Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 12

Jordan University of Science and Technology Faculty of Engineering Industrial Engineering Department

Engineering Materials Laboratory

Exp. #1 Tensile Test

Student Name : Ashraf Ali Ahmad Alzghoul

ID # : 20080029016

Instructor : Dr. Tarek Qasim

Teaching Assistant : Eng. Wael Rababah

Date : 28 / 2 / 2012

Objectives : 1. The relation between the engineering stress and engineering strain according to the results obtained from the tensile test. 2. The yield stress and off-set yield stress. 3. Modulus of elasticity or youngs modulus. 4. Tensile strength or ultimate tensile strength. 5. Percentage elongation and percentage reduction in area. 6. Indications to understand some important properties of material, such as ductility, brittleness and toughness.

Introduction The tensile test is the most widely used test to determine the mechanical properties of materials. In this test, a piece of material is pulled until it fractures. During the test, the specimen elongation and applied load is measured. Strain and stress are calculated from these values, and are used to construct a stress-strain curve. From this curve, the yield stress, modulus of elasticity, tensile strength, and percentage elongation and percentage reduction in area are determined. The highest load in the tensile test gives the tensile or ultimate strength. After fracture, the final length and cross-sectional area of the specimen are used to calculate the percent elongation and percent reduction of area, respectively. Strength can be defined as the ability of a material to resist applied forces without yielding or fracturing. It denotes, by convention, the resistance of a material to a tensile load applied or a specimen, and this is the principle of the tensile test. The tensile test is carried out using a universal type machine, which is suitable for industrial and research laboratories. This universal testing machine is capable of performing compression, shear and bending tests as well as tensile tests.

Experimental details : In the lab, you will be testing three materials: Mild steel, Aluminum and Cast Iron with standard geometry, all materials are in sheet form and a specimen typically used for testing sheet materials will be used (see Figure 1). We had been using a universal testing machine, A sketch of how the machine operates is shown in Figure 2, and you will be running the test at a constant displacement rate of the cross-head ( 2mm /min ) . We had been recording the deformation and the load on a strip-chart recorder. And we use the extensometer (Figure 3) to measure the length and caliber to measure the diameter. Procedure : 1. Take the three standard specimens annealed mild steel, annealed aluminum, Cast Iron. 2. Mark the gauge length on the surface of the two specimens and measure the initial diameter several times and take the average of the measurements for each specimen. 3. Clamp one of the specimens by the proper jaws of the universal testing machine. 4. Start the universal testing machine. This machine is designed to elongate the specimen at a constant rate, and to continuously and simultaneously measure the instantaneous applied load (with a load cell) and the resulting extension (using an extensometer). Take the proper readings from the machine, if required and as instructed in the lab. 5. As a result of continuous extension. Facture occur in the specimen. Take the three fractured parts of the specimen and place them together, and remeasure the distance between the two gauge marks to determine (L f), also remeasure the diameter (Df) after fracture to determine (Af). 6. Observe the shape and structure of the fractured specimen. 7. Repeat steps (3-5) to the other specimen. 8. Plot the engineering stress-engineering strain curve from the general curve given by the tensile testing machine, together with the data obtained during the experiment. Determine the yield stress, modulus of elasticity, tensile strength, and percentage elongation and percentage reduction in area for the three tested specimens.

Data & Results:

- Mild Steel : Do = 5.2 mm , Lo = 30 mm A0 = 21.2372 mm2 Fracture shape : 45 degree because the fracture shape occur by normal stress and shear stress . 2= 90o then = 45o Maximum Load Applied : 9.48 KN From data for Mild Steel:

Load(kN) 8.2320 8.5920 8.5760 8.5600 8.5400

Defor(mm) 3.7950 11.3100 11.3900 11.4450 11.5000

Stress (Mpa) 402.976 420.599 419.816 419.033 418.054

Strain 0.118 0.352 0.354 0.356 0.358

stress( )

Applied load N/m 2 Original Cross Section area(A 0 )

strain( )

change in length(L i ) Original gauge length(L 0 )

- The relationship between Load and Defor in the diagram (Diagram 1) . - The relationship between Stress and Strain in the diagram ( Diagram 2).

When Determine the yield point we defined the upper yield point and lower yield point then calculate the average between them . Upper yield stress = 306.11 MPa Lower yield stress = 298.15 MPa Yield stress = 302.13 MPa Upper yield Strain = 0.013 Lower yield Strain = 0.007 Yield Strain = 0.01

E = y / y = 302.13 MPa /0.01 = 30.213 GPa UTS = Pmax / A0 = (9.48 KN) / (21.2372 mm2 ) = 0.446 GPa Lf = 15.15 + 30 = 45.15 mm
% Elongatio n Lf L0 10 0 L0
45.15 30 100 = 50.50% 30

Af = {3.14 (Df^2) ]/4 = 7.942 mm2


% Reduction in area A0 Af 10 0 A0

21.2372 7.942 100 62.6% 21.2372

Toughness = area under the curve = 1702 ( 10 MPa * 0.01 ) = 170.2 Mpa

- Aluminum : Do = 5.2 mm , Lo = 30 mm A0 = 21.2372 mm2 Fracture shape : Cup & cone because the fracture shape occur by normal stress and 2 shear stress . Maximum Load Applied : 5.08 KN
Load(kN) Defor(mm) Stress (Mpa) 2.3680 0.0550 115.919 2.5800 0.0600 126.297 2.7640 0.0700 135.304 3.1760 0.0850 155.473 3.9680 4.7850 194.243 Strain 0.0017 0.0018 0.0021 0.0026 0.1490
stress( ) Applied load N/m 2 Original Cross Section area(A 0 )

strain( )

change in length(L i ) Original gauge length(L 0 )

- The relationship between Load and Defor in the diagram ( Diagram 3) . - The relationship between Stress and Strain in the diagram ( Diagram 4) .

In stress strain diagram for Aluminum the yield point is not clear we solve this problem by offset yield . In such circumstances the proof stress or offset yield stress is used. This is the level of stress required to produce some specified small amount of plastic deformation, namely, 0.1-0.2 percent extension. ( Figure 4 )

- Cast Iron : Do = 5.2 mm , Lo = 30 mm A0 = 21.2372 mm2 Fracture shape : 90 Degreebecause the fracture shape occur by normal stress only . Maximum Load Applied : 6.54 KN
Load(kN) Defor(mm) Stress (Mpa) 2.6360 0.0250 129.038 3.8040 0.0600 186.215 4.5400 0.0950 222.244 4.7640 0.1050 233.209 4.9760 0.1200 243.587 Strain 0.00078 0.00187 0.00296 0.00327 0.00374
stress( ) Applied load N/m 2 Original Cross Section area(A 0 )

strain( )

change in length(L i ) Original gauge length(L 0 )

- The relationship between Load and Defor in the diagram ( Diagram 5). - The relationship between Stress and Strain in the diagram ( Diagram 6 ).

Discussion: we used in the experiment three specimens Mild Steel , Aluminum and Cast Iron , we notice that : 1- Mild Steel is more ductility than Aluminum. 2- Cast Iron is brittle material and we observe from stress strain diagram for Cast iron ( diagram 6) the UST is the same yield stress . 3- Yield stress for Mild Steel is clear and can be defined direct. 4- Yield stress for Aluminum is not clear and can be defined use 0.2% off-set. 5- The unit cell location , above of the machine

Conclusions: - A tensile test, also known as tension test , is probably the most fundamental type of mechanical test that we can perform on material to know the properties that are essential for the uses of material. - Tensile test that is done by the universal testing machine which gives us data for the load and deformation that can be used to plot the stress strain curves for the specimens and we have concluded from our test on the three specimens that aluminum and mild steel are ductile materials that can undergo deformation before fracture occurs in a good manner whereas the cast iron is a brittle material and also from the stress strain curves we can tell the values of yield stress, T.S, and E which seems to be conforming to the properties of each material we can also see that area under the curves also represents the toughness of the material and that the larger area is for AL then comes the mild steel and last the cast iron. - Also we have concluded that the cup and cone fracture occurs for ductile materials which is AL and mild steel in our case and for the cast iron which is a brittle material the fracture happens perpendicular to the neutral axis of the specimen. - E is the slope of the line from a figure between axial strain and stress,

References - D. R. Askeland, The Science and Engineering of Materials, PWS Engineering, 1984, pp.151-162, 194-197, 245-252, 258-259. - G.E. Dieter, Mechanical Metallurgy, McGraw-Hill 1961, pp. 237-248, 132-137. - L. H. Van Vlack, Elements of Materials Science and Engineering, Addison-Wesley, 1985, pp. 377-394. - L. H. Van Vlack and C. J. Osborn, Study Aids for Introductory Materials Courses, Addison- Wesley, 1977, Chaps. 10 & 11. - J. Wulff, et. al, Structures and Properties of Materials, Vol. 1, pp. 148-164, 175-178.

Appendices
Load cell

Upper Jaw

Lower Jaw

Figure 1 Figure 2

Figure 3

Diagram 1

500 450 400 350 Stresses Mpa 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 -0.1 -50 0

Stress - Strain Diagram

0.1

0.2 Strain

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Diagram 2

Diagram 3
300 250 200 Stresses MPa 150 100 50 0 -0.05 -50 0 0.05 Strain 0.1 0.15 0.2

Stress - Strain Diagram

Diagram 4

Figure 4

Diagram 5
350 300 250

Stress - Strain Diagram

Stresses MPa

200 150 100 50 0

-0.002 -50

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.01

0.012

Strain

Diagram 6

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi