PLANT TISSUES

Vascular Tissues MERISTEMATICS TISSUES

Ground Tissues

Dermal Tissues

Meristematic tissues a mass of self-perpetuating cells, which are not yet committed to developing into a specialized cell type Terminal meristems - ends of stems, branches and roots Axilliary meristems - base of leaves, branches Lateral meristems - are parallel to sides of plant parts and increase girth. Type of meristem Secondary Cork cambium Vascular cambium Forms xylem and phloem Growth in diameter of tree trunks-division of cambium cells Internal growth involves secondary tissues In a layer between primary xylem and phloem of each vascular bundle and in rays of ground tissues Forms parenchyma cells Function : produces secondary xylem and phloem Primary Apical meristem

Form waterproof and protective cork tissue at surface of stem and root. Bark. Wall of cork-cells impregnated with a waxy material External girth growth beyond the phloem area Cylinder Layer of cork + cork cambium + phelladorm = periderm (protective coat of sec plant body) Deposit waxy material (suberin) in walls and then tissue Function : barrier (help protecting stem from physical damage and pathogen). Produces though, thick covering for stems, and roots that replaces epidermis

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VASCULAR TISSUES Vascular tissues Xylem tissues complex tissue composed of several cell types that function in supporting the physical structure of the plant and the conduction of water and dissolved minerals from the roots to all the other parts of the plant. composed of tracheids, xylem vessel, fibers, and parenchyma. Both the tracheids and xylem vessel have lignified secondary cell walls, and are dead at maturity. These are thick-walled tubes that can extend vertically through several feet of xylem tissue. Their walls are thickened with secondary deposits of cellulose and are generally further strengthened by impregnation with lignin. Xylem vessels from shorter and wider individual cylindrical cells align end to end to. At maturity the end walls of these cells dissolve away and the cytoplasmic contents diehence,they forms hollow, continuous, conduits from root to leaf where the vessel looks like uninterrupted pipelines. The secondary walls of the xylem vessels are deposited in spirals and rings and are usually perforated by pits. Some xylem vessels have openings in their end walls called a perforation plate. They are joined end to end at their perforation plates to form a long tube or vessel. Water flow through openings called pits or perforation plates in their end walls by which they are linked together thus make the vessels is more efficient than water flow in tracheids. The vessels carry water and Tracheid All vascular plants contain tracheids, (long slender cells with tapered ends) Like xylem vessels, they have thick, lignified walls, dead at maturity and no cytoplasm. water flow from tracheid to tracheid through opening called pits in the secondary walls. Pits allow water to move laterally. Tracheid dont have large perforated or open ends between the cells so it less efficient in water flow compare to the vessel. The deposition of the secondary cell walls in tracheids may cover the inside of the primary wall except for pits where they consist of thin primary cell walls only. The earliest matured tracheids have annular, spiral or helical, or reticulate patterns of wall thickenings. Latermaturing tracheids have pitted walls. The secondary Fiber and parenchyma Fibers provide support particularly for the conducting tissue and thus for the plant. Food storage may take place in the parenchyma cells

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some dissolved solutes, such as inorganic ions, up the plant. Pits allow lateral movement of water of the xylem vessel.

cell walls in tracheids develop in a region undergoing elongation may produce a spiral or helical pattern of wall thickening. The functions of tracheids are for conduction of water, dissolved minerals and support.

Phloem tissues Sieve elements and companion cells arranged end to end to form sieve tubes(living cells with typical thin walls) alive at maturity, lack of nuclei so their energy and metabolic needs are supplied by companion cells (lie adjacent to them by means of plasmodesmata) transport products of photosynthesis from manufacturer to consumer or store Fiber and parenchyma cells provide support particularly for conducting tissues and plants. Food storage may in parenchyma cells

GROUND TISSUES Ground tissues between dermal and vascular systems Parenchyma collenchyma Parenchyma cells are the living at maturity. least specialized and the thickening at the corner of most common of all plant the primary cell walls. cell types. These cells are more alive at maturity. large, elongate than parenchyma spherical or slightly cells and they are irregular in shape, thin distinguished from primary cell wall, large parenchyma cells by their central vacuole and retain unevenly thickened cell the capacity to undergo cell walls. division. Parenchyma cells At area that growing are full with plastids. rapidly and need to be The functions , for strengthened. These cells photosynthesis, food are often occurred as long storage, and wound strands beneath the healing and regeneration. epidermis of young stems,

sclerenchyma Sclerenchyma cells may be found in all parts of both the primary and secondary plant body. contain lignin. Thus, the walls of these cells are very thick, in a uniform layer of lignified rigid secondary walls around the entire margin of the cell. linked with other cells types and give them mechanical support. They provide strength and support in parts that have stopped elongating. Besides supporting, the Imanbieyha12

Colorless plastids predominate and food storage is the main function if the plastids located at the areas not exposed to light such as in the cortex region of roots. Where light is present, such as in the spongy or palisade layers of leaves, chloroplasts predominate and photosynthesis is the major function. The masses of parenchyma that occur in leaves are called mesophyll. The mesophyll in a leaf consists of two types of parenchyma cells, both packed with chloroplasts. Palisade mesophyll are columnar and closely packed together, whereas spongy mesophyll are loosely packed and separated by large intercellular spaces.

young roots and leaf stalks or petioles such as in celery, or within vascular tissue of leaf veins. The functions, to provide mechanical support for the primary plant body. lack the hardening agent called lignin so they relatively long, with nonlignified primary walls which allows them to stretch.

rigid secondary cell walls also serve as protection such as in seed coat and shell of nuts. Sclerenchyma tissue is composed of two kinds of cells - fibers and sclereids. Fibers are long slender cells which occur in strands or bundles, for example, hemp, flax and jute.have very thin lumens or cell cavity, the space left after the protoplast decays. provide support for the plant. Fibers associated with the conducting tissue of roots and stems. Sclereids are vary in shape, often branched, may occur singly or in groups in ground tissues throughout the plant. They are also called "stone cells. They make up the seed coat of seeds, shells of nuts, stones of drupes, and give the pear its gritty texture. Their function is primarily for protection.

DERMAL TISSUES

Dermal tissues Epidermis covers surfaces of primary plants parts. In most plants, mainly a single layer of unspecialized cells either parenchyma and/or sclerenchyma. Stem and leaf epidermis contains many specialized cells such as guard cells and root hairs. Guard cells are sausage-shaped cells that always in pairs on leaf surfaces. They form pores called stomata that control the entry and exit of water vapor, oxygen and carbon dioxide across the epidermis. The majority of epidermal cells do not contain chloroplasts, except for the guard cells. Root hairs which come out from the epidermal cells just above the root tip help increase the absorptive surface area of the root. Imanbieyha12

Epidermal cells secrete a waxy water proofing substance known as cutin and suberin. Cutin is produced over the leaf epidermis to form a protective covering called the cuticle which prevents water loss When secondary growth occurs in the plants especially in stem and root, the epidermis is finally replaced by a special layer of cells called periderm. It is normally composed of parenchyma and sclerenchyma cells, as well as cork and phelloderm. Periderm is also responsible for the production of a waterproofing material called suberin.

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