CONTENTS 1.Abstract 2.Introduction 3.History 4.Vision of 4G 5.Limitations of 3G 6.Features of 4G 7.Technical Perspective 8.Key 4G Technologies 9.4G Challenges 10.

Conclusion 11. References

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1.ABSTRACT

4G (also known as Beyond 3G), an abbreviation for Fourth-Generation, is a termused to describe the next complete evolution in wireless communications. A 4Gsystem will be able to provide a comprehensive IP solution where voice, data andstreamed multimedia can be given to users on an "Anytime, Anywhere" basis, andat higher data rates than previous generations.As the second generation was a total replacement of the first generation networksand handsets; and the third generation was a total replacement of secondgeneration networks and handsets; the fourth generation cannot be anincremental evolution of current 3G technologies, but rather the total replacementof the current 3G networks and handsets. The international telecommunicationsregulatory and standardization bodies are working for commercial deployment of 4G networks roughly in the 2012-2015 time scale. There is no formal definition for what 4G is; however, there are certain objectives that are projected for 4G. Theseobjectives include, that 4G will be a fully IP-based integrated system. 4G will becapable of providing speed between 100 Mbps and 1 Gbps both indoors andoutdoors, with premium quality and high security.

2. INTRODUCTION

While 3G hasn't quite arrived, designers are already thinking about 4G technology.With it comes challenging RF and baseband design headaches. Cellular service providers are slowly beginning to deploy third-generation (3G) cellular services. Asaccess technology increases, voice, video, multimedia, and broadband data servicesare becoming integrated into the same network. The hope once envisioned for 3G as atrue broadband service has all but dwindled away. It is apparent that 3G systems,while maintaining the possible 2-Mbps data rate in the standard, will realisticallyachieve 384kbps rates. To achieve the goals of true broadband cellular service, thesystems have to make the leap to a fourth generation (4G) network. This is not merelya numbers game.4G is intended to provide high speed, high capacity, low cost per bit, IP basedservices. The goal is to have data rates up to 20 Mbps, even when used in suchscenarios as a vehicle traveling 200 kilometers per hour. The move to 4G iscomplicated by attempts to standardize on a single 3G protocol. Without a singlestandard on which to build, designers face significant additional challenges.4G takes on a number of equally true definitions, depending on who you are talkingto. In simplest terms, 4G is the next generation of wireless networks that will replace3G networks sometimes in future. In another context, 4G is simply an initiative byacademic R&D labs to move beyond the limitations and problems of 3G which ishaving trouble getting deployed and meeting its promised performance andthroughput. 3G performance may not be sufficient to meet needs of

future high- performance applications like multimedia, full-motion video, wirelessteleconferencing. We need a network technology that extends 3G capacity by an order of magnitude. There are multiple standards for 3G making it difficult to roam andinteroperate across networks. We need global mobility and service portability. 3G is based on primarily a wide-area concept. We need hybrid networks that utilize bothwireless LAN (hot spot) concept and cell or base-station wide area network design. We need wider bandwidth. Researchers have come up with spectrally more efficientmodulation schemes that cannot be retrofitted into 3G infrastructure.

3. HISTORY

The major driver to change in the mobile area in the last ten years has been themassive enabling implications of digital technology, both in digital signal processingand in service provision. The equivalent driver now, and in the next five years, will bethe all pervasiveness of software in both networks and terminals. The digitalrevolution is well underway and we stand at the doorway to the software revolution.Accompanying these changes are societal developments involving the extensions inthe use of mobiles. Starting out from speech-dominated services we are nowexperiencing massive growth in applications involving SMS (Short Message Service)together with the start of Internet applications using WAP (Wireless ApplicationProtocol) and i-mode. The mobile phone has not only followed the watch, thecalculator and the organiser as an essential personal accessory but has subsumed all of them. With the new Internet extensions it will also lead to a convergence of the PC,hi-fl and television and provide mobility to facilities previously only available on onenetwork.The development from first generation analogue systems (1985) to second generation(2G) digital GSM (1992) was the heart of the digital revolution. But much more thanthis it was a huge success for standardisation emanating from Europe and graduallyspreading globally.However, world-wide roaming still presents some problems with pockets of USstandards IS-95 (a code division multiple access [CDMA] rather than a time divisionmultiple access [TDMA] digital system) and IS- 136 (a TDMA variant) stillentrenched in some countries. Extensions to GSM (2G) via GPRS (General PacketRadio Service) and EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) (EGPRS) aswell as WAP and i-mode (so called 2.5G) will allow the transmission of higher datarates as well as speech prior to the

introduction of 3G Mobile systems comprise a radio access together with a supporting core network. InGSM the latter is characterised by MAP (Mobile Applications Protocol), which provides the mobility management features of the system.GSM was designed for digital speech services or for low bit rate data that could fitinto a speech channel (e.g. 9.6kbit/s). It is a circuit rather than a packet orientednetwork and hence is inefficient for data communications. To address the rapid popularity increase of Internet services, GPRS is being added to GSM to allow packet(Internet Protocol [IP]) communications at up to about 100kbit/s.Third generation (3G) systems were standardised in 1999. These include IMT-2000(International Mobile Telecommunications 2000), which was standardised withinITU-R and includes the UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System)European standard from ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute),the US derived CDMA 2000 and the Japanese NTT DoCoMo W-CDMA (WidebandCode Division Multiple Access) system. Such systems extend services to (multirate)high-quality multimedia and to convergent networks of fixed, cellular and satellitecomponents. The radio air interface standards are based upon W-CDMA (UTRA FDDand UTRA TDD in UMTS, multicarrier CDMA 2000 and single carrier UWC-136 onderived US standards). The core network has not been standardised, but a group of threeevolved GSM (MAP), evolved ANSI-41 (from the American NationalStandards Institute) and IPbased are all candidates. 3G is also about a diversity of terminal types, including many non-voice terminals, such as those embedded in allsorts of consumer products. Bluetooth (another standard not within the 3G orbit, butlikely to be associated with it) is a short-range system that addresses suchapplications. Thus services from a few bits per second up to 2Mbit/s can beenvisioned.For broadband indoor wireless communications, standards such as HIPERLAN 2(High Performance

Local Area NetworkETSIs broadband radio access network [BRAN]) and IEEE 802.lla have emerged to support IP based services and providesome QoS (quality of service) support. Such systems are based on orthogonalfrequency division multiplexing (OFDM) rather than CDMA and are planned tooperate in the 5GHz band. Whereas 2G operates in 900 and 1800/1900MHz frequency bands, 3G is intended tooperate in wider bandwidth allocations at 2GHz. These new frequency bands will provide wider bandwidths for some multimedia services and the first allocations have been made in some countries via spectrum auctions (e.g. in the UK, Holland andGermany) or beauty contests (in France and Italy). The opportunity has also beentaken to increase competition by allowing new operators into the bands as well asextending existing operator licences. These new systems will comprise microcells aswell as macrocells in order to deliver the higher capacity services efficiently. 3G and2G will continue to coexist for some time with optimisation of service provision between them. Various modes of delivery will be used to improve coverage in urban,suburban and rural areas, with satellite (and possibly HAPShigh altitude platformstations) playing a role.

The story of the evolution of mobile radio generations is summed up Fig

extending the range and bit rate of services and bringing about the convergence of fixed, mobile and broadcast networks, service provision and terminal types.This paper introduce the basic ideas and thinking behind the second phase research programme (1999-2003) of the UKs Virtual Centre of Excellence in Mobile andPersonal Communications (Mobile VCE) in the form of visions for 4G. A VisionsGroup has been set up to produce and maintain an evolving picture of 4G and tocommunicate these ideas down to the work areas and researchers. The aim is to provide an umbrella vision to harmonise the research work in the various areas.

4. VISION OF 4G

This new generation of wireless is intended to complement and replace the 3Gsystems, perhaps in 5 to 10 years. Accessing information anywhere, anytime, with aseamless connection to a wide range of information and services, and receiving alarge volume of information, data, pictures, video, and so on, are the keys of the 4Ginfrastructures. The future 4G infrastructures will consist of a set of various networksusing IP (Internet Protocol) as a common protocol so that users are in control becausethey will be able to choose every application and environment. Based on thedeveloping trends of mobile communication, 4G will have broader bandwidth, higher data rate, and smoother and quicker handoff and will focus on ensuring seamlessservice across a multitude of wireless systems and networks. The key concept isintegrating the 4G capabilities with all of the existing mobile technologies throughadvanced technologies. Application adaptability and being highly dynamic are themain features of 4G services of interest to users. These features mean services thatcan be delivered and be available to the personal preference of different users andsupport the users' traffic, air interfaces, radio environment, and quality of service.Connection with the network applications can be transferred into various forms andlevels correctly and efficiently. The dominant methods of access to this pool of information will be the mobile telephone, PDA and laptop. They can seamlesslyaccess the voice communication, highspeed information services, and entertainment broadcast services. The fourth generation will encompass all systems from variousnetworks; public to private operator-driven broadband networks to personal areas; andad hoc networks. The 4G systems will interoperate with 2G and 3G systems, as wellas with digital (broadband) broadcasting systems. In

addition, 4G systems will befully IP-based wireless Internet. With 4G, a range of new services and models will beavailable. These services and models need to be further examined for their interfacewith the design of 4G systems.The Mobile VCE vision for 2010 is embodied in the five key elements shown inFig.2 and detailed as follows: Fully converged services: Personal communications,information systems, broadcast and entertainment will have merged into aseamless pool of content available according to the users requirement. Theuser will have access to a wider range of services and applications, availableconveniently, securely and in a manner reflecting the users personal preferences. Ubiquitous mobile access: The dominant mode of access tothis pool of content will be mobile, accounting for all voicecommunications, the majority of high-speed information services, and asignificant proportion of broadcast and entertainment services. Mobileaccess to commercial and retail services will be the norm, replacing current practices in most cases. Diverse user devices: The user will be served by a widevariety of low-cost mobile devices to access content conveniently andseamlessly. These devices will commonly be wearablein some casesdisposable and will normally be powered independently of the mains.Devices will interact with users in a multi sensory manner, encompassingnot only speech, hearing and sight but also the other human senses, and biological and environmental data pertinent to the application. Specialdevices tailored for people with disabilities will be common place.

Autonomous networks: Underlying these systems will behighly autonomous adaptive networks capable of self-management of their structure to meet the changing and evolving demands of users for bothservices and capacity. Efficient and cost-effective use of the radio spectrumwill be an essential element of their operation, and here, too, autonomy andself- management will be the norm. Software dependency: Intelligent mobile agents will existthroughout the networks and in user devices, and will act continually tosimplify tasks and ensure transparency to the user. These mobile agents willact at all levels, from reconfiguring major elements of network managing an individual usecontent preferences toorganising a

8.KEY 4G TECHNOLOGIES

Some of the key technologies required for 4G are briefly described below:OFDMAOrthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) not only provides clear advantages for physical layer performance, but also a framework for improving layer performance by proposing an additional degree of freedom. Using ODFM, it is possible to exploit the time domain, the space domain, the frequency domainand even the code domain to optimize radio channel usage. It ensures very robusttransmission in multi-path environments with reduced receiver complexity. OFDMalso provides a frequency diversity gain, improving the physical layer performance. Itis also compatible with other enhancement technologies, such as smart antennas andMIMO. OFDM modulation can also be employed as a multiple access technology(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access; OFDMA). In this case, eachOFDM symbol can transmit information to/from several users using a different set of sub carriers (sub channels). This not only provides additional flexibility for resourceallocation (increasing the capacity), but also enables cross-layer optimization of radiolink usage.SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIOSoftware Defined Radio (SDR) benefits from todays high processing power todevelop multi-band, multi-standard base stations and terminals. Although in futurethe terminals will adapt the air interface to the available radio access technology, at present this is done by the infrastructure. Several infrastructure gains are expectedfrom SDR. For example, to increase network capacity at a specific time (e.g. during asports event), an operator will reconfigure its network adding several modems at agiven Base Transceiver Station (BTS). SDR makes this reconfiguration easy. In thecontext of 4G systems, SDR will become an enabler for the

aggregation of multi-standard pico/micro cells. For a manufacturer, this can be a powerful aid to providing multi-standard, multi-band equipment with reduced development effort andcosts through simultaneous multichannel processing.

MULTIPLE - INPUT MULTIPLE - OUTPUTMIMO uses signal multiplexing between multiple transmitting antennas (spacemultiplex) and time or frequency. It is well suited to OFDM, as it is possible to process independent time symbols as soon as the OFDM waveform is correctlydesigned for the channel. This aspect of OFDM greatly simplifies processing. Thesignal transmitted by m antennas is received by n antennas. Processing of the receivedsignals may deliver several performance improvements: range quality of received signal spectrum efficiencyIn principle, MIMO is more efficient when many multiple path signals are received.The performance in cellular deployments is still subject to research and simulations.However, it is generally admitted that the gain in spectrum efficiency is directlyrelated to the minimum number of antennas in the link.HANDOVER AND MOBILITYHandover technologies based on mobile IP technology have been considered for dataand voice. Mobile IP techniques are slow but can be accelerated with classicalmethods (hierarchical, fast mobile IP).

9.4G CHALLENGES Analysis of the underlying technical challenges raised by the above vision and its fiveelements has produced three research areas: Networks and services Software based systems Wireless access Networks and Services The aim of 3G is to provide multimedia multirate mobile communications anytimeand anywhere, though this aim can only be partially met. It will be uneconomic tomeet this requirement with cellular mobile radio only. 4G will extend the scenario toan all-IP network (access + core) that integrates broadcast, cellular, cordless, WLAN(wireless local area network), short-range systems and fixed wire. The vision is of integration across these networkair interfaces and of a variety of radioenvironments on a common, flexible and expandable platform a network of networks with distinctive radio access connected to a seamless IP-based corenetwork (Fig. 3

 a connection layer between the radio access and the IP coreincluding mobility management internetworking between access schemes inter and intrasystem, handover, QoS negotiations, security and mobility ability to interface with a range of new and existing radiointerfacesA vertical view of this 4G vision (Fig. 4) shows the layered structure of hierarchicalcells that facilitates optimisation for different applications and in different radioenvironments. In this depiction we need to provide global roaming across all layers.

Both vertical and horizontal handover between different access schemes will beavailable to provide seamless service and quality of service. Network reconfigurability is a means of achieving the above scenario. Thisencompasses terminal reconfigurability, which enables the terminal to roam across thedifferent air interfaces by exchanging configuration software (derived from thesoftware radio concept). It also provides dynamic service flexibility and trading of access across the different networks by dynamically optimising the network nodes inthe end-toend connection. This involves reconfiguration of protocol stacks, programmability of network nodes and reconfigurability of base stations

andterminals.The requirement is for a distributed reconfiguration control. Fig. 5 demonstrates bothinternal node and external network reconfigurability.

For internal reconfiguration the functionality of the network nodes must be controlled before, during and after reconfiguration and compliance to transmission standards andregulations must be facilitated.External reconfiguration management is required to monitor traffic, to ensure that themeans for transport between terminals and network gateways (or

other end points) aresynchronised (e.g. by conforming to standards) and to ensure that thedatabases/content servers needed for downloadable reconfiguration software are provided.The research challenges are to provide mechanisms to implement internal andexternal configuration, to define and identify application programming interfaces(APIs) and to design mechanisms to ensure that reconfigured network nodes complywith regulatory standards.An example of evolved system architectures is a combination of ad hoc and cellular topologies. A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is an autonomous system of mobilerouters (and connected hosts) connected by wireless links. The routing and hosts arefree to move randomly and organise themselves arbitrarily; thus the network wirelesstopology can change rapidly. Such a network can exist in a stand-alone form or beconnected to a larger internet (as shown in Fig. 6).

make the two ends co-operative. Such techniques require close cooperation betweenthe base and mobile stations in signalling information on channel quality, whilstmaking decisions and allocating resources dynamically. In addition, the capabilities of both ends of the link must be known reciprocally as the channel varies in both timeand space. In order to optimise a link continuously, the wireless network must acquireand process accurate knowledge of metrics that indicate the current system performance, e.g. noise, inter- and intra-system interference, location, movementvariations, and channel quality prediction. Such information and its accuracy must be passed to the higher layers of the system protocol that make decisions and effectresource allocation. The emphasis on the base station in 3G systems is obvious as thishas the resources, real estate and capacity to implement the spatialtemporal digitalsignal processing needed for antenna arrays together with advanced receiver architectures. The challenge will be to migrate this to the much smaller terminal viaefficient electronics and algorithms that will still allow a range of services and goodcall time. The availability of individual link metrics can also be used at a network level to optimise dynamically the network radio resources and to produce a self- planning network.Arguably the most significant driver in the wireless access is the bandwidthavailability and usage and whereabouts in the spectrum it will fall. Currently 3Gtechnology is based around bands at 2GHz, but limited spectrum is available, evenwith the addition of the expansion bands. The higher bit rates envisaged for 4Gnetworks will require more bandwidth. Where is this to be found? The scope for aworld-wide bandwidth allocation is severely constrained and, even if this werefeasible, the bandwidth would be very limited. The requirements are thus for muchmore efficient utilisation of the spectrum and, perhaps, new ideas for system coexistence. If the bandwidth is fixed we need to seek a spectrally more

efficient air interface and this involves a consideration of various multiple access, modulation,coding, equalisation/interference cancellation, power control, etc. schemes. In view of our previous comments it is clear that all components of this air interface must bedynamically adaptive. As the whole network is to be IP based this will meanextremely rapid adaptation on a burst basis. In 4G systems we need to accomplish thisat much higher and variable bit rates as well as in different environments (indoor,outdoor, broadcast, etc.) and in the presence of other adaptive parameters in the air interface. In time-domain systems equalisers would need to be adaptive and this raisesquestions of complexity. For CDMA, systems could use multicodes and adaptiveinterference cancellation, which again raise complexity issues. Alternatively onecould move to OFDM-like systems (as in WLANs), which offer some reduction incomplexity by operating in the frequency domain but raise other issues, such assynchronisation. The choice of the air interfaces multiple access scheme and adaptivecomponents will need to be based upon the ease of adaptation and reconfigurabilityand on the complexity. There are also significant research challenges in this area of flexible advanced terminal architectures that are not rooted solely in physical layer problems.A further aspect of spectrum efficiency relates to the way in which regulators allocate bandwidth. The current practice of exclusive licensing of a block of spectrum isarguably not the most efficient. It would be much more efficient to allow differentoperators and radio standards to co-exist in the same spectrum by dynamicallyallocating spectrum as loading demands. Indeed, the higher bit-rate services may needto spread their requirements across several segments of spectrum. There would then be a need for a set of rules to govern the dynamic allocation of the spectruma self organising set of systems to maximise the use of spectrum and balance the load.Given the degree of co-

operation and the processing already envisioned this should bea realistic aim.A great deal of work on the characterisation of radio environments has already been performed in the 2GHz and 5GHz bands within the first phase of Mobile VCEsresearch, and spatialtemporal channel models have been produced. However, 4Gsystems will incorporate smart antennas at both ends of the radio link with the aim of using antenna diversity in the tasks of canceling out interference and assisting insignal extraction. This implies that direction-of-arrival information, including allmultipath components, will be an important parameter in determining the performance of array processing techniques. There is a need to augment models withsuch data for both the base station and the terminal station. A more open question iswhere to position the next frequency bands for mobile communications. An earlystudy is needed here in advance of more detailed radio environment characterisations. Coverage is likely to remain a problem throughout the lifetime of 3G systems. Thenetwork-of-networks structure of 4G systems, together with the addition of multimedia, multirate services, mean that coverage will continue to presentchallenges. We have already seen that the likely structure will be based upon ahierarchical arrangement of macro-, micro- and picocells. Superimposed on this will be the megacell, which will provide the integration of broadcast services in a wider sense. Until now, it has been assumed that satellites would provide such an overlay,and indeed they will in some areas of the world. However, another attractivealternative could be high-altitude platform stations (HAPS), which have many benefits, particularly in aiding integration.HAPS are not an alternative to satellite communications, rather they are acomplementary element to terrestrial network architectures, mainly providing overlaidmacro-/microcells for underlaid picocells supported through ground-based terrestrialmobile systems. These platforms can be made quasi- stationary at an altitude around21

25 km in the stratospheric layer and project hundreds of cells over metropolitanareas (Fig. 7).

Due to the large coverage provided by each platform, they are highly suitable for providing local broadcasting services. A communication payload supporting 3G/4Gand terrestrial DAB/DVD air interfaces and spectrum could also support broadbandand very asymmetric services more efficiently than 3G/4G or DAB/DVD air-interfaces could individually. ITU-R has already recognised the use of HAPS as high base stations as an option for part of the terrestrial delivery of IMT-2000 in the bands18851980 MHz, 20102025 MHz and 21102170 MHz

in Regions 1 and 3, and18851980 MHz and 21102160 MHz in Region 2 (Recommendation ITU-R M(IMT-HAPS)).HAPS have many other advantages in reducing terrestrial real-estate problems,achieving rapid roll-out, providing improved interface management to hundreds of cells, spectrally efficient delivery of multicast/broadcast, provision of location-basedservices and, of course, integration. The research challenge is to integrate terrestrialand HAPS radio access so as to enhance spectral efficiency and preserve QoS for therange of services offered.Software, algorithms and technology are the keys to the wireless access sector.Interplay between them will be the key to the eventual system selection, but theMobile VCEs research programme will not be constrained in this way. The aim is toresearch new techniques which themselves will form the building blocks of 4G.

10.CONCLUSION

It is always dangerous to predict too far ahead in a fast- moving field such as mobilecommunications. Almost by definition the eventual 2010 scene will not match exactlythat depicted in the 4G vision described herein. However, the key elementsfullyconverged services, ubiquitous mobile access, diverse user devices, autonomousnetworks and software dependencywill persist. The 4G Vision is a living documentwhich intends to update and amend as time and knowledge progress. It will act as theumbrella vision to a large research programme and place in context the detailedresearch work that will take place in the various areas. In this respect it will help tocontinuously steer the research as it progresses and, therefore, to make it morerelevant and beneficial.The work on 4G systems has begun in the industry as well the academia. In the USA,Motorola, Lucent, AT&T, Nortel and other major companies are also working on 4Gsystems. Multimedia traffic will be dominant in the future. It is estimated that voicewould contribute to only 20-30 % of total traffic in the future. A modified IP will bethe universal network layer protocol in the future. The entire network would be digitaland packet switched.

11.REFERENCES 1. Book References Simon Haykin,Communication Systems, 4th ed., John Wiley & Sons Pvt.Ltd. Savo G. Glisic, Advanced Wireless Communications: 4G Cognitive andCooperative Broadband Technology, 2nd ed., Wiley Publications 2. Internet References http://www.wikipedia.orghttp://www.wisegeek.com