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1- Introduction
2- System Configuration
As energy demands around the world
increase, the need for a renewable energy 2- 1 Modeling Photovoltaic Array
source that will not harm the environment The electrical power generated and terminal
has been increased. Some projections voltage of PV module depend on solar
indicate that the global energy demand will radiation and ambient temperature. The
699
equivalent electrical circuit describing the Rs I
+
solar cells array used in the analysis is
shown in Fig.1. The mathematical equation Iph Rsh V
describing the I-V characteristics of a PV
solar cells array is given by: [4]
I =I ph −Ioexp
( )
q V + I * R v + I*R
s −1 − s (1) Fig.1 Equvilant circuit of PV
AKT R solar cells array.
sh
where, I is the output current, Amp, V is the
output voltage, Volt, A is the ideality factor
for p-n junction, T is the temperature,
Kelvin, K is the Boltzman's constant in
Joules per Kelvin, and, q is the charge of
the electron in Coulombs.
Io is the reverse saturation current and the
generated current Iph of solar cell array vary Fig.2 Power-voltage characteristics of a PV
with temperature according to the following solar cells array
equations: [4] Radiation
o
( )
r go I r
(
I = Ior T/T 3 expq*E / K 1/T −1/T (2)
) Temperature Calculate
Max. Power
where, Tr is the reference temperature, oK, Time
Ego is the band-gap energy of the
semiconductor used in solar cell array, KI is Bias
the short circuit current temperature
coefficient, and, Ior is the saturation current Bias
at Tr, Amp.
Fig. 3. Configuration of Neural Network
I = (I + K (T − 298)) * rad / 100 (3) used to determine the MPP
ph sc I
2-2 Modeling of Wind Turbine
The output of the solar cell can be
calculated by the following equation: The model used to calculate the output
power generated by WTG is shown in
Pout = V* I (4) Fig.4. Where Pw is the power in the wind,
Pm is the turbine output power, Pt is the
by applying a computer program the power- generated input power and Pe is the
voltage characteristics of a PV solar cells generator power output. Cp is the
array to the measured data was calculated coefficient of performance of the turbine,
as shown in Fig.2 . From this figure it is ηm is the transmission efficiency and ηg is
found that the maximum power point, MPP
the generator efficiency.ωm is the turbine
vary with the change of radiation. Therefore
angular velocity.
in order to track the MPP form PV solar
cell array at any solar radiation a three-layer
Pm
neural network as shown in Fig.3 is applied Pw Wind Turbine Transmission Pt generator Pe
Cp ηm ωt ηg ωg
[5]. ωm
700
From the block diagram shown in Fig.4, the
electrical power output can be written as,
P = C * η * η * 0 .5 * ρ * A * v 3 (5)
e p m g
The characteristic of power output from
WTG can be described by the following
formula [7].
0 : v<Vc
C *η *η *0.5*ρ*A*v3 :V ≤ v ≤ V
p m g c r (6)
Pe(v) =
3 Fig.6 shaft power output versus rotor speed
C *η *η *0.5*ρ*A*v : V ≤ v≤V
p m g r c
0 : v >V 2-3 Load Characteristics
f
It is assumed here that the load demand
where: ν is the wind speed; A : effective varies monthly. This means that each month
swept area in m2.The coefficient of has daily load curve different from other
performance is the ratio of the mechanical months. Therefore, there are twelve daily
power at the turbine shaft to wind power. load curves through the year. Fig. 7 shows
This factor is not constant, but varies with the load demand for January, April, July
tip speed ratio, λ as shown in Fig. 5 , where and October.
λ can be found as in Eqn. (7) [8,9].
rm *ω m
λ= (7)
v
where: rm is the radius of swept area in
meters.
in order to extract peak power, the rotor
must be held at its optimal tip speed ratio as
shown in Fig. 5, which means that the rotor
angular velocity must vary proportional to
wind speed. The relation between the
electrical power output from WTG and
rational speed, rpm for different wind speed
is shown in Fig. 6. Fig. 7 The hourly load demand for January,
April, July and October.
3- PV/Wind System Sizing
Cpm Fig. 8 shows the proposed integrated
PVWES interconnected to UG. The power
generated by PV solar cells array and WES
at any time t can be expressed as follow:
P ( t ) = α* N * P pv (t) * η
g pv pv
(8)
λop + (1 − α) * N * Pw (t) * η
w w
where; α is the penetration ratio, Npv is
number of photovoltaic module and Nw is
Fig. 5 Coefficient of performance Cp versus number of WTG.
In the case of power generated from
tip speed ratio. PVWES is greater than the load demand
701
then the surplus power will be transmitted Start
to UG. And in this case switch S1 and S3
shown in Fig. 8 will be ON and S2 will be Read Radiation, Wind speed,
PV modules parameters, WTG
OFF. In the case of the power generated parameters and laod demand
from PVWES is lower than the load
demand then the deficit power will be Modification of radiation on surfaces tilted by
supplied from UG. So in this case S1 and monthly best tilt angle and wind speed at WTG
hub height. Set Npv, Nw
S2 shown in Fig. 8 will be ON and S3 will
be OFF. For pen=0 : 1 : 0.1
Wind Speed
Calculate maximum power
Gear box Generator AC/AC
for one module based on
MMP
(10-a)
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Table 1 surplus power and deficit power.
Month Power MW
January -14.00
Feb. 130.06
March 138.25
April 61.86
May 130.20
June -46.62
July -79.97
August -141.88
Sept. 59.06
(10-b) Oct. -1.70
Nov. -210.51
Dec. -24.74
4- Conclusion
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1- A simulation program for design and [4] Chihchiang Hua, Jongrong Lin and
control of operation for hybrid power Chihming Shen, " Implementation of a
system based on minimum cost per kWh. DSP-controlled photovoltaic system
2- Purchased and sold power from UG have with peak power tracking", IEEE Trans.
been calculated Industrial electronics, Vol. 45, No. 1,
pp.99-107, Feb. 1998.
3- Combination of wind turbine and [5] R. Kyoungsoo, Saifur Rahman,"Two-
photovoltaic perform better than either loop controller for maximum
wind or solar alone. performance of a grid-connected
4- Maximum power point for photovoltaic photovoltaic-fuel cell hybrid power
and wind are taken into account for plant", IEEE Trans. Energy conversion,
calculation of sizing hybrid system. Vol.13, pp.276-281, Sep. 1998.
5- control strategy of hybrid system have [6] T. Hiyama and K. Kitabayashi, " Neural
been studied. Network Based Estimation of Maximum
Power Generation From PV Module
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