Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

PUDUCHERRY














INSTRUCTION MANUAL

EE212: SYNCHRONOUS AND INDUCTION MACHINES
LABORATORY

JANUARY 2012

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
PUDUCHERRY














INSTRUCTION MANUAL

EE212: SYNCHRONOUS AND INDUCTION MACHINES
LABORATORY

JANUARY 2012
SAFETY REGULATIONS

The electrical experiments contained in this manual have been designed to provide maximum safety. To safely
complete these experiments, the student is required to follow the following safety requirements and all specific
requirements outlined by faculty in-charge or teaching assistant (TA). Students must be aware that the voltage
and power levels used in this laboratory may cause serious shocks, or even death, if a contact is made with a
live circuit. The following safety rules will strictly be enforced in this laboratory.

Never connect a circuit to the distribution panel until all wiring is completed. The lab TA must check
the wiring of the circuit prior to connection.
Plan all wiring carefully and keep the wiring arrangement neat.
Ensure that all wires, rheostats and meters are the proper rating for the circuit. If in doubt, always check
with the TA or faculty in-charge.
Use only proper terminals for connection points; do not use meters as terminal points.
Check all connections to ensure good contact.
The faculty in-charge or TA must check the connections before any power is turned on.
Always turn power on and off using the circuit breaker-do not pull or insert distribution leads to breaker
or contact circuits if the circuit breaker is in the ON position.
Never attempt to alter the connections and change meters in a live circuit.
Do not leave power ON any longer than is required to record the readings.
Be extra careful when working with rotating machinery.
Beware of the danger of loose clothing becoming tangled on rotating shafts.
Remove jewellery and tie back loose hair.

INDEX

Exp. Experiment, Cal.- Calculation

Faculty In-charge : Dr. G. Saravana Ilango

Teaching Assistants : Ms. B. Indu Rani
Mr.C. K. Aravind
Mr. P. Srinivasa Rao
S.
No.
Name of the Experiment
Page
No.
Completion
Date
Marks

Viva
5
Total
Marks
(25)
Sign
Exp. Calc.
Exp.
10
Calc.
10
1
LOAD TEST ON SINGLE-PHASE
INDUCTION MOTOR

1

2

LOAD TEST ON THREE PHASE
INDUCTION MOTOR

9

3

NO-LOAD AND BLOCKED
ROTOR TEST ON THREE
PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

19

4
PREDETERMINATION OF
REGULATION OF A THREE
PHASE NON-SALIENT POLE
ALTERNATOR BY EMF AND
MMF METHODS

31

5
V AND CURVES OF A
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

43

6
LOAD TEST ON THREE PHASE
GRID CONNECTED INDUCTION
GENERATOR

51

7
SPEED CONTROL OF THREE-
PHASE SLIP RING INDUCTION
MOTOR
61

8
SYNCHRONIZATION OF
THREE- PHASE ALTERNATOR
WITH INFINITE BUS BAR

67

1

Experiment No: Date:


LOAD TEST ON A SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
AIM:

To conduct a load test on a single-phase induction motor and obtain its
performance characteristics.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Sl. No. Name of the apparatus Range Quantity
1. Ammeter

2. Voltmeter

3. Wattmeter

4. Connecting wires

PRECATIONS:
1. DPST switch should be kept open.
2. The autotransformer should be kept in minimum voltage position.
3. The machine should be in no-load condition.
2

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM LOAD TEST ON SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
DESIGN OF APPARATUS REQUIRED
Name Plate Details
MOTOR
RATED VOLTAGE :
RATED CURRENT :
RATED POWER :
RATED SPEED :

M L
C
V
P
230 V
1 |
50 Hz
AC
Supply
D
P
S
T
S
N
A
E
C
V
A
Break
Drum
MW Main winding
AW Auxiliary winding
AW
S
MW
1 |
auto transformer
C
S
1
S
2
PANEL BOARD
3

PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Close DPST switch.
3. Adjust the single-phase auto transformer till the voltmeter shows the rated
voltage of the Induction Motor.
4. Note down the voltage, current, power input and the speed indicated by the
respective voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeters and tachometer under no-load
condition.
5. Load the machine by means of break drum arrangement and note down the
corresponding meter readings and speed.
6. Repeat the same procedure upto the rated current of the Induction Motor.
FORMULAE USED:
1. Torque T =9.81 (S
1
~S
2
) R. (Nm)
2. Output power P
0
=
60
2 NT t
.
(W)
3. Input power P
i
= V I cos| . (W)
4. cos| = Input power /(VI)
5. Percentage efficiency= (Output/Input) 100 = (P
o
/Pi) 100.
6. N
s
= 120 f/P (rpm)
7. Percentage slip = (N
s
-N)/N
s
100
where,
S
1
,S
2
- Spring balance readings (kg)
R - Radius of the brake drum (m)
cos| - Power factor
V

- Supply voltage (V)
I

- Supply current (A)
N - Speed (rpm)
N
S
-Synchronous speed (rpm)
f - Frequency of the supply
P - No. of Poles.
Multiplication Factor =
cos VI
Full scale deflection
|

4


T
A
B
L
E

L
O
A
D

T
E
S
T

O
N

S
I
N
G
L
E
-
P
H
A
S
E

I
N
D
U
C
T
I
O
N

M
O
T
O
R


M
u
l
t
i
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n

f
a
c
t
o
r


:
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_

S
l
.

N
o

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

V

(
V
)

C
u
r
r
e
n
t

I

(
A
)

S
p
e
e
d

N

(
r
p
m
)

S
p
r
i
n
g

b
a
l
a
n
c
e

r
e
a
d
i
n
g
s

(
k
g
)

I
n
p
u
t

p
o
w
e
r

P
i


T
o
r
q
u
e

T

(
N
m
)

P
o
w
e
r


F
a
c
t
o
r

c
o
s
|

O
u
t
p
u
t

p
o
w
e
r

P
o

(
W
)
%

S
l
i
p

%

E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y

S
1

S
2

S
1

~
S
2
O
b
s
e
r
v
e
d
(
d
i
v
)

A
c
t
u
a
l
(
W
)







































































5

MODEL GRAPH:













P
o
(W)
N (rpm)
T (Nm)
I
L
(A)
P.f
%
O/P vs P.f
O/P vs %
O/P vs T
O/P vs I
L

O/P vs N
%Slip
P
o
(W)
T (Nm)
%Slip vs T
%Slip vs O/P
6

MODEL CALCULATION
7
7
7
RESULT
INFERENCE
8
7
7
17
RESULT
INFERENCE
18
19

Experiment No: Date:

NO-LOAD AND BLOCKED ROTOR TEST ON
THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

AIM

To determine the equivalent circuit parameters of a three-phase induction motor by
conducting No load and Blocked rotor test.


APPARATUS REQUIRED


Sl. No. Name of the apparatus Range Quantity
1. Ammeter

2. Voltmeter

3. Wattmeter

4. Rheostat

5. Connecting wires



PRECAUTIONS

1. Appropriate fuse wires should be fixed.
2. The TPST switch should be kept in open position.
3. Autotransformer should be kept at minimum voltage position.
4. Initially the motor should be in no load condition.



2
0


C
I
R
C
U
I
T

D
I
A
G
R
A
M

N
O
-
L
O
A
D

T
E
S
T

O
N

T
H
R
E
E
-
P
H
A
S
E

I
N
D
U
C
T
I
O
N

M
O
T
O
R





N
a
m
e

P
l
a
t
e

D
e
t
a
i
l
s

M
O
T
O
R

R
A
T
E
D

V
O
L
T
A
G
E

:










R
A
T
E
D

C
U
R
R
E
N
T

:

R
A
T
E
D

P
O
W
E
R






:

R
A
T
E
D

S
P
E
E
D








:


R

B





3
-
P
h
a
s
e






4
0
0
V





5
0

H
z





A
C






S
u
p
p
l
y

Y

B

E
C

C

C

B

B

E
E
T
h
r
e
e
-
p
h
a
s
e

I
n
d
u
c
t
i
o
n

M
o
t
o
r

D
o
u
b
l
e

e
l
e
m
e
n
t

w
a
t
t
m
e
t
e
r


M

L
C
V

M

L
C
V

R
Y
B



T

P

S

T

S


V

A

V
L










I
L

3

A
u
t
o
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r

A
1

A
2

B
1

B
2

C
1

C
2

P
A
N
E
L

B
O
A
R
D

21

DESIGN OF APPARATUS REQUIRED













































2
2


C
I
R
C
U
I
T

D
I
A
G
R
A
M

B
L
O
C
K
E
D

R
O
T
O
R

T
E
S
T

O
N

T
H
R
E
E
-
P
H
A
S
E

I
N
D
U
C
T
I
O
N

M
O
T
O
R





B
r
a
k
e


D
r
u
m

S
2

R

B





3
-
P
h
a
s
e






4
0
0
V





5
0

H
z





A
C






S
u
p
p
l
y

Y

B

E
C

C

C

B

B

E
E
T
h
r
e
e
-
p
h
a
s
e

I
n
d
u
c
t
i
o
n

M
o
t
o
r

D
o
u
b
l
e

e
l
e
m
e
n
t

w
a
t
t
m
e
t
e
r


M
L
C
V M
L
C
V
R
Y
B

#


T

P

S

T

S


V

A

V
L










I
L

3

A
u
t
o
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r

A
1

A
2

B
1

B
2

C
1

C
2

S
1

P
A
N
E
L

B
O
A
R
D

23

FORMULAE TO BE USED

I. NO LOAD TEST
1. W
oc
= 3 V
oc
I
oc
COS|
oc
(W)
2. COS
oc
=
oc oc
oc
I V
W
3

3. I
w
=
oc
oc
I
| cos
3
(A)
4. I
m
=
oc
oc
I
| sin
3
(A)
5. X
o
=
m
oc
I
V
()
6. R
o
=
Iw
V
oc
()

II. BLOCKED ROTOR TEST
7. Z
01
= ) (O
phase per SC
phase per SC
I
V

8. R
01
=
phase per SC
phase per SC
I
W
2
()
9. X
01
=
2
01
2
01
R Z ()
10. R
2
'
= (R
01
R
eff
) ()
11. R
eff
=

R
mean
1.6 ()

III. CALCULATION OF LOSSES AND EFFICIENCY

12. Cos |
NL
= W
NL
/ (\3 V
NL

I
NL
)

13. Cos |
sc
= W
sc
/ (\3 V
sc

I
sc
)

14. I
sc
at rated voltage (I
SN
) = (V
NL
/ V
sc
) I
sc
(A)

15. W
sc
at rated voltage (W
SN
) = (V
NL
/ V
sc
) W
sc
(W)


24

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM MEASUREMENT OF STATOR RESISTANCE ( R
eff
)

36 V
DC Supply
+
_
D
P
S
T
I
V
V
A
+
+
_
_
A
1
A
2



PER PHASE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR


























R
'
L

X
01

R
0

R
01

X
0

I
1

> >
>

>

I
2
1
Io
I
W
I

AC
Supply Voltage
>

N
P
25


16. Stator copper loss = 3 I
2
NL
R
1
(W)

17. Rotor copper loss = W
SN
(3 I
2
NL
R
1
) (W)

18. Percentage efficiency = (Output power / Input power) * 100

19. Input power (stator input) = (Output power + RotorCopper loss +

Stator Copperloss +Fixed losses)(W)

20. Rotor input = (Stator input Stator Copperloss)(W)

21. Slip = Rotor copper loss / Rotor input

22. Multiplication Factor =
deflection scale full
I V u cos 3


where,
W
oc
- Power consumed under no load (W).
R
oc
- No load resistance ()
I
oc
- No load current (A)
X
oc
- No load reactance ()
V
oc
- Rated voltage (V)
W
sc
Power consumed when the Rotor is blocked (W)
R
01
Blocked rotor resistance ()
X
01
- Blocked rotor reactance ()
Z
01
- Blocked rotor impedance ()
W
NL
Power consumed under no load (W)
V
NL
No load supply voltage (V)
I
NL
No load current (A)
W
sc
Power consumed when rotor is blocked (W)
V
sc
Blocked rotor voltage (V)
I
sc
Blocked rotor current (A)
R
1
Stator resistance ()
|
NL
No load power factor
|
sc
Blocked rotor power factor
26


TABULATION

TABLE NO LOAD TEST ON THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
Multiplication factor : ______________________

Terminal
voltage,
V
oc
(V)
Line current,
I
oc
(A)
W
OC
Observed (div) Actual (W)


TABLE BLOCKED ROTOR TEST ON THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Multiplication factor : ______________________

Terminal voltage
V
sc
(V)
Line Current
I
sc
(A)
W
sc

Observed
(div)
Actual
(W)


TABLE MEASUREMENT OF STATOR RESISTANCE R
eff


Sl.No Voltage, V (V)

Current, I (A) Resistance, R=V/I ()

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

R
mean
= --------------
R
eff
=

R
mean
* 1.6 = --------------
27


PROCEDURE

I. NO LOAD TEST

1. Make connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Keep the brake drum in loose condition. (No load).
3. Close the switch TPST and vary the sliding contact of the autotransformer slightly so that
the ammeter shows the maximum current reading and comes to steady state current. (i.e.,
no load current)
4. Now adjust the autotransformer to get rated voltage in the voltmeter.
5. Note down the voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter at no load as in the table.
6. Bring the auto-transformer sliding contact to its original position.
7. Open the TPST switch and disconnect the circuit.
II. BLOCKED ROTOR TEST

1. Make connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Keep the brake drum in tightly blocked condition. (Blocked).
3. Close the switch TPST.
4. Vary the sliding contact of the autotransformer slightly so that the ammeter shows the
rated current reading
5. Note down the voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter readings as per the table.
6. Bring the auto-transformer sliding contact to its original position (minimum voltage
position).
7. Open the TPST switch and disconnect the circuit.

III. MEASUREMENT OF STATOR RESISTANCE R
eff
:

1. Make connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Close the DPST switch.
3. Vary the rheostat and note down the different sets of readings of voltmeter and ammeter.
4. Calculate the value of R
mean
, and hence R
eff
.
5. Bring the rheostat slider to initial condition.
6. Open the DPST switch and disconnect the circuit.
28

MODEL CALCULATION













































7
7
29
RESULT
INFERENCE
30
31


Experiment No: Date :

PREDETERMINATION OF VOLTAGE REGULATION OF A
THREE-PHASE NON-SALIENT POLE
ALTRNATOR BY EMF AND MMF METHOD

AIM

To predetermine the regulation of a three-phase non-salient pole alternator for different
values of load current at different power factors using EMF and MMF methods.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

Sl. No Name of the
apparatus
Range Quantity

1.

Voltmeter




2.

Ammeter




3.

Rheostat


4.

Connecting wires






PRECAUTIONS

1. Appropriate fuse wires have to be fixed.
2. Initially SPST, DPST and TPST switches should be kept in open position.
3. Rheostat in field circuit of DC shunt motor should be kept in minimum resistance
position.
4. The rheostat in armature circuit of DC shunt motor, rheostats in field circuit of
pilot generator and field circuit of alternator should all be kept in maximum
resistance position.
3
2


C
I
R
C
U
I
T

D
I
A
G
R
A
M

P
R
E
-
D
E
T
E
R
M
I
N
A
T
I
O
N

O
F

V
O
L
T
A
G
E

R
E
G
U
L
A
T
I
O
N

O
F

T
H
R
E
E

P
H
A
S
E

A
L
T
E
R
N
A
T
O
R

B
Y

E
M
F

A
N
D

M
M
F

M
E
T
H
O
D
S


2
3
0

V
D
C
S
U
P
P
L
Y
D P S T
Z Z
Z
A A
A
Z
Z
Z
F F
F
A
1
B
2
T P S T
G
M
+
A
A
A
A
+

S
P
S
T
A ~
V ~
B
1
C
2
C
1
A
2


N
a
m
e

P
l
a
t
e

D
e
t
a
i
l
s

D
C

S
H
U
N
T

M
O
T
O
R

P
I
L
O
T

G
E
N
E
R
A
T
O
R

T
H
R
E
E
-
P
H
A
S
E

A
L
T
E
R
N
A
T
O
R

R
A
T
E
D

V
O
L
T
A
G
E

:










R
A
T
E
D

V
O
L
T
A
G
E

:

R
A
T
E
D

V
O
L
T
A
G
E

:

R
A
T
E
D

C
U
R
R
E
N
T

:

R
A
T
E
D

C
U
R
R
E
N
T


:

R
A
T
E
D

C
U
R
R
E
N
T


:

R
A
T
E
D

P
O
W
E
R






:

R
A
T
E
D

P
O
W
E
R






:


R
A
T
E
D

P
O
W
E
R






:


R
A
T
E
D

S
P
E
E
D








:


R
A
T
E
D

S
P
E
E
D








:

R
A
T
E
D

S
P
E
E
D








:


E
X
C
I
T
A
T
I
O
N

C
U
R
R
E
N
T

:

E
X
C
I
T
A
T
I
O
N

C
U
R
R
E
N
T

:

P
A
N
E
L

B
O
A
R
D

31

DESIGN OF APPARATUS REQUIRED













































32

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM MEASUREMENT OF Ra



36 V
DC Supply
+
_
D
P
S
T
I
V
V
A
+
+
_
_
A
1
A
2



TABLE - MEASUREMENT OF Ra

S.No. Voltage
V (V)
Current
I (A)
Resistance
R = V / I ()
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.



Rmean = ----------------

R
eff
= R
mean
1.6

FORMULAE TO BE USED
33


EMF METHOD
1. Zs = O
.
. 0
ph SCper
ph per
I
E

2. Eo = (V) at Unity power factor
3. Eo = (V) at lagging power
factor

4. Eo = (V) at leading power
factor

5. % regulation = (Eo-V)/V 100 for any power factor

where
E
0
is the induced emf for any excitation (V)
I
sc
is the short circuit current for the same excitation ( A)
R
eff
=R
mean
1.6

X
s
=

MMF METHOD


6. I
f
2
= I
f1
2
+I
f2
2
(A) at Unity power factor

7. I
ft
2
= I
f1
2
+I
f2
2
+I
f1
I
f2
cos(90+]) (A ) at lagging power factor

8. I
ft
2
= I
f1
2
+I
f2
2
+I
f1
I
f2
cos(90-]) (A) at leading power factor















34

TABLE OPEN CIRCUIT TEST TABLE SHORT CIRCUIT TEST













































S. No. Field current
I
f
(A)
Induced emf
Eo(V)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Field current
I
f
(A)
Short circuit
current
I
SC
(A)

35

PROCEDURE

OPENCIRCUIT TEST

1. Make all connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Close the DPST switch and vary the rheostat in the armature circuit and rheostat in the
field circuit of the DC shunt motor and bring the motor to the rated speed of the
alternator.
3. Note down the residual voltage induced in the alternator.
4. Adjust the field rheostat of the pilot generator to increase its induced voltage.
5. Close the SPST switch and adjust the rheostat in the field circuit of the alternator to
increase the field current in steps.
6. Note down the corresponding no load induced voltage and the corresponding field
currents in the table.
7. Note down the readings up to the rated value of the excitation current of the alternator.
8. Bring the field rheostat of the alternator to its original position and open the SPST switch.
9. Also bring the rheostat in the field circuit of the pilot generator to initial position.

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

1. Close the TPST switch and adjust the field rheostat of the pilot generator and hence that
of the alternator until rated current of alternator is attained at the armature circuit.
2. Note down all the meter readings viz., voltmeter and ammeter in the armature circuit of
the alternator.
3. Bring the field rheostats to their corresponding initial positions.
4. Open the TPST and SPST switches.
5. Bring the field and armature rheostats of the DC shunt motor to their corresponding
initial positions.
6. Open the DPST switch and disconnect the circuit.

36

TABULATION FOR EMF METHOD


S. No. pf E
o
Reg. (%)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7



MODEL GRAPH


Y



(A)(V)
Ia,V
o





I
f1
I
f2
I
f
(A) X

MMF METHOD VECTOR DIAGRAM FOR FIELD CURRENT UNDER DIFFERENT
POWER FACTORS


Unity Power Factor Lagging Power Factor









occ
scc
If2
If1
Ift
If2
90+
If1
Ift
37


MEASUREMENT OF Ra

1. Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
2. Vary the rheostat and note down the different sets of reading of voltmeter and ammeter.
3. Calculate the mean and effective values of armature resistance from these readings.
4. Bring the rheostat to its initial position and open the DPST switch.
5. Disconnect the circuit.




MODEL CALCULATION































38

Leading Power Factor









MMF METHOD VECTOR DIAGRAM FOR INDUCED VOLTAGE UNDER
DIFFERNET POWER FACTORS


Unity Power Factor Lagging Power Factor































If1
If2 Ift
90-
V Ia Ra
Ia Xa
Eo
V
Eo
Ia Ra
Ia Xa

Ia
V
Ia Ra
Ia Xa
Ia
Eo
Leading Power Factor
39

PROCEDURE FOR PERCENTAGE VOTLAGE REGULATION CALCULATION BY
MMF METHOD

1. Plot the open circuit characteristics and short circuit characteristics as shown in the model
graph.
2. Determine the field current (I
f1
) required, to generate the rated voltage at the armature of
the alternator on no-load condition, from the graph.
3. Determine the field current (I
f2
) required, to force, the rated current in the armature of the
alternator on short circuit condition, from the graph.
4. Determine the total field current vectorialy, using the vector diagram shown in the figure
4.3 for any value of power factor (lagging, leading and unity).
5. Determine the value of emf corresponding to this total field current on the open circuit
characteristic curve from the graph.
6. Determine the percentage voltage regulation using the formula 5, for all three possible
types of power factor.

























40















































7
7
41
RESULT
INFERENCE
42

43

Experiment No. Date :

V AND CURVES OF A SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

AIM
To obtain V and inverted V curves of a synchronous motor on no-load.


APPARATUS REQUIRED



Sl. No Name of the
apparatus
Range Quantity

1.

Voltmeter




2.

Ammeter




3.

Wattmeter


4.

Rheostat




5.

Connecting wires



PRECAUTIONS

1. Appropriate fuse wires should be fixed.
2. Initially, the DPST and TPST switches should be kept open.
3. The rheostats in the field circuit of the synchronous motor should be kept at
maximum resistance position.
4. The auto transformer should be kept in minimum voltage position.
5. The synchronous machine should not be loaded.


4
4


C
I
R
C
U
I
T

D
I
A
G
R
A
M

V

A
N
D

C
U
R
V
E
S

O
F

A

S
Y
N
C
H
R
O
N
O
U
S

M
O
T
O
R



S
Y
N
C
H
R
O
N
O
U
S

M
O
T
O
R

R
A
T
E
D

V
O
L
T
A
G
E

:

R
A
T
E
D

C
U
R
R
E
N
T


:

R
A
T
E
D

P
O
W
E
R






:


R
A
T
E
D

S
P
E
E
D








:

E
X
C
I
T
A
T
I
O
N

C
U
R
R
E
N
T

:

P
A
N
E
L

B
O
A
R
D

+
2
3
0

V
D
C
S
U
P
P
L
Y
D P S T
R
Y
B
T P S T 2
C
C C
B B B
E E E
B
R Y
4
0
0

V
,

5
0

H
z
3

A
C
S
U
P
P
L
Y
3

P
H
A
S
E
A
U
T
O

T
R
A
N
S
F
O
R
M
E
R
+
V
A
Z
Z
Z
M
L
V
C
T P S T 1
A
P
A
N
E
L

B
O
A
R
D

+

45

DESIGN OF APPARATUS REQUIRED














































46


TABULAR COLUMN

TABLE V AND CURVES OF A SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

Multiplication Factor =
deflection scale full
I V u cos 3
=






































S.
No.
If
(A)
V
(volts)
IL
(A)
Input power P

Power
Factor
Observed
(div)
Actual
(W)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

47



FORMULA TO BE USED

1. Power factor Cos = P

/ ( 3 V I
L
)


PROCEDURE

1) Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2) Close the TPST switch.
3) Adjust the autotransformer so that the voltmeter reads about 50% of rated voltage.
4) Close the DPST switch and excite the machine.
5) Once the synchronous motor attains near synchronous speed, adjust the autotransformer
so that the voltmeter reads the rated voltage of the synchronous motor.
6) Increase I
f
in steps by adjusting the rheostat in the field circuit.
7) Note down all the readings of ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter for each value of field
current.
8) Record as many readings are allowed by the rheostat in the field circuit of the motor or
up to the rated current flows in the armature circuit of the synchronous machine. I
L
is
found to decrease with I
f
, reaches a minimum and again increase.
9) After recording the required number of readings, bring the field rheostat of the machine
to initial position and bring the auto-transformer to its initial position.
10) Open the DPST and TPST switches and disconnect the circuit.

MODEL CALCULATION













48



MODEL GRAPH

ARMATURE CURRENT Vs. FIELD CURRENT POWER FACTOR Vs. FIELD CURRENT










































lagging
leading
Unity pf
lagging
leading
Unity pf
Ia (A)
If (A)
pf
If (A)
7
7
49
RESULT
INFERENCE

50

51

Experiment No. Date :

LOAD TEST ON THREE-PHASE GRID CONNECTED
INDUCTION GENERATOR

AIM
To conduct load test on a three-phase induction generator connected to the grid
and obtain its performance characteristics.


APPARATUS REQUIRED


Sl. No Name of the
apparatus
Range Quantity

1.

Voltmeter




2.

Ammeter




3.

Wattmeter


4.

Rheostat




5.

Connecting wires



PRECAUTIONS

1. Appropriate fuse wires should be fixed.
2. Initially, the TPST and DPST switches should be open.
3. The rheostat in the armature circuit of the DC shunt motor should be kept in
maximum resistance position and rheostat in the field circuit of motor should be
kept in minimum resistance position.
4. The autotransformer should be kept in minimum voltage position.


5
2

C
I
R
C
U
I
T

D
I
A
G
R
A
M

L
O
A
D

T
E
S
T

O
N

A

T
H
R
E
E
-
P
H
A
S
E

G
R
I
D

C
O
N
N
E
C
T
E
D

I
N
D
U
C
T
I
O
N

G
E
N
E
R
A
T
O
R


D
C

S
H
U
N
T

M
O
T
O
R

S
L
I
P

R
I
N
G

I
N
D
U
C
T
I
O
N

M
A
C
H
I
N
E


R
A
T
E
D

V
O
L
T
A
G
E

:










R
A
T
E
D

V
O
L
T
A
G
E

:

R
A
T
E
D

C
U
R
R
E
N
T

:

R
A
T
E
D

C
U
R
R
E
N
T


:

R
A
T
E
D

P
O
W
E
R






:

R
A
T
E
D

P
O
W
E
R






:


R
A
T
E
D

S
P
E
E
D








:


R
A
T
E
D

S
P
E
E
D








:

A
1
C
1
B
1
T P S T 2
C
C C
B B B
E E E
B
R Y
4
0
0

V
,

5
0

H
z
3

A
C
S
U
P
P
L
Y
3

P
H
A
S
E
A
U
T
O

T
R
A
N
S
F
O
R
M
E
R
V
A
M
L
V
C
T P S T 1
D P S T
Z Z
Z
A A
A
M
+
2
3
0

V
D
C
S
U
P
P
L
Y
A
V
+
+

R
1
R
2
R
3
P
A
N
E
L

B
O
A
R
D

P
A
N
E
L

B
O
A
R
D


53

DESIGN FOR APPARATUS REQUIRED















































5
4

T
A
B
U
L
A
T
I
O
N


T
A
B
L
E

L
O
A
D

T
E
S
T

O
N

T
H
R
E
E
-
P
H
A
S
E

G
R
I
D

C
O
N
N
E
C
T
E
D

I
N
D
U
C
T
I
O
N

G
E
N
E
R
A
T
O
R


M
u
l
t
i
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n

f
a
c
t
o
r

:
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_



S
l
.
N
o
.


I
n
p
u
t

v
o
l
t
a
g
e

V
d
c
,

(
V
)

I
n
p
u
t

c
u
r
r
e
n
t

I
d
c
,

(
A
)

O
u
t
p
u
t


v
o
l
t
a
g
e

V
a
c
,
(

V

)

O
u
t
p
u
t


c
u
r
r
e
n
t


I
a
c
,

(

A

)








W
a
t
t
m
e
t
e
r















W
a
c


(

W

)

S
p
e
e
d


(
r
p
m
)

%

s
l
i
p

T
o
t
a
l

I
n
p
u
t

P
o
w
e
r



(
W

)

%

P
o
w
e
r


F
a
c
t
o
r



O
b
s
e
r
v
e
d


(
d
i
v
)

A
c
t
u
a
l

(
W
)

1
.












2
.












3
.












4
.












5
.












6
.












7
.












8
.












9
.












1
0
.













55

FORMULAE TO BE USED

1. Input power P
in
= V
dc
I
dc
( W )

2. % = (output power/ input power) 100

3. % slip = (N
s
N )* 100
N
s


4. Power factor = W
ac
.
3 V
ac
I
ac


5. Multiplication Factor =
where,
V
dc
is the supply voltage (V)
I
dc
is the input current (A)
V
ac
is the output voltage (V)
I
ac
is the output current (A)
W
ac
is the output power (W)
N
s
is the synchronous speed (rpm)
N is the speed of the motor (rpm)
PROCEDURE

1. Make all connections as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Ensure that both the DC shunt motor and the three phase Induction machine run in
the same direction, by checking the direction of rotation of each separately. If the
direction of rotation is not the same for both, then interchange any two phase
connections of the induction machine.
3. After this condition is satisfied, close the DPST switch and bring the induction
machine to rated speed using the DC motor, by adjusting the rheostats in its the
armature and field circuits.
4. Close the TPST switch and apply the rated voltage to the Induction machine by
adjusting the autotransformer.
5. Make the wattmeter read zero, by adjusting the rheostat in the field circuit of DC
motor.
deflection scale full
I V u cos 3

56

MODEL GRAPH
















MODEL CALCULATION





















57


6. Increase the speed of the machine is in steps by adjusting rheostat in the field circuit
rheostat of the DC motor.
7. Note down all the meter readings viz., ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter readings.
8. Repeat the procedure until the rated current of DC motor is reached or rated current of the
Induction machine is reached.
9. Bring the autotransformer to minimum voltage position and open the TPST switches.
10. Bring the rheostats in the field circuit and in the armature circuit of the DC shunt motor to
their respective original positions and open the DPST switch.
11. Disconnect the circuit connections.



















58















































7
7
59
RESULT
INFERENCE
60
61

Experiment No: Date:
SPEED CONTROL OF THREE-PHASE SLIP RING
INDUCTION MOTOR
AIM
To control the speed of the given three-phase Slip Ring Induction Motor by rotor
resistance control method and draw the curve of relevant characteristics.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
S.No. Particulars Specifications Quantity
1 Ammeter
2 Voltmeter
3 Connecting wires
PRECAUTIONS
1. The TPST switch should be kept in open position.
2. Autotransformer should be kept at minimum voltage position.
3. The external resistance should be in maximum resistance position.
PROCEDURE
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Close the TPST switch.
3. Vary the Three-phase autotransformer till the voltmeter connected in the stator side reads
rated line voltage of the Induction motor.
4. Note down the rotor line current and speed indicated by the respective ammeter and
tachometer.
5. Vary the external resistance and note down the corresponding meter readings and speed.
62

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM - SPEED CONTROL OF THREE-PHASE SLIP RING
INDUCTION MOTOR


TABULATION

Sl. No Rotor line
Voltage
V
r1
(V)
Rotor current
I
r

(A)
Speed
N
(rpm)
Rotor
Resistance
R
r

(ohms)





Name Plate Details
MOTOR
RATED VOLTAGE :
RATED CURRENT :
RATED POWER :
RATED SPEED :
B
R
440 V
50 Hz
3
AC
Supply
Y
External
Resistance
Arrangement
R
Y
B
T
P
S
T
S
Stator
Rotor
V A
V
A
PANEL BOARD
63

DESIGN OF APPARATUS REQUIRED
















FORMULAE TO BE USED
1. R
r
= V
rp
/ I
r
(Ohms)
2. V
rp
= V
r1
/ \ 3 (Volts)

Where,
R
r
- Rotor resistance / phase (Ohms)
V
rp -
Phase voltage in rotor side (Volts)
V
r1 -
Line voltage in rotor side (Volts)
I
r
- Line current (Amps)
64

MODEL GRAPH












MODEL CALCULATION
Rotor resistance ()
Speed
(rpm)
7
7
65
RESULT
INFERENCE
66
67
Experiment No: Date :
SYNCHRONISATION OF THREE-PHASE ALTERNATOR WITH INFINITE BUSBAR
AIM
To synchronize the three-phase alternator with infinite bus-bar by dark lamp method.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Sl. No Name of the
apparatus
Range Quantity
1. Voltmeter
2. Ammeter
3. Rheostat
4. Connecting wires
PRECAUTIONS
1. Appropriate fuse wires should be fixed.
2. Initially, the TPST, DPST and SPST switches should be in open position.
3. The rheostat in the field circuit of the motor (prime mover) should be kept at
minimum resistance position.
4. The rheostat in the armature circuit of DC motor, rheostat in the field circuits of
pilot generator and the alternator should be kept at maximum resistance positions.
5. The autotransformer should be at minimum voltage position.
6
8
C
I
R
C
U
I
T

D
I
A
G
R
A
M

S
Y
N
C
H
R
O
N
I
S
A
T
I
O
N

O
F

A

T
H
R
E
E

P
H
A
S
E

A
L
T
E
R
N
A
T
O
R

W
I
T
H

I
N
F
I
N
I
T
E

B
U
S
B
A
R

N
a
m
e

P
l
a
t
e

D
e
t
a
i
l
s

D
C

S
H
U
N
T

M
O
T
O
R

P
I
L
O
T

G
E
N
E
R
A
T
O
R

T
H
R
E
E

P
H
A
S
E

A
L
T
E
R
N
A
T
O
R

R
A
T
E
D

V
O
L
T
A
G
E

:










R
A
T
E
D

V
O
L
T
A
G
E

:

R
A
T
E
D

V
O
L
T
A
G
E

:

R
A
T
E
D

C
U
R
R
E
N
T

:

R
A
T
E
D

C
U
R
R
E
N
T


:

R
A
T
E
D

C
U
R
R
E
N
T


:

R
A
T
E
D

P
O
W
E
R






:

R
A
T
E
D

P
O
W
E
R






:


R
A
T
E
D

P
O
W
E
R






:


R
A
T
E
D

S
P
E
E
D








:


R
A
T
E
D

S
P
E
E
D








:

R
A
T
E
D

S
P
E
E
D








:


E
X
C
I
T
A
T
I
O
N

C
U
R
R
E
N
T

:

E
X
C
I
T
A
T
I
O
N

C
U
R
R
E
N
T

:

2
3
0

V
D
C
S
U
P
P
L
Y
D P S T
Z Z
Z
A A
A
Z
Z
Z
F F
F
R
Y
B
T P S T
C
C C
B B B
E E E
B
R Y
4
0
0

V
,

5
0

H
z
A
C
S
U
P
P
L
Y
3

P
H
A
S
E
A
U
T
O

T
R
A
N
S
F
O
R
M
E
R
V
A
A
G
M
S
Y
N
C
H
R
O
N
I
Z
I
N
G
S
W
I
T
C
H
+
A
A
A
P
A
N
E
L

B
O
A
R
D

P
A
N
E
L

B
O
A
R
D

69
DESIGN FOR APPARATUS REQUIRED
70
PROCEDURE
1. Make all the connections as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Close the DPST switch and adjust the armature and field rheostats of the DC shunt motor
(prime mover) to the rated speed of the alternator.
3. Close the TPST switch and adjust the autotransformer so that voltmeter VG shows the
rated voltage of bus bar.
4. Close the SPST switch and adjust the rheostats in the field circuit of pilot generator and
alternator to bring the voltage of alternator equal to the bus bar voltage.
5. Compare the magnitudes of voltages with the help of voltmeters. If they are not same
then bring them equal either by adjusting the excitation of the alternator or by adjusting
the auto-transformer.
6. Compare the phase sequence of the voltage at the terminals of the alternator with that of
the balanced three phase supply bus bar. If the phase sequence of the alternator and bus
bar are different, then the lamps will glow alternately. In such case, interchange any two
of the phase connections either at the terminals of the alternator or at the infinite bus bar.
7. Now compare the frequency of the alternator with that of the infinite bus bar. It may not
be the same as that of the infinite bus bar, in which case the lamps would flicker. To
make them same, adjust the speed of the motor (prime mover) so as to reduce the rate of
flickering to a very small value.
8. Close the Synchronization switch, when the lamps become completely dark for a long
duration.
9. Now adjust the field rheostat of the alternator to realize the reactive power exchange
between the alternator and the infinite bus bar.
10. Then adjust the field rheostat of the DC shunt motor (prime mover) to realize the real
power exchange between the alternator and the infinite bus bar.
11. Now open the Synchronization switch and bring the auto-transformer to its initial
position. Open the TPST switch.
12. Bring all the rheostats to their respective initial positions. Open the SPST and DPST
switches.
71
RESULT
INFERENCE