Adv RM v6.2 Lect 02a SRF

The Single Reference The Single Reference The Single Reference
Frame (SRF) Model

The Single Reference
Frame (SRF) Model
Advanced FLUENT CFD Training Advanced FLUENT CFD Training
2008 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved. ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary
Fluent User Services Center
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Advanced FLUENT Training v6.3
Rotating Machinery July 2008
Outline
I d i SRF M d li Introduction to SRF Modeling
Navier-Stokes Equations for a Rotating Reference Frame
z Relative and Absolution Velocity Formulations
SRF Problem Setup
z Solver
z Physical Models
z Material Properties
z Boundary Conditions
z Solver Settings
z Initialization
Troubleshooting SRF Problems
Summary
2-2
Summary
Appendix
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Introduction to SRF Modeling
M bl hi h i l i b d l d i Many problems which involve rotating components can be modeled using a
single moving reference frame.
Why use a rotating reference frame?
z A flow field which is unsteady with respect to the stationary frame becomes
steady with respect to the rotating frame.
z Steady-state problems are easier to solve...
Si l BC Simpler BCs
Lower computational cost
Easier to postprocess and analyze
W ill di i l t d t SRF d li i thi ti b t We will discuss issues related to SRF modeling in this section, but many
concepts (e.g. solver settings, physical models, etc.) will also apply to MRF,
MPM, and SMM
2-3
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Characteristics of SRF Models
M i f i i d i h i l fl id d i Moving frame is associated with a single fluid domain.
z In FLUENT, you may divide this domain up into several connected fluid zones,
but each fluid zone must have the same moving reference frame speed and axis
specifications specifications
Domain rotates with a constant, prescribed rotational speed about a specified
a is of rotation axis of rotation
z No translation considered (though this may be included)
z FLUENT only provides for a constant rotational speed in the user interface
A l ti f f f b i l t d th h d fi d z Accelerating frames of reference can be implemented through user defined
functions
2-4
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Characteristics of SRF Models
D i i ll i f Domain typically consists of
z Inlets and outlets
z Walls
z Rotationally periodic boundaries
Boundaries which move with the fluid domain may assume any shape.
Boundaries which are stationary (with respect to the laboratory or fixed
frame) must be surfaces of revolution. )
Rotationally periodic boundaries require spatial periodicity of all boundary
conditions
2-5
conditions
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Illustration of a Typical SRF Model
Shroud/casing
f
Fluid domain
surface
y
Rotating
reference
x
reference
frame
Axis of rotation
x
Hub surface
z
2-6
Blade surface
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Stationary Walls in SRF Models
B ffl
Stationary wall
Baffle
Rotor
Correct
Wrong!
2-7
Correct
g
Wall with baffles not a surface
of revolution!
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Rotating Reference Frames
W ll d ib fl id i i h b l We normally describe fluid motions with respect to an absolute or
inertial reference frame
We can define a rotating reference frame as a reference frame which is
i i i h ib d i i d d i h spinning with a prescribed orientation and speed with respect to an
inertial reference frame
z The motion of the reference frame gives rise to additional accelerations
which affect the fluid motion in the moving frame which affect the fluid motion in the moving frame
Non-inertial reference frame
z The velocity of the fluid can defined with respect to either the absolute or
rotating frames rotating frames
Absolute velocity - Fluid velocity with respect to the stationary (absolute)
reference frame
Relative velocity - Fluid velocity with respect to the rotating reference
2-8
frame
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Rotating Reference Frame Illustration
YY
y
CFD domain
z
x
Rotating
r
r
o
r
r
R
X
Z
Stationary
reference frame
reference frame
Axis of
r
X
Z
Axis of
rotation
Note: R is perpendicular
t i f t ti
2-9
to axis of rotation
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The Velocity Triangle
Th l i hi b h b l d l i l i i i i b The relationship between the absolute and relative velocities is given by
U W V
r r r
+ =
velocity absolute = V
r
r U
r r
r

velocity relative = W
r
In turbomachinery, this relationship can be illustrated using the laws of
vector addition. This is known as the Velocity Triangle
W
r
U
r
2-10
V
r
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Navier-Stokes Equations (Rotating Reference Frame)
T diff t f l ti d i FLUENT Two different formulations are used in FLUENT
z Relative Velocity Formulation (RVF)
Obtained by transforming the stationary frame N-S equations to a rotating reference frame
Uses the relative velocity as the dependent variable in the momentum equations Uses the relative velocity as the dependent variable in the momentum equations
Uses the relative total internal energy as the dependent variable in the energy equation
Available for the Segregated Solver only!
z Absolute Velocity Formulation (AVF)
Derived from the relative velocity formulation
Uses the absolute velocity as the dependent variable in the momentum equations
Uses the absolute total internal energy as the dependent variable in the energy equation
Available for all solvers (Segregated and Coupled) ( g g p )
z NOTE: RVF and AVF are equivalent forms of the N-S equations!
Identical solutions should be obtained from either formulation with equivalent boundary
conditions
2-11
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Relative Velocity Formulation
(Continuity) 0 = +

W
t
r
(Momentum)
( )
F
r W W W
t
W
r
r r r
r
r
r r
r

+ + +

) 2 (
(Energy)
b
r
F p + + =
( ) ( ) Q
&
r r r r
+ + + = +

W F W T k h W
e
tr
(Energy) ( ) ( ) Q
b
+ + + = +
W F W T k h W
t
r
tr
Forces Body = F
b
r
2-12
Term Source Generation Heat
Forces Body
= Q
F
b
&
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Relative Velocity Formulation
(Relative total internal energy) ( )
2 2
tr
2
1
U W e e + =
(Viscous stress)
( ) ( )
(
+ =
3
2

T
W W W
vr
r r r
( )
( ) ( )
(
3
(Rothalpy)
2
2 2
U W p
e h
tr

+
+ =
2-13
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RVF Accelerations Due to Rotating Frame
C i li d if l l i d i h Coriolis and centrifugal accelerations are treated as source terms in the
momentum equations
) ( 2 r W
r r r
r
r
+ ) ( 2 r W +
Coriolis
acceleration
Centrifugal
acceleration
2-14
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Absolute Velocity Formulation
(Continuity) 0 = +

W
t
r
(M ) ( ) F V V W
V
r r
r
r r
r

) ( (Momentum) ( )
b
F p V V W
t
r
+ + = + +
) (
(Energy) ( ) ( ) Q
b
&
r r r r r
+ + + = +

V F V U p T k h W
t
e
t
t
2-15
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Absolute Velocity Formulation
(Relative total internal energy)
2
t
2
1
V e e + =
(Viscous stress)
( ) ( )
(
+ =
2

T
V V V
v
r r r
(Viscous stress)
( ) ( )
(

3
V V V
v
(Total enthalpy)
r
2
2
V p
e h
tr
+
+ =
2-16
Term Source Generation Heat
Forces Body
=
=
Q
F
b
&
r
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AVF Accelerations Due to Rotating Frame
C i li d t if l l ti d t i l t
V r W
r
r r r r
r
r
= + ) (
Coriolis and centrifugal accelerations reduce to a single term
V r W + ) (
Coriolis
acceleration
Centripetal
acceleration
2-17
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Scalar Equations
G i l i i i f f Generic scalar transport equation in a moving reference frame
( ) ( ) + = +
S W
t
r
term source
t coefficien diffusion scalar
iable scalar var
=
=
t
The use of the relative velocity in the convective term implies that, for
steady state problems the scalar is transported along relative streamlines
term source =
S
steady-state problems, the scalar is transported along relative streamlines
This form is employed for turbulence models, species and phase transport,
t
2-18
etc.
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Summary of SRF Equations
T f f h N i S k i b li d SRF bl Two forms of the Navier-Stokes equations can be applied to SRF problems
(AVF and RVF)
z RVF only available for the pressure-based solver
Scalar transport equations can be transformed to moving frame by modified
convection term
z Source terms may require modification depending on dependent variables
required (e.g. production term in turbulence model equation may need relative
velocity gradients)
Appropriate boundary conditions complete the problem specification
z Inlet / outlet flow boundaries, walls, periodics, etc.
2-19
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SRF Problem Setup
W ill f f d l di l l d SRF bl We will focus on aspects of model setup directly related to SRF problems
Topics
z SRF geometries (2D, 3D)
z Solver Choices
z Physical Models
z Material Properties
z Boundary Conditions
z Solver Settings
z Initialization
2-20
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SRF Geometries (2D)
2D l i 2D planar geometries
z Geometries rotate about axis normal to xy plane with specified origin (periodic
boundaries are permitted)
2D i t i i t i ith i l 2D axisymmetric, axisymmetric with swirl
z Geometries rotate about the x axis
y
x
2-21
Planar Axisymmetric
x
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SRF Geometries (3D)
N d d fi b h Need to define both
rotational axis origin and
direction for the fluid
domain domain
Rotationally periodic
boundaries permitted
Origin
Axis of
t ti
r
2-22
rotation
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Choice of Solver for SRF Models
S id i f l Same considerations for general
flow field modeling apply to SRF
solver choice
S t d S l i ibl z Segregated Solver: incompressible,
low speed compressible flows.
Fans
Blowers Blowers
Pumps
z Coupled Solvers: high speed
compressible flows where Mach p
number is above 0.3
High-pressure axial compressors
Turbines
2-23
Turbochargers
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Velocity Formulation Recommendations
U AVF h i fl f Use AVF when inflow comes from a
stationary domain
Absolute total pressure, total temperature,
or absolute velocities are known or absolute velocities are known
Use RVF with closed domains (all surfaces
are moving) or if inflow comes from a
rotating domain
Relative total pressure, relative total
temperature or relative velocities are known
in this case
As noted previously, RVF and AVF are
equivalent, and therefore either can be used
successfully for many problems
Differences between solutions should
2-24
Differences between solutions should
disappear with suitable mesh refinement.
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Disk Cavity Example
P C l ti bt i d i th diff t bl Purpose Compare solutions obtained using three different problem
formulations
z Case 1 - Stationary frame, moving walls
z Case 2 - SRF RVF z Case 2 SRF, RVF
z Case 3 - SRF, AVF
Disk cavity air flow study based on the experiments of Pincombe, 1981
Disk geometry: radius (b) = 443 mm, width = 59 mm, bore = 44.3 mm Disk geometry: radius (b) 443 mm, width 59 mm, bore 44.3 mm
Solutions obtained for following conditions : C
w
= Q/b = 1092,
Re
= b
2
/ = 10
5
All cases use the same mesh (20576 quad cells), 2D segregated solver ( q ), g g
(axisymmetric with swirl), incompressible flow, RKE turbulence model,
second order discretization.
z Additional cases were computed using a fine mesh (82,304 cells) to examine the
h i d d f th l ti
2-25
mesh independence of the solutions
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Disk Cavity Mesh
Outlet
B h ll
Outlet
Both walls rotate
Inlet tube
2-26
Inlet
Axis
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Disk Cavity Stream Function
Case 1 Case 2 Case 3
Separated flow
2-27
Nearly identical flow patterns observed for all three cases.
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Radial Velocity Profile (r/b = 0.633)
2-28
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Disk Cavity Results
A i l f d l Axial force and moment results
Case Mesh Axial Force (10
3
N) Torque (10
3
Nm)
1 (St ti )
Coarse 6.431 7.231
1 (Stationary)
Fine 6.141 7.435
2 (RVF)
Coarse
Fine
6.681
6.156
7.195
7.444
C l i
Fine 6.156 7.444
3 (AVF)
Coarse
Fine
6.449
6.089
7.241
7.446
Conclusions
z All three numerical approaches yield essentially the same results
Closer agreement is obtained through mesh refinement
R l d h i l f i RVF AVF f l i
2-29
z Results demonstrate the equivalence of stationary, RVF, AVF formulations
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RANS Turbulence Model Descriptions
Model Description
Spalart
Asingle transport equation model solving directly for a modified turbulent viscosity Designed specifically for
Spalart
Allmaras
A single transport equation model solving directly for a modified turbulent viscosity. Designed specifically for
aerospace applications involving wall-bounded flows on a fine near-wall mesh. FLUENTs implementation
allows the use of coarser meshes. Option to include strain rate in k production term improves predictions of
vortical flows.
Standard k
The baseline two-transport-equation model solving for k and . This is the default k model. Coefficients
are empirically derived; valid for fully turbulent flows only Options to account for viscous heating buoyancy are empirically derived; valid for fully turbulent flows only. Options to account for viscous heating, buoyancy,
and compressibility are shared with other k models.
RNG k
A variant of the standard k model. Equations and coefficients are analytically derived. Significant changes
in the equation improves the ability to model highly strained flows. Additional options aid in predicting
swirling and low Reynolds number flows.
Realizable k
A variant of the standard k model. Its realizability stems from changes that allow certain mathematical
constraints to be obeyed which ultimately improves the performance of this model.
Standard k
A two-transport-equation model solving for k and , the specific dissipation rate ( / k) based on Wilcox
(1998). This is the default k model. Demonstrates superior performance for wall-bounded and low
Reynolds number flows. Shows potential for predicting transition. Options account for transitional, free shear, Reynolds number flows. Shows potential for predicting transition. Options account for transitional, free shear,
and compressible flows.
SST k
A variant of the standard k model. Combines the original Wilcox model for use near walls and the standard
k model away from walls using a blending function. Also limits turbulent viscosity to guarantee that
T
~ k.
The transition and shearing options are borrowed from standard k. No option to include compressibility.
2-30
Reynolds
Stress
Reynolds stresses are solved directly using transport equations, avoiding isotropic viscosity assumption of
other models. Use for highly swirling flows. Quadratic pressure-strain option improves performance for many
basic shear flows.
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Heat Transfer
Thermal BCs (temperature heat flux) can be activated for all surfaces in Thermal BCs (temperature, heat flux) can be activated for all surfaces in
SRF zone
z Note: BCs for stationary walls must be circumferentially uniform
Convection is predicted based on the heat fluxes temperature Convection is predicted based on the heat fluxes, temperature
distributions relative to the rotating frame
Conduction and radiation models can also be enabled with SRF models
N t F d ti lid hi h t i d i i f z Note: For conducting solids which are contained in a moving reference
frame, you should NOT activate the Moving Reference Frame option!
Reason MRF option activates convection terms in the solid, which arent
relevant to SRF modeling e eva t to S ode g
( ) ( ) ( )+ = +
s
S T k CT V CT
t
r

Solid convection term
2-31
velocity solid =
s
V
t
r
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DPM and Pathline Modeling
Y DPM d You can use DPM and
pathline models for SRF
problems
P i l h d Particle paths are computed
in the relative frame
If you want to see particle
h i h b l f paths in the absolute frame,
you can select this option in
the Pathlines panel.
N t th t ti l i i Note that particles moving in
absolute frame may hit wall
surfaces, since the rotation of
the frame is not accounted for
2-32
the frame is not accounted for
Particle injection at fan blade tips
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Other Physical Models
Multiphase Models Multiphase Models
z VOF, ASMM, Eulerian (Fluent 6), Cavitation models are all
compatible with SRF (and MRF, Sliding Mesh) modeling in Fluent
z Examples: mixing tanks, cavitating pumps flows a p es: g a s, cav a g pu ps ows
Real Gas Model
z Can model specific fluids using non-ideal gas equation of state
z For use with the coupled solvers only! z For use with the coupled-solvers only!
z Two options are available (Fluent 6.1)
NIST Library (REFPROP) - available fluids include: carbon
dioxide ammonia butane ethane propane propylene wide range dioxide, ammonia, butane, ethane, propane, propylene, wide range
of refrigerants (e.g. R11, R134a)
User-Defined Function user can write custom real gas property
library
2-33
VUDF source code available for Redlich-Kwong equation of state
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Boundary Conditions For SRF Models
Fl id BC Fluid BC
Inlet BCs
z Pressure Inlet
Shroud
z Velocity Inlet
z Mass Flow Inlet
Outlet BCs
Blade
Outlet
z Pressure Outlet
Non-reflecting BCs
Mass flow outlet
Inlet
Walls
Periodics
z Conformal
Hub
2-34
z Non-conformal
Axial Pump IGV
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Fluid Zone BCs
U fl id BC l i l i Use fluid BC to select rotational axis
origin and direction vector for rotating
reference frame
N t ll di ti t h ld b z Note: all direction vectors should be
unit vectors, but FLUENT will
normalize them if they are not
Select Moving Reference Frame as the Select Moving Reference Frame as the
Motion Type for SRF
Enter rotational speed
z Sign convention: CCW+ about axis z Sign convention: CCW + about axis
z Can use negative value to reverse
sense of rotation
2-35
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Velocity Inlets
U f i ibl ildl Use for incompressible, mildly
compressible flows when inlet
velocity is known
Can specify absolute or relative
velocities using Reference Frame
option
Can specify vector components or
magnitude and direction in Cartesian g
or Cylindrical coordinates
For 2D, axisymmetric with swirl and
3D problems you can specify
tangential velocity as follows: tangential velocity as follows:
velocity ntial user tange
in
in in ,
=
+ =

V
R V V
2-36
locity angular ve user
ve oc y use ge
in
in ,
=
V
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Flow Direction
Fl di i i d fi d
Flow direction is defined as

the velocity vector normalized
by its magnitude
I ll C i
Polar) - al (Cylindric
) (Cartesian
a a r r
z z y y x x
d
d
+ + =
+ + =

Input allows Cartesian or
Cylindrical-Polar coordinate
forms
N h h fl di i
Frame) (Absolute
W
V
V
d
abs
r
r
r
=
Note that the flow directions
differ in absolute and relative
frames!
V l it t i l l
Frame) (Relative
W
W
d
rel
r =
z Velocity triangle rule
2-37
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Pressure Inlets
P i l b d i h i h i ibl ibl fl Pressure inlets can be used with either incompressible or compressible flows
Definitions of total pressure and total temperature depend on velocity
formulation and compressibility:
Incompressible, AVF
+ = + =
2
2
2
1
2

2
1
p
t t
W
C
V
T T V p p
Neglected for
incompressible flow
Incompressible, RVF
| | | |
+ = + =
1
2
2
1 1

2

2
1
p
tr tr
C
W
T T W p p

Incompressible, AVF
I ibl RVF
|
|

|
|

|
.
|
\
|

+ =
|
.
|
\
|

+ =
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
t t
M T T M
M T T M p p

2-38
Incompressible, RVF
.
|
\
|
+ =
.
|
\
|
+ =
2 2
2
1
1
2
1
1
r tr r tr
M T T M p p

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Pressure Inlets
S if i t t t l Specify appropriate total pressure
and total temperature
If inlet flow is supersonic, you
must also specify a static pressure must also specify a static pressure
such that desired the Mach number
corresponds to p
total
/p
static
Specify flow direction vector
z Frame of flow direction depends
on velocity formulation!
If using AVF:
If using RVF:
abs
d
l
d If using RVF:
Specify other scalar BCs as
appropriate (energy, turbulence,
species, etc.)
rel
d
2-39
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Mass Flow Inlets
M fl i l t b d ith Mass flow inlets can be used with
incompressible or compressible
flows
Specify total mass flow rate or mass Specify total mass flow rate or mass
flux
Same flow direction options as
Velocity Inlet
Specify other scalar BCs as
appropriate (energy, turbulence,
species, etc.)
2-40
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Flow Direction and Mass Flow Inlets
H d d i h l i i d k i h fl How do you determine the velocity magnitude knowing the mass flow rate
and flow direction?
m
d V V =
r
&
r
)
( n d V n V
A
m
V
n
= =
=
r
V
t
V
V n
( n d A
m
V

=
&
n
V
area face boundary
rate flow mass
=
=
A
m&
NOTE: For relative frame, substitute
relative velocity and direction (W) for
n
2-41
velocity tangential
velocity normal
=
=
t
n
V
V
absolute velocity (V)
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Pressure Outlets
S if i ( fil ) h l Specify static pressure (constant or profile) at the outlet.
Can employ a simple radial equilibrium assumption which computes a radial
pressure variation from
2
z The specified pressure is then

R
V
R
p
2
assumed to be the hub static

pressure.
z Appropriate for axial compressors
d t bi h th fl i and turbines, where the flow is
parallel to rotational axis.
You must also specify appropriate
backflow conditions
2-42
backflow conditions.
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Backflow
B kfl ( d fl b d ) i ll h h i Backflow (reversed flow at a boundary) typically occurs when the static
pressure in a cell adjacent to a pressure boundary (P
c
) forces the flow in a
direction opposite to what is intended
F P I l t (P < P ) B d t t l i d t b z For a Pressure Inlet (P
b
< P
c
): Boundary total pressure is assumed to be a
static pressure for the purposes of determining the flow velocity
Backflow scalars (temperature, species, etc.) are obtained from the solution
z For a Pressure outlet (P > P ): Boundary static pressure is assumed to be a z For a Pressure outlet (P
b
> P
c
): Boundary static pressure is assumed to be a
total pressure for the purposes of determining the flow velocity
Backflow scalars (temperature, species, etc.) are prescribed in the GUI panel
P
b
< P
c
P
b
> P
P P P P
P
b
P
c
P
b
P
c
2-43
P
c
P
b
Pressure Inlet
P
c
P
b
Pressure Outlet
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Backflow
F i l t th fl di ti f th l it t For a pressure inlet, the flow direction comes from the velocity components
calculated in the cell
For a pressure outlet, there are three methods for determining the direction of reversed
flow:
z Normal to boundary
z From adjacent cell
z Prescribed direction vector
For SRF problems the reverse flow direction is For SRF problems, the reverse flow direction is
z relative to the boundary in the absolute frame if AVF is used
z relative to the boundary in the relative frame if RVF is used
Recommendations
z As some backflow may occur during the solution process, prescribe reasonable values for
all backflow quantities
z Try to minimize (or eliminate) backflow by extending your boundaries further upstream or
downstream
2-44
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Target Mass Flow BC
F bl h i l fl d i l l d For some problems the inlet mass flow rate and inlet total pressure and
temperature are known, and the exit pressure is unknown
z Example: fans and compressors for which the pressure rise is unknown
Fluent can address this situation with the target mass flow outlet BC
How it works
z User sets the exit BC to a pressure outlet
z Desired mass flow rate is prescribed
z As calculation proceeds, exit pressure is adjusted automatically to achieve desired
mass flow rate
2-45
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Target Mass Flow Methods
T h d il bl f i h f ib d Two methods are available for computing the pressure for a prescribed mass
flow
z Method 1 (best suited for turbomachinery applications)
M fl h l b d i d d d h d i d Mass flow rate at the outlet boundary is computed and compared to the desired
mass flow rate
A pressure increment is determined based on the required change in mass flow
rate the basic behavior is to:
V Increase the exit pressure if computed mass flow > desired mass flow
V Decrease the exit pressure if computed mass flow < desired mass flow
z Method 2 (best suited for incompressible flows)
Same basic algorithm except the pressure increment is determined from a
linearized form of Bernoullis equation
2-46
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Target Mass Flow Outlet Setup
T i fl To activate target mass flow
outlet , simply enable the Target
mass-flow rate option in pressure
outlet BC panel and type in the outlet BC panel and type in the
desired mass flow rate
Y if h fl You can specify the mass flow
outlet method in the text interface:
/define/boundary-conditions/target- /define/boundary-conditions/target-
mass-flow-rate-settings>
enable? set method verbosity?
2-47
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Target Mass Flow Outlet Example
Convergence History
Mass flow outlet BC
applied at compressor
outlet
Target mass flow:
0 3 k / 0.3 kg/s
2-48
Eckardt centrifugal compressor
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Non-Reflecting Boundary Conditions
S d d BC f ibl fl fi ifi fl i bl Standard pressure BCs for compressible flow fix specific flow variables at
the boundary (e.g. static pressure at an outflow boundary)
z Result: pressure waves incident on the boundary will reflect in an unphysical
manner manner
z Can lead to local errors and convergence degradation
z Effects are more pronounced if the boundary is close to the blade (e.g. truncated
domain mixing plane boundary) domain, mixing plane boundary)
Non-reflecting boundary conditions (NRBCs) permit waves to pass through
the boundaries without spurious reflections
FLUENT now has two available methods for NRBCs FLUENT now has two available methods for NRBCs
z Turbo-specific NRBCs
z General NRBCs
2-49
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Turbo-Specific NRBCs
T b ifi NRBC b d h S Gil d f l i Turbo-specific NRBCs are based on the Saxer-Giles steady-state formulation
NRBCs are available for pressure inlets and pressure outlets only
z All pressure boundaries will be affected (cannot selectively activate NRBCs for
ifi b d i ) specific boundaries)
z can coexist with other BCs (e.g. mass flow inlet)
NRBCs require the use of the steady-state, coupled solver
Mesh requirements
z The mesh at the pressure inlet/outlet boundaries must be a structured quad (2D)
or hex (3D) mesh
z Note that away from the boundaries, any mesh type is permissible (e.g. hybrid tri-
quad mesh is permitted in 2D)
You can use NRBCs with mixing planes!
2-50
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Using the Turbo-Specific NRBCs
T b S ifi NRBC Turbo-Specific NRBCs are
activated using the TUI
z select enable? and answer
yes
/define/boundary-conditions/non-reflecting-
bc/turbo-specific-nrbc>
enable? show-status
y
NRBC Controls (under the set/
menu in the TUI)
z discretization option to
i fi d d
bc/turbo-specific-nrbc> enable
enable non-reflecting b.c.'s [no] yes
/define/boundary conditions/non reflecting
permit first or second order
reconstruction at boundary faces
z under-relaxation sets
the under-relaxation factor for
enable? set/
initialize show-status
NRBCs (0 < URF < 1)
z verbosity option to enable
printing of debugging messages
to the screen
2-51
to the screen
www.fluentusers.com
Turbo-Specific NRBC Example: 2D Turbine Vane
Si l 2D ( h d 0 05864 ) Simple 2D vane (chord = 0.05864 m)
Compressible flow, ideal gas (air)
Boundary conditions
I l t t t l 1 5 t z Inlet total pressure = 1.5 atm
z Inlet total temperature = 300 K
z Inlet turbulence intensity = 1%
z Oulet static pressure = 0 8 atm (transonic case) z Oulet static pressure = 0.8 atm (transonic case)
Hybrid quad-tri mesh used (quad block at inlet)
Solutions on two meshes compared
z Long mesh - ideal mesh for the problem - no NRBCs needed z Long mesh - ideal mesh for the problem - no NRBCs needed
z Short mesh - mesh truncated near trailing edge - NRBCs required
z Compare solutions on long mesh with solutions on the short mesh with and
without NRBCs
2-52
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2D Vane Long Mesh
2-53
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2D Vane Short Mesh
Truncated downstream
2-54
boundary
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2D Vane Long Mesh
Shock wave at
vane trailing edge
2-55
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2D Vane Short Mesh NBRCs Off
C BC Constant pressure BC
results in incorrect shock
location
2-56
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2D Vane Short Mesh NRBCs Activated
Non-reflecting boundary
conditions permit shock
t th h th wave to pass through the
boundary - shock location
is correctly predicted!
2-57
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General NRBC Formulation
A l NRBC f l i h b d l d f FLEUNT A new general NRBC formulation has been developed for FLEUNT
z Uses general characteristics-based algorithms from the literature
z Applies to pressure outlets only
Benefits
z Can be used for both steady-state and unsteady flows
z No geometry or mesh restrictions
Limitations
z Can only be used with the coupled-explicit or coupled-implicit solvers (no
segregated solver implementation at this time)
2-58
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General NRBC User Interface
O i l d i l BC GUI l Option selected in pressure outlet BC GUI panel
z Permits selected enabling of the NRBCs (unlike Turbo-Specific NRBCs).
Two options available
z Pressure at Infinity
Assumes specified pressure
is defined downstream of
actual boundary (far field) actual boundary (far-field)
Example: rocket nozzle
z Average Boundary Pressure
Assumes specified pressure Assumes specified pressure
is an average pressure at the
outlet boundary
Example: turbine blade row
i b d
2-59
exit boundary
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General NRBCs: 2D Stator Vane
Constant Pressure BC Non-Reflecting Pressure BC
2-60
Contours of Static Pressure (atm)
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Wall Boundary Conditions
W ll BC f l Wall BCs enforce zero normal
velocity at all wall surfaces
z no slip (zero velocity) for
viscous flows
For moving reference frames,
you can specify the wall
motion in either the absolute
or relative frames
Recommended specification
of wall BCs for all moving
reference frame problems
z For stationary surfaces (in the z For stationary surfaces (in the
lab frame) use zero
Rotational speed, Absolute
z For moving surfaces, use
zero Rotational speed,
2-61
p
Relative to Adjacent Cell
Zone
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Conformal Periodic Boundary Conditions
C f l i di BC i th t th b d f h Conformal periodic BCs require that the boundary face mesh
element match one-for-one on the periodic boundary.
Rotationally periodic BCs rely on the rotational axis
specification to transfer information correctly specification to transfer information correctly.
Rotationally periodic boundaries can be used in SRF
problems to reduce mesh size, provided that both the
geometry and flow are periodic.
z If you are using the
make-periodic TUI command,
make sure you set the rotational axis
in the Fluid BC panel first before p
creating the periodic boundaries.
z Once the periodic BCs have
been set, perform a grid check to see
if the reported periodic angles are
2-62
if the reported periodic angles are
correct.
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Non-conformal Periodic Boundary Conditions
FLUENT i h f f l i ll i di BC FLUENT permits the use of non-conformal rotationally periodic BCs.
Non-conformal periodics do not require a matching mesh on the boundaries.
z Coupling of the periodic zones is accomplished using the same algorithms
l d i f l i f employed in non-conformal interfaces.
Setting up a non-conformal periodic BC is performed in the TUI:
define/grid-interfaces/make-periodic
Periodic zone [()] interface 4 Periodic zone [()] interface.4
Shadow zone [()] interface.5
Rotational periodic? (if no, translational) [yes] yes
Rotation angle (deg) [0] 90
Periodic zones
P i di l
Create periodic zone? [yes] yes
grid-interface name [] int1
Periodic angle
2-63
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Conformal vs. Non-Conformal Periodic Boundaries
Conformal
Non-conformal Non conformal
2-64
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Pressure-Based Solver Settings
P V l it C li M th d Pressure-Velocity Coupling Method
z Coupled
Recommended (provides robust, fast convergence)
Requires twice the memory relative to other schemes
z SIMPLE, SIMPLEC, PISO
Use when computer memory is an issue (large mesh)
Pressure Interpolation
z Standard scheme is acceptable for low speed flows z Standard scheme is acceptable for low speed flows
z For highly swirling flows, use PRESTO! scheme
Other equations - use second order discretization
z Can start with first order for stability, especially for problems with high rotational
d speeds
Compressible flows with Pressure-based solvers
z May need to under-relax Density (0.1 is recommended)
z Can also run with energy equation initially turned OFF enable the energy equation
2-65
after establishing a reasonable, isothermal flow field.
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Density-Based Solver Settings
I li i h i d d l i i Implicit scheme is recommended unless computer memory is an issue
Flux type options
z Roe-FDS baseline methods
z AUSM can provide enhanced accuracy for strong shocks
Use first order discretization to begin your calculation, then switch to second
order when the solution is close to convergence
Use default Courant numbers as a start (1 for explicit solver, 5 for implicit
solver)
For coupled-explicit solver p p
z Use 4 levels of FAS MultiGrid for most problems
helps propagate solution more rapidly through the domain
z Use more levels of you have a very large mesh
2-66
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Initialization
G d i iti li ti f th l ti i ft th k t bt i i id d Good initialization of the solution is often the key to obtaining rapid and
robust convergence of turbomachinery problems
z Less of an issue for
Incompressible flows with velocity / mass flow inlets Incompressible flows with velocity / mass flow inlets
VFixed flow rate provides stability to the calculation
Problems with favorable pressure gradients (e.g. turbines)
VLess propensity for reverse flow at boundaries
z Often critical for
Compressible flows with adverse pressure gradients (e.g. compressors, diffusers)
VAdverse pressure gradient leads to reverse flows, solution instability
Two ways of providing good initial solutions Two ways of providing good initial solutions
z Use grid interpolation to patch a coarse mesh solution onto a fine mesh.
z Use Full Multigrid (FMG) initialization technique.
2-67
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Solution Interpolation
P d Procedure
z Run coarse grid version of your
model
W it d t t i t l ti fil z Write data to interpolation file
z Set up fine mesh model
z Read interpolation file to initialize
solution solution
Advantages
z Can be applied to nearly any
geometry configuration geometry, configuration
z Easy to use
Disadvantage
R i d l t f h
2-68
z Requires development of coarse mesh
model
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Full Multigrid (FMG) Initialization
FMG I i i li i i i FLUENT h F ll M l i id l i h i FMG Initialization option in FLUENT uses the Full Multigrid algorithm in
FLUENTs Coupled Explicit solver to generate a system of coarse meshes
z Solves the inviscid equations on coarsest mesh, interpolates to next finest, and so
forth until finest mesh is reached forth until finest mesh is reached
z Inviscid solution used as initial condition for subsequent full Navier-Stokes
calculation
Benefits
z Convenient for user (no separate meshes or solutions required)
A l b d ( t d l d li it i li it) z Any solver can be used (segregated, coupled-explicit or implicit)
z Permits very large Courant numbers for coupledimplicit solver
2-69
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FMG Interface (TUI)
FMG controls can be set in TUI usingg
solve/initialize/set-fmg-
initialization
Permits setting of convergence
tolerance max number of iterations tolerance, max number of iterations
on each coarse grid level, Courant
number, verbosity
Once FMG parameters set, the p ,
initialization can be started using the
text command
solve/initialize/fmg-
i i i li i initialization
2-70
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FMG Initialization Eckardt Rotor
With FMG
Initialization
Without FMG
Initialization
Eckardt rotor model ~ 400 000 cells
2-71
Eckardt rotor model ~ 400,000 cells
Number of iterations reduced by a factor
of 5 using FMG initialization!
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Troubleshooting SRF Problems
SRF bl b diffi l l b f l fl di SRF problems may be difficult to solve because of large flow gradients
resulting from the rotation of the fluid domain
z May need to use lower under-relaxations than default
Some things to consider for troublesome cases
z Make sure the mesh quality is good (max cell skewness < 0.9 0.95)
z Use FMG initialization for hard-to-start problems
z Reduce under-relaxation factors and/or Courant numbers
z Consider running the problem as a transient calculation
Can provide more robust convergence versus the standard steady-state approach
Use first order discretization in time and about 2-3 time steps per iteration
Run until steady-state is achieved
2-72
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Summary
SRF d li i h i l d li h f i hi SRF modeling is the simplest modeling approach for rotating machinery
Applications typically involve a single passage of a rotating machine (e.g.
single compressor blade row)
z Some example applications are provided in Appendix A
FLUENT provides two formulations of the Navier-Stokes equations for
rotating reference frames
z Absolute Velocity Formulation y
z Relative Velocity Formulation
FLUENT also has wide range of boundary conditions and physical models
2-73
FLUENT also has wide range of boundary conditions and physical models
which are compatible with SRF modeling.
Appendix A: Appendix A: Appendix A:
SRF Examples
Appendix A:
SRF Examples
3D propeller fan
3D cavitating centrifugal pump
3D propeller fan
3D cavitating centrifugal pump
2D axisymmetric flow in a labyrinth seal
3D flow in a transonic axial compressor blade row
3D centrifugal compressor
2D axisymmetric flow in a labyrinth seal
3D flow in a transonic axial compressor blade row
3D centrifugal compressor
3D centrifugal compressor 3D centrifugal compressor
www.fluentusers.com
Propeller Fan
3D d l f f bl d ll f 3D model of a four blade propeller fan
Results compared with data from open literature:
Oh K J d K S H A N i l I ti ti f th D l P f z Oh, K.J. and Kang, S.H., A Numerical Investigation of the Dual Performance
Characteristics of a Small Propeller Fan Using Viscous Flow Calculations,
Computers and Fluids, 28 (1999), pp. 815-823.
Solutions obtained for a range of flow rates at 2000 rpm.
Numerical model Nu e ca ode
z Mesh size = 269265 cells (tets + wedges)
z Segregated solver with moving reference frame
z Incompressible flow (air)
2-75
z Realizable k model with non-equilibrium wall functions
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Propeller Fan - Mesh
2-76
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Comparison to Data: Head Coefficient
2-77
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Comparison to Data: Power Coefficient
2-78
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Fan Flow Field: Flow Coefficient = 0.1
Significant flow reversal
upstream of fan face p
Static pressure contours
displayed on fan surfaces
2-79
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Strong radial outflow
2-80
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Strong axial outflow
2-81
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Cavitating Centrifugal Pump
FLUENT d i l fl i if l i h i i FLUENT was used to simulate flow in a centrifugal pump with cavitation
effects
Geometry based on pump design reported in paper by Hoffman et al. (2001):
H ff M St ff l B F i d i h J K G Si il iti d G t i l Hoffman, M., Stoffel, B., Friedrichs, J., Kosyna G., Similarities and Geometrical
Effects on Rotating Cavitation in Two Scaled Centrifugal Pumps, Proc. 4th
International Symposium on Cavitation, Pasedena, CA, June 2001.
z TFA pump design used in the present study
z Impeller diameter = 278 mm
z Number of blades = 5
z Speed = 2160 rpm
Single blade passage modeled with rotationally-periodic boundaries
z Mesh Type: Hex mesh, 284,955 cells
2-82
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Pump Geometry
outlet outlet
diffuser
inlet
impeller
inlet
2-83
inlet tube
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Pump Model Mesh
Single blade
passage
2-84
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Physical / Numerical Models
S d l i d l Steady-state solutions, segregated solver
Incompressible flow, SRF, AVF
Multiphase cavitation model enabled
z Mixture model used tu e ode used
z Primary phase = water (density = 1000 kg/m
3
)
z P
vap
= 2620 Pa; surface tension = 0.0717 N/m,
Non-condensible gas = 1.510
-5
g
z Secondary phase = water vapor (density = 0.01927 kg/m
3
,
viscosity = 8.810
-6
Ns/m
2
)
2-85
Realizible k turbulence model with standard wall functions
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Case Studies
N i i Non-cavitating cases
z Model run over a range of flowrates (100 275 m
3
/hr) to obtain non-cavitating
pump curve
P h d i ( i ) di t d d d t it ti d t z Pump head rise (pressure rise) predicted and compared to non-cavitating data
Cavitating Cases
z Flow rate fixed at design flow (210 m
3
/hr)
z Exit pressure initial set to 600 kPa to ensure non-cavitating flow
z Exit pressure decreased in 50 kPa increments to gradually develop cavitating
di i conditions
z Predicted head rise vs NPSH compared with data
NPSH = P
inlet
P
vapor
2-86
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Non-Cavitating Flow Comparison with Data
2-87
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Midspan Pressure Non-Cavitating Flow
Design Flow rate
03 . 0 =
2-88
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Midspan Relative Velocity Non-Cavitating Flow
Design Flow rate
03 . 0 =
2-89
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Cavitating Flow Comparison to Data
2-90
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Cavitating Midspan Pressure
Exit Pressure: 500 kPa
2-91
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2-92
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2-93
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Cavitating Vapor Volume Fraction
Cavitation
inception
2-94
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2-95
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Significant
cavitation on
pressure side
of blade
2-96
of blade
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Illustration of Cavitation Induced Separation
Separation bubble
downstream of
vapor cavity
Exit Pressure
300 kPa
2-97
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Labyrinth Seal
2D i i d l f fi h l b i h l 2D axisymmetric model of five-tooth labyrinth seal
Results compared with experimental data of Millward and Edwards (ASME
94-GT-56)
Numerical model
z Steady state, incompressible flow
z 2D axisymmetric with swirl and viscous dissipation
z Segregated solver g g
z Realizable k turbulence model
z Solutions calculated over a range of rotational speeds (3000 13000 rpm)
2-98
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Labyrinth Seal - Mesh
Inlet
Outlet
Five-tooth
2-99
Five tooth
straight seal
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Labyrinth Seal - Stream Function
PR = 1.5 , N = 13000 rpm
Seal leakage flow
2-100
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Labyrinth Seal - Total Temperature
2-101
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Total Temperature
Windage heating due
to viscous dissipation
2-102
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Comparison with Data
2-103
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Transonic Axial Compressor
T i (NASA R 37) Transonic compressor rotor (NASA Rotor 37)
36 blades
Design conditions
z 17188 rpm, PR = 2.1, mass flow = 20.2 kg/s
Numerical model
z steady-state, compressible flow y , p
z coupled implicit solver
z mesh: ~90,000 hex cells
z standard KE turbulence model (inlet TU=3.5%) ( )
z inlet profiles from test data
z back pressure varied to obtain speed line
2-104
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Rotor 37 - Mesh
2-105
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Comparison with Data - Pressure Ratio
Choked mass flow
predicted: 20.80 kg/s
data: 20.93 kg/s
2-106
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Pressure Ratio (Choked Flow)
2-107
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Relative Mach Number (Choked Flow)
2-108
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Pressure Ratio (94.3% Relative Mass Flow)
2-109
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Relative Mach Number (94.3% Relative Mass Flow)
2-110
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Centrifugal Compressor
E k d R (R O ) Eckardt Rotor (Rotor-O geometry)
20 blades
Design conditions
z 14000 rpm, PR = 2.0, mass flow = 5.31 kg/s 000 p , .0, ass ow 5.3 g/s
Numerical model
z Steady state compressible flow z Steady-state, compressible flow
z Coupled implicit solver
z Mesh: 199,480 hex cells
Spalart Almaras turbulence model (inlet TU=10%)
2-111
z Spalart-Almaras turbulence model (inlet TU=10%)
z Inlet profile from 2D axisymmetric solution
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Centrifugal Compressor Mesh
2-112
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Centrifugal Compressor Surface Pressure
2-113
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Centrifugal Compressor
R l (D i C di i ) Results (Design Condition)
Mass flow
(kg/s)
Pressure
Ratio
Efficiency
(%) (kg/s) Ratio (%)
Fluent 5.31 2.08 88.8
Test Data 5.284 2.066 89.2
2-114

Adv RM v6.2 Lect 02a SRF

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The Single Reference The Single Reference The Single Reference

Frame (SRF) Model

Flow direction is defined as

z The specified pressure is then

assumed to be the hub static

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