The iostream library is an object-oriented library that provides input and output functionality using streams.

A stream is an abstraction that represents a device on which input and ouput operations are performed. A stream can basically be represented as a source or destination of characters of indefinite length. Streams are generally associated to a physical source or destination of characters, like a disk file, the keyboard, or the console, so the characters gotten or written to/from our abstraction called stream are physically input/output to the physical device. For example, file streams are C++ objects to manipulate and interact with files; Once a file stream is used to open a file, any input or output operation performed on that stream is physically reflected in the file.

The mother of all base classes is ios. (In more recent compilers, ios has been replaced by ios_base.) The class ios contains most of the actual I/O code. It is ios that keeps track of the error state of the stream. The error ags are an enumerated type within ios. In addition the ios class converts data for display. It understands the format of the di_erent types of numbers, how to output character strings, and how to convert an ASCII string to and from an integer or a oating{point number. Standard output, cout, is an object of the class ostream, as is cerr, the standard error output. Standard input, cin, is an object of the class istream. cout, cin, and cerr are automatically constructed as global objects at program start{up. Objects of iostream deal with both input and output. Objects of ifstream deal with input _les and objects of the class ofstream deal with output _les. Objects fstream deal with _les that can one can write to and read from. ofstream, ifstream, and fstream are subclasses that are de_ned in the include _le fstream.h. Notice that fstream.h deals

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File Handling in C++

Files are required to save our data for future use, as Ram is not able to hold our data permanently. Files

Program Files

Data Files

Text Files

Binary Files

The Language like C/C++ treat every thing as a file , these languages treat keyboard , mouse, printer, Hard disk , Floppy disk and all other hardware as a file. The Basic operation on text/binary files are : Reading/writing ,reading and manipulation of data stored on these files. Both types of files needs to be open and close. Using member function Open( ) Syntax Filestream object; Object.open(filename,mode); Example ifstream fin; fin.open(abc.txt) How to open File Using Constructor Syntax Filestream object(filename,mode); Example ifstream fin(abc.txt);

NOTE: (a) Mode are optional and given at the end . (a) Filename must follow the convention of 8.3 and its extension can be anyone

How to close file

All types of files can be closed using close( ) member function Syntax fileobject.close( ); Example fin.close( ); // here fin is an object of istream class

Objective : To insert some data on a text file

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Program file

SCR

Abc.txt

Program

Program
#include<fstream> using namespace std; int main() { ofstream fout; fout.open("abc.txt"); fout<<"This is my first program in file handling"; fout<<"\n Hello again"; fout.close(); return 0; }

ABC.txt file contents

This is my first program in file handling Hello again

Reading data from a Text File

Keyboard Program Screen

ABC.TXT

#include<fstream> #include<iostream> #include<conio.h> using namespace std; int main() { ifstream fin; char str[80]; fin.open("abc.txt"); fin>>str; // read only first //string from file cout<<"\n From File :"<<str; // as //spaces is treated as termination point getch(); return 0; }

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NOTE : To overcome this problem use fin.getline(str,79); Detecting END OF FILE

Using EOF( ) member function Syntax Filestream_object.eof( ); Example
#include<iostream> #include<fstream> #include<conio.h> using namespace std; int main() { char ch; ifstream fin; fin.open("abc.txt"); while(!fin.eof()) // using eof() // function { fin.get(ch); cout<<ch; } fin.close(); getch(); return 0; }

Using filestream object Example

// detectting end of file #include<iostream> #include<fstream> #include<conio.h> using namespace std; int main() { char ch; ifstream fin; fin.open("abc.txt"); while(fin) // file object { fin.get(ch); cout<<ch; } fin.close(); getch(); return 0; }

Example : To read the contents of a text file and display them on the screen. Program ( using getline member function) Program ( using get( ) member function)
#include<fstream> #include<conio.h> #include<iostream> using namespace std; int main() { char str[100]; ifstream fin; fin.open("c:\\abc.txt"); while(!fin.eof()) { fin.getline(str,99); cout<<str; } fin.close(); getch(); return 0; } #include<fstream> #include<conio.h> #include<iostream> using namespace std; int main() { char ch; ifstream fin; fin.open("file6.cpp"); while(!fin.eof()) { fin.get(ch); cout<<ch; } fin.close(); getch(); return 0; }

Writing/Reading Data in Binary Format To write and read data in binary format two member functions are available in C++. They are read( ) and write( ). Syntax for Write( ) member function Fileobject.write( (char *)&object, sizeof(object)); D.A.V. Centenary Public School Chander Nagar, Ghaziabad

Fileobject.read( (char *)&object, sizeof(object)); Example of write ( ) member function Program

#include<fstream> #include<iostream> using namespace std; struct student { int roll ; char name[30]; char address[60]; }; int main() { student s; ofstream fout; fout.open("student.dat"); cout<<"\n Enter Roll Number :"; cin>>s.roll; cout<<"\n Enter Name :"; cin>>s.name; cout<<"\n Enter address :"; cin>>s.address; fout.write((char *)&s,sizeof(student)); fout.close(); return 0;

Syntax for read( ) member function Output

} To Read data from a binary File using read( ) member function Program using read( ) member function output
#include<fstream> #include<iostream> #include<conio.h> using namespace std; struct student { int roll ; char name[30]; char address[60]; }; int main() { student s; ifstream fin; fin.open("student.dat"); fin.read((char *)&s,sizeof(student)); cout<<"\n Roll Number :"<<s.roll; cout<<"\n Name :"<<s.name; cout<<"\n Address :"<<s.address; fin.close(); getch(); return 0; }

Writing Class object in a file

#include<fstream> #include<iostream>

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using namespace std; class student { int roll ; char name[30]; char address[60]; public: void read_data( ); void write_data( );

// member function prototype // member function prototype

}; void student::read_data( ) // member function defintion { cout<<"\n Enter Roll :"; cin>>roll; cout<<"\n Student name :"; cin>>name; cout<<"\n Enter Address :"; cin>>address; } void student:: write_data() { cout<<"\n Roll :"<<roll; cout<<"\n Name :"<<name; cout<<"\n Address :"<<address; } int main() { student s; ofstream fout; fout.open("student.dat"); s.read_data(); // member function call to get data from KBD fout.write((char *)&s,sizeof(student)); // write object in file fout.close(); return 0; }

Reading Class object from a binary file

#include<fstream> #include<iostream> #include<conio.h> using namespace std; class student { int roll ; char name[30]; char address[60]; public: void read_data( ); void write_data( );

// member function prototype // member function prototype

}; void student::read_data( ) // member function defintion { cout<<"\n Enter Roll :"; cin>>roll; cout<<"\n Student name :"; cin>>name; cout<<"\n Enter Address :"; cin>>address;

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} void student:: write_data() { cout<<"\n Roll :"<<roll; cout<<"\n Name :"<<name; cout<<"\n Address :"<<address; } int main() { student s; ifstream fin; fin.open("student.dat"); fin.read((char *)&s,sizeof(student)); s.write_data(); fin.close(); getch(); return 0; }

some other very important member function

Member function name seekg( ) Explanation Used to move reading pointer forward and backward Syntax fileobject.seekg( no_of_bytes,mode); Example: (a) fout.seekg(50,ios::cur); // move 50 bytes forward from current position (b) fout.seekg(50,ios::beg); // move 50 bytes forward from current beginning (c) fout.seekg(50,ios::end); // move 50 bytes forward from end . Used to move writing pointer forward and backward Syntax fileobject.seekp(no_of_bytes,mode); Example: (a) fout.seekp(50,ios::cur); // move 50 bytes forward from current position (b) fout.seekp(50,ios::beg); // move 50 bytes forward from current beginning (c) fout.seekp(50,ios::end); // move 50 bytes forward from end . It return the distance of writing pointer from the beginning in bytes Syntax Fileobject.tellp( ); Example: long n = fout.tellp( ); It return the distance of reading pointer from the beginning in bytes Syntax Fileobject.tellg( ); Example: long n = fout.tellg( );

seekp( )

tellp( )

tellg( )

Files MODES
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File mode ios::in ios::out ios::binary ios::app ios::ate ios::nodelete ios::noreplace ios::nocreate

Explanation Input mode Default mode with ifstream and files can be read only Output mode- Default with ofstream and files can be write only Open file as binary Preserve previous contents and write data at the end ( move forward only) Preserve previous contents and write data at the end.( can move forward and backward ) Do not delete existing file Do not replace file Do not create file

NOTE : To add more than one mode in a file stream use bitwise OR ( | ) operator Example :

Difference and Definition_____________________________________________________ Text Files Binary Files

In these types of files all the data is firstly converted into their equivalent char and then it is stored in the files. In these types of files all the data is stored in the binary format as it is stored by the operating system. so no conversion takes place. Hence the processing speed is much more than text files.

get( ) member function Get() function is used to read a single char from the input stream in text file Syntax fileobject.get(char); Example: Fin.get(ch); //fin is file stream.

getline() function Getline() function is used to read a string from the input stream in text file. Syntax fileobject.getline (string, no_of_char, delimiter ); Example fin.getline(str,80); // fin is file stream. NOTE: Delimiter is optional

#include<iostream> #include<fstream> using namespace std; int main() { ofstream ob1("f1.txt"); char ch; while((ch=cin.get())!='$') { ob1.put(ch); } ob1.close(); ifstream ib1("f1.txt"); while(!ib1.eof()) { ib1>>ch; cout<<ch<<"\t"; } D.A.V. Centenary Public School Chander Nagar, Ghaziabad

ib1.close(); cin.get(); cin.get(); } Ex2: 2) copy content one file another file. #include<iostream> #include<fstream> using namespace std; int main() { ifstream ob1("f1.txt"); ofstream ob2("f2.txt"); char ch; while(ob1>>ch) { ob2.put(ch); } ob1.close(); ob2.close(); cin.get(); cin.get(); } 3) #include<iostream> #include<fstream> using namespace std; int main() { ofstream ob1("f1.txt"); char a='b',b='t',c='u'; ob1<<a<<b<<c; ob1.seekp(0,ios_base::end); int x=ob1.tellp(); cout<<x<<endl; ob1.close(); cin.get(); } 4) #include<iostream> #include<fstream> using namespace std; int main() { fstream ob1("f1.txt"); char ch; D.A.V. Centenary Public School Chander Nagar, Ghaziabad

ch='o'; ob1<<ch; ch=' '; ob1<<ch; ch='o'; ob1<<ch; char g1,g2,g3; ob1.seekp(0,ios_base::beg); ob1>>g1>>g2>>g3; cout<<g1<<"\t"<<g2<<"\t"<<g3<<endl; cout.flush(); ob1.close(); cin.get(); } Text File Operations #ifndef BOOKS_H #define BOOKS_H #include<iostream> #include<fstream> using namespace std; class Book { int isbn; string title; double price; public: Book(int a,string b,double c):isbn(a),title(b),price(c){} Book(){} void disp() { cout<<isbn<<"\t"<<title<<"\t"<<price<<endl; } void readFromFile() { ifstream ib1("D://f1.txt"); while(ib1>>isbn>>title>>price) { disp(); } ib1.close(); } void copy(char src[20],char dest[20]) { ofstream ob1(dest,ios::app); ifstream ib1(src); D.A.V. Centenary Public School Chander Nagar, Ghaziabad

while(ib1>>isbn>>title>>price) { ob1<<isbn<<"\t"<<title<<"\t"<<price<<endl; } ib1.close(); ob1.close(); } void copy1(char src[20],char dest[20]) { ofstream ob1(dest,ios::app); ifstream ib1(src); char ch; while(!ib1.eof()) { ch=ib1.get(); ob1.put(ch); } ib1.close(); ob1.close(); } void delete1(int n) { Book b1[10];int i=0; ifstream ib1("D://f1.txt"); while(ib1>>b1[i].isbn>>b1[i].title>>b1[i].price) { i++; } ib1.close(); ofstream ob1("D://f2222.txt"); for(int k=(i-1);k<i;k++) { b1[k]=b1[k+1]; } for(int j=0;j<(i-1);j++) ob1<<b1[j].isbn<<"\t"<<b1[j].title<<"\t"<<b1[j].price<<endl; ob1.close(); } void update(int n) { Book b1[10];int i=0; ifstream ib1("D://f1.txt"); while(ib1>>b1[i].isbn>>b1[i].title>>b1[i].price) { i++; } ib1.close(); ofstream ob1("D://f21.txt"); b1[n].isbn=999; b1[n].title="ooop"; D.A.V. Centenary Public School Chander Nagar, Ghaziabad

b1[n].price=9999.99; for(int j=0;j<i;j++) ob1<<b1[j].isbn<<"\t"<<b1[j].title<<"\t"<<b1[j].price<<endl; ob1.close(); } }; #endif // BOOKS_H

#include<iostream> using namespace std; #include "Books.h" int main() { Book b1; b1.readFromFile(); b1.copy("D://f1.txt","D://f22.txt"); b1.copy1("D://f1.txt","D://f222.txt"); b1.update(1); b1.delete1(1); cin.get(); } Ex2: Binary Files: #include <iostream> #include <fstream> #include<string.h> using namespace std; class student { int usn; char name[10]; public : student(){} student (int a,char b[10]) { usn=a; strcpy(name,b); } void write(student s[5]) { ofstream ob1("D://bf1.dat",ios_base::binary); ob1.write((char*)s,sizeof(student)*4); ob1.close(); } void disp(student s[5]) { for(int i=0;i<4;i++) D.A.V. Centenary Public School Chander Nagar, Ghaziabad

cout<<s[i].usn<<"\t"<<s[i].name<<endl; } void read() { student s[5]; ifstream ib1("D://bf1.dat",ios_base::binary); ib1.read((char*)s,sizeof(student)*4); disp(s); ib1.close(); } void update(int p) { student temp; ofstream ob1("D://bf1.dat",ios_base::binary | ios_base::in | ios_base::out); //ob1.seekp(0,ios_base::beg); ob1.seekp((p-1)*sizeof(student),ios_base::beg); //temp.usn=786; strcpy(temp.name,"God"); usn=786; strcpy(name,"God"); cout<<ob1.tellp()<<endl; //ob1.write((char*)&temp,sizeof(student)); ob1.write((char*)this,sizeof(student)); ob1.close(); } void delete1(int p) { student temp; ofstream ob1("D://bf1.dat",ios_base::binary | ios_base::in | ios_base::out); ob1.seekp(0,ios_base::beg); ob1.seekp((p-1)*sizeof(student),ios_base::beg); //temp.usn=786; strcpy(temp.name,"God"); usn=786; strcpy(name,"God"); cout<<ob1.tellp()<<endl; //ob1.write((char*)&temp,sizeof(student)); ob1.write((char*)this,sizeof(student)); ob1.close(); } void readWrite() { student temp[5]; fstream ob("D://bf1.dat",ios_base::binary| ios_base::in | ios_base::out); ob.seekp(sizeof(student),ios_base::beg); usn=999; strcpy(name,"oops"); ob.write((char*)this,sizeof(student)); ob.seekp(0,ios_base::beg); ob.read((char*)temp,sizeof(student)*4); disp(temp); ob.close(); } }; int main(int argc, char *argv[]) D.A.V. Centenary Public School Chander Nagar, Ghaziabad

{ student s1[4]={student(111,"aaa"),student(222,"bbb"),student(333,"ccc"), student(444,"ddd")}; s1[0].write(s1); s1[0].read(); s1[0].update(4); s1[0].read(); s1[0].delete1(3); s1[0].readWrite(); cin.get(); } Ex3: #ifndef EMP_H #define EMP_H #include<string> #include<fstream> using namespace std; class Emp { public: int empNum; string name; double sal; Emp(){} Emp(int a,string b,double c) { empNum=a; name=b; sal=c; } void disp() { cout<<empNum<<"\t"<<name<<"\t"<<sal<<endl; } void storeToFile() { ofstream ob1("f3.txt",ios::app); ob1.clear(); ob1<<empNum<<"\t"<<name<<"\t"<<sal<<endl; ob1.close(); } void readFromFile() { ifstream ob1("f3.txt"); while(ob1>>empNum>>name>>sal) { disp(); } ob1.close(); } void storeArrayToFile(Emp a[4]) D.A.V. Centenary Public School Chander Nagar, Ghaziabad

{ char na[10]; cin>>na; ofstream ob1(na,ios::app); for(int i=0;i<4;i++) ob1<<a[i].empNum<<"\t"<<a[i].name<<"\t"<<a[i].sal<<endl; ob1.close(); } void update(int n) { ifstream ob1("f66.txt"); int i=0; Emp e1[10]; while(ob1>>e1[i].empNum>>e1[i].name>>e1[i++].sal); ob1.close(); cin>>e1[n].empNum>>e1[n].name>>e1[n].sal; this->storeArrayToFile(e1); } }; #endif // EMP_H #include<iostream> #include "Emp.h" using namespace std; int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { Emp e1[100]; ifstream ib1("D://f1.txt"); int i=0; while(ib1>>e1[i].empNum>>e1[i].name>>e1[i].sal) { e1[i].disp(); i++; } ib1.close(); e1[1].empNum=777; ofstream ob1("D://f4.txt"); for(int j=0;j<i;j++) { e1[j].disp(); ob1<<e1[j].empNum<<"\t"<<e1[j].name<<"\t"<<e1[j].sal<<endl; } ob1.close(); ifstream ib2("D://f4.txt"); ofstream ob2("D://f6.txt"); char ch; while(!ib2.eof()) { D.A.V. Centenary Public School Chander Nagar, Ghaziabad

ch=ib2.get(); ob2.put(ch); } ib2.close(); ob2.close(); cin.get(); } Ex5: #include<iostream> #include<fstream> using namespace std; int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { ofstream ob1("D://f1.txt"); ob1<<"BVB COLlege of Engineering"<<endl; ob1.seekp(-4,ios_base::cur); ob1.put('G'); ob1.close(); }

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