ANTENNA GAIN Abstact In this lab,we can know about the antenna gain.

As we know,the antenna gain is power or help the basic antenna to get more range or more attractive power to get more wave. Keywords : power gain,antenna directivity,electrical effciency. Introduction In electromagnetics, an antenna's power gain or simply gain is a key performance figure which combines the antenna's directivity and electrical efficiency. As a transmitting antenna, the figure describes how well the antenna converts input power into radio waves headed in a specified direction. As a receiving antenna, the figure describes how well the antenna converts radio waves arriving from a specified direction into electrical power. When no direction is specified, "gain" is understood to refer to the peak value of the gain. A plot of the gain as a function of direction is called the radiation pattern. For a given frequency the antenna's effective area is proportional to the power gain. An antenna's effective length is proportional to the square root of the antenna's gain for a particular frequency and radiation resistance. Due to reciprocity, the specified gain for any antenna applies identically whether it is used for transmitting or receiving. Directive gain or directivity is a different measure which does not take an antenna's electrical efficiency into account. This term is sometimes more relevant in the case of a receiving antenna where one is concerned mainly with the ability of an antenna to receive signals from one direction while rejecting interfering signals coming from a different direction. Antenna gain is often quoted with respect to a hypothetical antenna that radiates equally in all directions, an isotropic radiator. This gain, when measured in decibels, is called dBi. Conservation of energy dictates that high gain antennas must have narrow beams . For example, if a high gain antenna makes a 1 watt transmitter look like a 100 watt transmitter, then the beam can cover at most 1/100 of the sky (otherwise the total amount of energy radiated in all directions would sum to more than the transmitter power, which is not possible). In turn this implies that high-gain antennas must be physically large, since according to the diffraction limit, the narrower the beam desired, the larger the antenna must be (measured in wavelengths). Antenna gain can also be measured in dBd, which is gain in Decibels compared to the maximum intensity direction of a half wave dipole. In the case of Yagi type aerials this more or less equates to the gain one would expect from the aerial under test minus all its directors and reflector. It is important not to confuse dBi and dBd; the two differ by 2.15 dB, with the dBi figure being higher, since a dipole has 2.15 db of gain with respect to an isotropic antenna. Gain is also dependent on the number of elements and the tuning of those elements. Antennas can be tuned to be resonant over a wider spread of frequencies but, all other things being equal, this will mean the gain of the aerial is lower than one tuned for a single frequency or a group of frequencies. For example, in the case of wideband TV antennas the fall off in gain is particularly large at the

bottom of the TV transmitting band. In the UK this bottom third of the TV band is known as group A, see gain graph comparing grouped aerials to a wideband aerial of the same size or model. Objective The aim in this lab, we can understand abaout the gain or power. What will happen when we increas the value gain, and what happen when we reduce the value of gain. Furthermore, we also know about the using matlab software. Result Command 1

Result 1

Command 2

Result 2

Conclusion From the result we can get info when we chang the value of power or gain we can get different result. That the greater the gain an antenna, means Illuminated Area On Sphere (beam width) of his more minor, or in other words, the antenna radiation leads to some specific points. Well, this is referred to the director or beam antenna directional antenna. so the reverse occurs.