CBEE 212 Problem Set 1 Due Friday Jan.

20 by 4pm

Winter 2012

1. A series of experiments are performed in which heat is delivered to a gas using an electrical heating coil made out of nichrome wire. Delivery of electrical current to the heating coil results in a power output of 1.4W, and 90% of this power is delivered to the gas. The gas and the heating coil are contained within a rigid insulated box with a volume of 2.1 liters. In the experiments, the air in the box is initially at 25C and 1 atm. An electrical current is delivered to the heating coil for different time periods and the temperature of the gas is measured using a thermocouple. The table below shows the data from these experiments. Time (s) 0 30 60 90 Temperature (C) 25 45 65 85 U (J) (J/mol)

a. What is the change in internal energy U (relative to the initial state of 25C and 1 atm) for each of the temperatures in the table above? b. What is the change in specific internal energy (relative to the initial state of 25C and 1 atm) for each of the temperatures in the table? c. Use the data in the table to estimate the internal energy change associated with bringing 2 moles of gas from an initial state of 25C and 1 atm to a final state of 65C and 1 atm. d. Do the internal energy values in the table correspond with a pressure of 1 atm? If the values do not correspond with a pressure of 1 atm, will it affect your answer to part c? Explain your answers. 2. Air at 50C and 1 atm enters the bottom of a vertical pipe (0.5 m diameter, 10 m height) at a velocity of 10 m/sec. During its transit to the top of the pipe, the gas cools to a temperature of 25C (still at 1 atm). a. What is the difference between the rates at which potential energy is transferred to the system at the inlet and outlet? b. What is the difference between the rates at which kinetic energy is transferred to the system at the inlet and outlet? c. If the enthalpy difference for this process is -54.1 kW, what is the rate of heat transfer? Indicate whether heat is transferred from the air in the pipe to the surroundings or from the surroundings to the air in the pipe. 3. A Venturi meter is a device used to measure fluid flow rates. It consists of a pipe with a tapered constriction, with pressure taps leading to a differential manometer. One arm of the manometer is connected upstream of the constriction (point 1) and the other at the narrowest point within the constriction (point 2). For more information about Venturi meters, see (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venturi_effect).

a. Write and simplify the Bernoulli equation for an incompressible fluid flowing between the points 1 and 2. Then derive an expression for the volumetric flow rate in terms of the pressure difference, P 1 - P 2 . b. The Venturi meter is used to measure the flow rate in a stream of water, using mercury as the manometer fluid. A manometer reading h = 38 cm is recorded. What is the volumetric flow rate of the water if the pipe diameter at point 1 is 15 cm and the diameter at point 2 is 7.5 cm? Note: The use of manometers for pressure measurement is described on pgs. 57-59. 4. Water from a reservoir passes through a turbine in a dam and discharges from a 70 cm ID pipe at a point 65 m below the reservoir surface. The turbine delivers 0.80 MW. Calculate the required flow rate of water in m3/s if friction is neglected. Note that the equation you will solve has two positive roots use the lowest positive root as your answer to this question. If friction were included, would a higher or lower flow rate be required?