( 1+ cos)/2

Finding Afu :
1.

P1

unshaded area on the window

Specify corner point of shading device

2.8

xP1 5.85
X1,
zenith
1.8
P
X3, north
X2, east

2.8
xP2 6.15
1.8

2.

Calculate a unit vector of

sun direction (solar
vector)

sin a s

Vsx cos a s sin s

cos a s cos s
3.

x1, Zenith

Calculate the coordinates

of shadow points

h
xs x P
Vsx
cos

x3, North

Xp

as

x2, East

x1, Zenith
y1

y3

y2

Y = [A] X
y1 cos
y 0
2
y 3 sin

x3, North

sin p sin
cos p
sin p cos

cos p sin x1

sin p x2
cos p cos x3

x2, East

4.

Calculate unshaded area : Afu

8.00-17.00

10
2
am
pm
11
12
1
3pm
4
am
pm
95
8am
am

21 March
22 June
23 September
22 December

 Calculate

sc

SC

Eew
Eet

E
ew
ew
ew
21March i
22June i
23September
i
sc y
n

E
et
et
et
21March i
22June i
23September
i
For school building h = 8, , 17

Eew

i
22December

Eet

i
22December

 OTTV

(1- WWR) (Uw) (TDeq)

+ (WWR) (Uf) (T)
+ (WWR) (ESR) (SHGC) (SC)

(Aw 1)(OTTV1) (Aw 2 )(OTTV 2 ) ... (Aw i )(OTTVi )

OTTV
Aw 1 Aw 2 ... Aw i

(Roof)
(RTTV)

RTTVi (U r )(1 SRR )(TDeq ) (Uf )(SRR )(DT ) (SRR )(SHGC )(SC )(ESR )

RTTV

RTTVi
Ur
SRR

(Ar 1)(RTTV1) (Ar 2 )(RTTV 2 ) ... (Ari )(RTTVi )

Ar 1 Ar 2 ... Ari

= (W/m2)
=
(W/m2-K)
=

82

(Floor)

Qfloor (U floor )(Afloor )(Tug Troom )

Qfloor

= , W

U floor

= , W/m2-K

Afloor

= , m2

Tug

= , oC

Troom

= , oC
83

Qenv Aw OTTV Ar RTTV Qfloor

Qenv

= , W

Aw

= , m2

OTTV

= , W/m2

Ar

= , m2

RTTV

= , W/m2
84

( ... ( 2) .. 2550)

OTTV
(W/m2)
50

RTTV
(W/m2)
15

40

12

30

10

85

(Eew) 13:00 .
23 .. ground reflectance =-0.15, (Ees) 400 W/m2,
(Eed) 300 W/m2

x 1, y 3
1.2 m

1m

0.25 m
1m

x2

y2, West
1m

x3, y1, North