RESERVOIR natural habitat of the organism that is where it resides and multiplies SOURCE site from w/c the

organism passes immediately to a host MODE OF TRANSMISSION it indicates the potential of the disease; conveyance of the agent to the host it can be by common source transmission, contact source, air-borne and vector borne HOST a person or animal or plant upon w/c a parasite depends for its survival (Patient, Carrier) ISOLATION (vs. REVERSE ISOLATION) the separation of persons suffering from communicable disease or carriers of the infecting organism from other persons and placing them under such conditions that direct or indirect transmission to susceptible person is prevented UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS are infectious control measures designed to protect health workers form exposure to diseases INCUBATION PERIOD the time between exposure to a pathogenic organism and the onset of symptoms of a disease ETIOLOGY all factors that may be involved in the development of a disease PROPHYLAXIS prevention of or protection against disease, often involving the use of a biologic chemical or mechanic agent to destroy o prevent entry of infectious disease PERIOD OF COMMUNICABILITY

refers to a frame of time that a disease is contagious or transmissible by direct or indirect means SEQUELAE any abnormal conditions that follows and is the result of a disease, treatment or an injury PROGNOSIS a prediction of the provable outcome of a disease based on the condition of the person and the usual course of the disease as observed in similar situation PATHOGENICITY is the ability of a microorganism to produce disease. PATHOGENS microorganisms that cause diseases in humans are called. VIRULENCE is the degree of pathogenicity of an infections microorganism. Power to cause infection. INFECTION is an invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissue that results in cellular injury. these microorganisms are called infectious agents. COLONIZATION is the multiplication of microorganisms on or within a host that does not result in cellular injury. FLORA are the vegetation of microorganisms on the human body. Resident flora microorganisms which are always present on skin can be reduced through hand washing, but not totally removed Transient flora

 microorganisms that are picked up by the skin from another person or object attach themselves to the skin and then may be transmitted to a susceptible host CONTAGIOUS applied to disease that are easily spread directly transmitted from person-to-person INFECTIOUS are those disease not transmitted by ordinary contact, but require a direct inoculation through a break in the previously intact skin or mucous membrane all contagious diseases are infectious ALL CD ARE INFECTIOUS BUT SOME ARE CONTAGIOUS Chain of Infection 1. INFECTIOUS AGENT -Route of Transmission Contact Transmission direct contact person to person indirect contact usually an inanimate object droplet contact from coughing, sneezing, or talking by an infected person Vehicle Route food salmonellosis water shegellosis, legionellosis drugs bacteremia resulting from infusion of a contaminated infusion product blood hepatitis B, or non-A non-B hepatitis Airborne Transmission droplet nuclei

residue of evaporated dust particles air containing the infectious agent organisms shed into environment from skin hair wounds or perineal area Vectorborne Transmission infected arthropods such as; flies mosquitoes ticks, etc. 2. RESERVOIR or SOURCE 3. 4. 5. 6. PORTAL OF EXIT FROM RESERVOIR MODE OF TRANSMISSION PORTAL OF ENTRY INTO HOST SUSCEPTABLE HOST

Factors Influencing Production of an Infectious DiseaseAge,Heredity,Stress,Surgery,Nutrition,Health Status Four Stages of Infection 1. Incubation-the time between exposure to a pathogenic organism and the onset of symptoms of a disease 2. Prodromal -earliest phase of the developing disease condition 3. Illness 4. Convalescence-period of recovery after an illness NORMAL DEFENSE MECHANISMS Nonspecific immune defenses -Skin and Normal Flora,Mucous Membranes ,Sneeze, Cough Reflexes,Tearing Reflexes,Elimination ,Acidic Environment,Inflammatory Response Specific immune defenses-Immune Responses Active immunityresults from the development within the body of antibodies that neutralize the infective agent. Passive immunityis acquired by the introduction of preformed antibodies Acquired immunityresults either from exposure to an antigen or from the passive injection of immunoglobulins.

1. 1. 2. 3. 4.

5. Natural immunityrefers to the genetically determined response of protection within a specific species. 6. Artificial immunity-is produced following a vaccine. The Humoral Immune Response B lymphocytes recognize the antigen as an enemy. Immunoglobulins are plasma protein cells that produce five different classes of antibodies (IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD, and IgE).

HAI ( hospital acquired infections) Infections acquired in a health care setting that were not present or incubating at the time of the clients admission Common Sites of Infections Urinary tract Surgical sites Respiratory tract Role of Health Care Personnel and Health Agencies in Infection Control Reinforce adherence to isolation. Post signs indicating type of isolation. Provide necessary supplies. Place clients in a private room with adequate ventilation. Use disposable supplies and equipment. Labeling of all articles leaving the room Use of impermeable bags or double bagging Client and family instruction Alert to psychological discomfort