FrequentlyAskedQuestionsAboutAgentOrange/Dioxin

SusanHammond&CharlesBailey
WarLegaciesProject&FordFoundation
shammond@warlegacies.orgc.bailey@fordfound.orghttp://www.warlegacies.org

WhatisAgentOrange:AgentOrangewasoneofaclassofcolorcodedherbicidesthatU.S.forces
sprayedovertherurallandscapeinVietnamtokilltrees,shrubsandfoodcropsoverlargeareas.Agent
Orangewasa50/50mixtureoftwoindividualherbicides,2,4Dand2,4,5T.Itremainedtoxicovera
shortperiodascaleofdaysorweeksandthendegraded.
1
TheproductionofAgentOrangewas
haltedinthe1970s,existingstocksweredestroyedanditisnolongerused.
2
Morethan43millionlitres
(11,360,000gallons)ofAgentOrangewereusedinVietnamfrom19651970.Inadditionmorethan30
millionlitresofAgentWhite,Blue,Purple,PinkandGreenwerealsosprayed.
3

Whatisdioxin:Dioxinisamemberoftheclassofpersistentorganicpollutants(POPs)whichresulted
fromthedeliberatelyacceleratedproductionof2,4,5T,oneofthecomponentsofAgentOrange.
4
The
chemicalcompaniesthatproducedtheherbicidesclaimedtheywereunawareofthedioxin
contaminant,howevermanydisputethisclaim.Estimatesastotheamountofdioxinintheherbicides
varybecauseeachmanufacturerandeachbatchof2,4,5Thaddifferentlevelsofthedioxin
contaminant.Researchershaveestimatedthatanywherefrom130366kgofdioxinwasdumpedin
Vietnam.
5
Whatarethehealtheffectsofdioxin:Dioxincanshortenthelifeofhumansexposedtoitandis
associatedwithseveredegradationofhealthinthisand,potentially,futuregenerations.Dioxinistoxic
overalongperiodascaleofmanydecadesanddoesnotdegradereadily.Dioxinisnotabsorbedby
plantsnorisitwatersoluble.Itcanattachtofinesoilparticlesorsediment,whicharethencarriedby
waterdownstreamandsettleinthebottomsofpondsandlakes.Itcontinuestoadverselyaffectpeople
whoeatdioxincontaminatedfish,molluscsandfowlproducedaroundahandfulofpointsourcesof
dioxincalleddioxin"hotspots."
6
ThehighestlevelofdioxinrecordedinahumaninVietnamwasina
personfishinginthelakeontheDaNangairbase,over1000ppt.
7
WhataretheenvironmentaleffectsofAgentOrangeandtheotherherbicides:Theeffectspersistin
theformofecologicallydegradedlandscapesinpartsofthehillyandmountainousareasofVietnam.
Theprewarforeststhatexistedinmostoftheseareastookhundredsofyearstoreachanecologically
balancedmixtureoflargenumbersofspeciesoffloraandfauna.Naturalregenerationwouldtake
centuriestoreproducethoselandscapes.Inaddition,insomeofthesprayedareas,soilerosionand
landslideshavesharplyloweredsoilnutrientlevelsandalteredthetopographicalfeaturesofthe
landscape.Thesechangeshaveencouragedafewspeciesofinvasivegrassesoflowvalue.Active
replantingwithspeciesoftreesandshrubswhichareecologicallyviableandhaveeconomicvaluewill
requiresubstantialandsustainedlongterminvestment.
8

Whatcanbedonetoaddressdioxinsimpacts:Dioxin'scontinuingimpactcanbeslowedorhaltedby
geneticcounselling,cuttingthedioxinexposurepathwaysinthehumanfoodchainandby
environmentalremediationofcontaminatedsites.Theadverseeffectsofdioxinonhumanhealthcanbe
amelioratedinmostcasesifdetectedearly,buttheycannotbefullycorrectedinsomecasesbyany
amountoftimeormoney.Ifdioxinpermanentlyalterstheintricateinternalcellularandchemical
balancesinvolvedinmaintaininggoodhumanhealth,thereisseriousriskoflifelonghealthproblems
whichmayultimatelyleadtomortality.
9

WhenwereAgentOrangeandtheotherherbicidessprayedinVietnam:Thefirsttestingofthe
herbicidesinVietnamwasconductedinAugust1961.TheU.S.AirForceaerialsprayingprogram,
OperationHades(laterrenamedOperationRanchHand),tookplacefromJanuary1962untilFebruary
1971accountingfor95%oftheherbicidessprayed.TheU.S.ChemicalCorpsandotheralliedforces
sprayedtheremaining5%byhelicopters,trucksandhand,mostlyaroundtheperimetersofmilitary
bases.
10
TheU.S.governmentstoppedthesprayingofallherbicidesinOctober1971.HowevertheSouth
Vietnamesemilitarycontinuedtosprayvariousherbicidesuntil1972.
11

HowmuchofVietnamwassprayed:Theherbicidesweresprayedoverabout24%ofsouthernVietnam.
Asaresult3,104,000hectares(5millionacres)ofuplandandmangroveforestsweredestroyedand
about500,000acresofcropsweredestroyed(anareathesizeofMassachusetts).Thirtyfourpercentof
theregionsweresprayedmorethanoncewithsomeoftheuplandforestssprayedmorethanfour
times.
12
PartsofLaosandCambodiaalongtheborderofVietnamwerealsosprayed.

Whathappenedtotheremainingbarrelsofherbicidesafterthesprayingended:StartinginSeptember
1971,inaprojectcalledPacerIvy,remainingstocksofthedioxincontaminatedherbicidesinVietnam
weregatheredatDaNang,BienHoaandTuyHoaairbases.Ifthebarrelsweredamaged,South
Vietnamesemilitarysoldiersrebarreledtheherbicideintonew55gallondrums.Thedamagedempty
barrelsweredisposedofinlocallandfills,whereastheusablebarrelsweresteamcleanedandgivento
theSouthVietnameseAirForce.InApril1972,aftertherebarrelingwasfinished,approximately
1,387,100gallonsofAgentOrangewasshippedtoJohnstonIslandinthesouthpacific.In1977,845,000
gallonsofdioxincontaminatedherbicidesstoredattheSeabeesbaseinGulfPort,Miss.,werere
barreledandshippedtoJohnstonIsland.Atotalof8.6millionliters(2,271,879gallons)weredestroyed
intheSouthPacificin1977ontheincineratorshipM/TVulcanus.
13

WhatdiseaseshastheU.S.governmentfoundtobeassociatedwiththewartimeherbicides:In1991
CongresspassedPublicLaw1024whichrequiredtheNationalAcademyofSciencestoreviewthe
medicalandscientificresearchonthehealthaffectsofexposuretotheherbicidesusedduringthewar
inVietnam.
14
TheInstituteofMedicine(IOM)reviewsthestudiesonalltheindividualcompoundsinthe
herbicidesusedandthedioxincontaminantin2,4,5T.TheyissuebiennialreportscalledVeteransand
AgentOrange.ThemostrecentreportwasreleasedinJuly2009.TodatetheIOMhasfoundsufficient
evidenceofassociationbetweenexposuretotheherbicidesandsofttissuesarcoma,nonHodgkins
lymphoma,chroniclymphocyticleukemia,Hodgkinsdiseaseandchloracne.Theyalsofoundthatthere
islimitedorsuggestiveevidenceofanassociationbetweenexposuretotheherbicidesandlaryngeal
cancer,respiratoryandprostatecancers,multiplymyeloma,ALamyloidosis,peripheralneuropathy,
Porphyriacutaneatarda,hypertension,typeIIdiabetes,spinabifidaintheoffspringofthoseexposed
and,mostrecently,toParkinsonsdiseaseandIschemicheartdisease.
15
TheDepartmentofVeterans
Affairs(VA)allowsforcompensationforallofthediseasesexceptforParkinsonsdisease,Ischemic
heartdiseaseandhypertension.
16

WhatbirthdefectsdoestheVAcompensateveteransfor:TheVAallowsforcompensationforchildren
ofmaleveteranswithspinabifidaandforchildrenofU.S.femaleveteranswhoservedinVietnamwith
Achondroplasia,cleftlipandcleftpalate,congenitalheartdisease,congenitaltalipesequinovarus
(clubfoot),esophagealandintestinalatresia,HallermanStreiffsyndrome,hipdysplasia,Hirschsprung
Disease,hydrocephalusduetoaqueductalstenosis,hypospadias,imperforateanus,neuraltubedefects
(includingspinabifida,encephalocele,andanencephaly),Polandsyndrome,pyloricstenosis,syndactyly
2
(fuseddigits),tracheoesophagealfistula,undescendedtesticleandWilliamssyndrome.Howeverthe
compensationforafemaleveteranschildrenwithbirthdefectsisforserviceinVietnamandnot
specificallylinkedtoexposuretotheherbicidesortothedioxininthe2,4,5T.
17

WhatdiseasesandbirthdefectsdoVietnamesescientistsandagenciesbelieveareassociatedwith
exposuretotheherbicides:TheVietnamRedCrossliststhefollowingdiseasesasassociatedwith
exposuretodioxin:acute,chronicandsubacuteperipheralneuropathy,chloracne,typeIIdiabetes,
hepatoma,lipidmetabolism,lungcancer,Hodgkinslymphoma,nonHodgkinslymphoma,malignant
multiplemyeloma,porphyriacutaneatarda,sarcoma,prostatecancer,reproductiveabnormalities,and
respiratorycancers(bronchial,tracheal,andlaryngeal).
18
AmongthebirthdefectsthattheVietnamese
believeareassociatedwithexposuretothedioxincontaminatedherbicidesaremanycongenital
deformitiesincludingachondroplasia,cleftlipandcleftpalate,clubfoot,hydrocephalus,neuraltube
defects(includingspinabifida,encephalocele,andanencephaly),syndactyly(fuseddigits),musculature
malformationsandparalysisandsomedevelopmentaldisabilities.

HowmanypeoplearebelievedtobeexposedtothedioxincontaminatedherbicidesinVietnam:
ResearchershaveestimatedthenumberofVietnamesecivilianswholivedinthesprayedregionsatthe
timeofspraying,accordingtopopulationrecords,tobe2.14.5million.
19
However,thisnumberdoes
notincludethosewhotraveledthroughthesprayedregionsuchassoldiersfromthenorthandsouthof
Vietnam,andVietnamesewhoworkedonmilitarybaseswheretheherbicidesweresprayedand/or
stored.ForeignandVietnamesescientistsarestillgatheringinformationonthenumberofVietnamese
whomayhavebeenexposedtodioxinafterthewaratthelimitednumberofdioxinhotspotsin
southernVietnam.

TheU.S.DepartmentofVeteransAffairspresumesthatanyofthe2.8millionU.S.veteranswhohad
theirbootsonthegroundinVietnamfrom19621975wereexposed.However,thisnumberalsodoes
notincludetheVietnameraveteranswhoservedintheNavyoffthecoastofVietnamorthosewho
flewovertheterritoryofVietnamfrombasesoraircraftcarriersoutsideofVietnam,nordoesitinclude
anyonewhomayhavebeenexposedoutsideofVietnamwherethedioxincontaminatedherbicides
wereused/tested/sprayed(i.e.,Korea,Thailand,Cambodia,Laos,PuertoRicoandvariousplacesinthe
U.S.).AlsonotincludedinestimatesofthoseexposedaretheU.S.civilianswhomayhavebeenin
Vietnamduringthetimeofspraying.

Howmanypeoplehavesufferedadversehealthaffectsfromthedioxin:Therearenoaccurate
numbersforthosewhohavebeenaffectedbythedioxin.HowevertheVietnamRedCrossestimates
thatupto3millionVietnamesehavebeenaffected,ofwhich150,000arechildrenwithbirthdefects.
20

TheVietnamesegovernmentcurrentlyprovidesamonthlystipendtoover200,000Vietnamesewhoare
believedtobeaffectedbythetoxicherbicides.
21
TheVietnamAssociationofVictimsofAgentOrangeis
currentlyconductingasurveytoidentifythosewhosufferfromanillnessorbirthdefectbelievedtobe
causedbytheherbicides.TheU.S.DepartmentofVeteransAffairshasnotreleaseddataonthenumber
ofU.S.veteranswhoreceiveddisabilitypaymentsforillnesseslinkedtotheherbicidesusedduringthe
war.

Whatisthelifespanofdioxin:Thehalflifeofdioxindependsgreatlyonwhereitislocated.Inhumans
thehalflifeisbetween1115years,thoughitcanbeashighas20years.Thehalflifeofdioxininthe
environmentvariesdependingonwhattypeofsoilitisfoundandhowdeepitlies.Sunwillbreakdown
3
dioxinsoitisbelievedthatthehalflifefordioxinonthesurfaceisbetween13yearsdependingonthe
conditions.However,ifthedioxinisburiedunderthesurfaceordeepinthesedimentofriversand
otherbodiesofwater,thedioxinhalflifecanbemorethan100years.
22

Whatisthesafelevelofdioxin:Thestandardsofwhatisconsideredsafevaryfromcountryto
countryandvarydependingifoneistalkingaboutlevelsofTCDDinfood,air,waterorsoil.
23
TheWorld
HealthOrganizationrecommendsthatmonthlyintakeofdioxinis70picogram/kgofbodyweight.
24
Most
exposuretodioxinisthroughthefoodchain.Thereforeofgreatestconcernforhumanexposureto
dioxinisitslevelinthesoilandsediment.Thegeneralstandardinmostcountriesregarding
dioxin/furansandotherpersistentorganicpollutantsisthatsoilsshouldnotexceed1000pptTEQinsoil
and100pptinsediment.
25
TheU.S.AgencyforToxicSubstanceandDiseaseRegistryhasdetermined
thatlevelshigherthan1000pptTEQinsoilrequireinterventionincluding:surveillance,research,health
studies,communityandphysicianeducation,andexposureinvestigation.
26

Whataredioxinhotspots:HatfieldConsultants(Canada)foundthatinareasthatweresprayedbyair,
thedioxinbrokedowninthetropicalsunorwaswashedawaybythemonsoonalrains,leavinglow
residualdioxininthesoil.
27
However,theyfoundthatdioxinhotspotsdoexistinareaswherethe
herbicideswerestored,leakedorspilledandleachedintothesoilorwhereitwastransportedviasoil
particlesandsettledinthesedimentofnearby,rivers,lakesandponds.Researchisstillbeingconducted
inVietnamtoidentifythelevelofdioxininthesuspectedhotspotsontheformerU.S.militarybases,
primarilythosewheretheRanchHandprogramwasbased.Vietnameseofficialsbelievethatthereare
upto25potentialdioxinhotspots.
28
Hatfieldhasconductedpreliminarysurveysandhasidentified,ata
minimum,threesignificanthotspots,thoughothersmayexist.
29
TheVietnameseandHatfieldhave
determinedthatDaNang,PhuCatandBienHoaairbasesaresignificanthotspotsinneedofimmediate
remediation.Dioxinlevelshavebeenfoundtobeashighas365,000pptontheDaNangbase,185,000
pptontheBienHoabaseand236,000pptintheformerherbicidestorageareaonthePhuCatbase.
30

Theaveragelevelofdioxinfoundinthesoilofindustrializednationsislessthan12ppt.
31

Howlongdoesittaketocleanupthehotspotsandwhatisthecost:Remediationtimeandcostvaries
dependingonthelevelofseverityofcontamination,thetypeofsoilthatiscontaminatedandenduseof
theareacontaminated.Thefirststepistoconstructbarriersaroundthehotspotstokeepthelocal
populationfrombeingfurtherexposed.Second,containmentmeasures,suchasconstructingconcrete
caps,drainageditchesandsedimenttanks,mustbetakentopreventthedioxinfrombeingtransported
fromtheoriginalcontaminationsitetosecondarysites.HatfieldandtheirVietnamesecounterpart,the
Committee33,havefoundthatthereare234,780cubicmetersofsoilandsedimentatBienHoa,Da
NangandPhuCatinneedofremediation.Theyestimatethatremediationwillcostaround
$58,695,000.
32

WhatistheU.S.positiononAgentOrange
33
:TheU.S.hasconsistentlystatedthatthereisno
scientificevidencelinkingAgentOrangetoadversehealtheffectsfoundinVietnam.
34
TheU.S.
governmentrecognizesthattheissuehashinderedthenormalizationofrelationswithVietnamandin
recentyearsU.S.officialshavebeguntodialoguewithVietnamesecounterpartsabouttheissue.
35

WhathastheU.S.donetohelptheVietnameseaddresstheimpactsofthedioxincontaminated
herbicides:In2002theU.S.andVietnamheldajointscientificconference,HumanHealthand
EnvironmentalEffectsofAgentOrange/Dioxins,inHanoiandsignedaresearchmemorandumof
4
understanding.Thetwocountriesthenbeganexchangesbetweenscientists.Unfortunatelythe
negotiationsoverajointresearchprojectfellthroughin2005.In2003theU.S.Environmental
ProtectionAgencybegana$2.4millionprojectcooperatingwiththeVietnamesetoinvestigatethe
severityofthedioxinhotspotsattheDaNangairbasewiththefundsgoingtoU.S.government
agenciesandtheircontractors.Startingin2006,theJointAdvisoryCommitteemadeupofkey
governmentagenciesfromVietnamandtheU.S.beganholdingyearlymeetingsregardingthehealth
andenvironmentalimpactsofAgentOrange/dioxin.
36
In2007,Congressallocated$3milliontoaddress
remediationofdioxinhotspotsinVietnamandtosupportpublichealthprogramsinthesurrounding
communities.
37
Asecondallocationof$3millionwasincludedintheFY2009ForeignOperations
spendingbill.TodatetheU.S.AgencyforInternationalDevelopment,theimplementingagencyforthe
funds,hasdistributed$1milliontothreenongovernmentalorganizationsforprogramstosupport
thosewithdisabilitiesintheDaNangarea.
38
Thebulkoftheremaining$5millionhasnotyetbeen
released.
39
NoneoftheU.S.fundshavegonedirectlytotheVietnamese.

Whathavenongovernmentalorganizations(NGOs)donetoaddressAgentOrange/dioxininViet
Nam:TheleadNGOonthisissuehasbeentheFordFoundation,whichhasprovided$11.5millionin
grantsinVietnamtodeveloptreatmentsandsupportcentersforVietnamesewhohavebeenexposed,
testforandcontaindioxincontaminatedsoils,restorelandscapesandeducatethepublicandpolicy
makersintheU.S.
40
Fordhasalsobeenaleaderinthephilanthropiccommunitytoincreaseawareness
aboutAgentOrange/dioxinandtoencouragenewdonorssuchasUNICEF,TheAtlanticPhilanthropies
andtheBill&MelindaGatesFoundationtogetinvolved.TheVietnamAssociationofVictimsofAgent
Orange,withchaptersthroughoutVietnam,wasestablishedin2004inordertoraisesupportforthose
believedtobeaffectedbyAgentOrange.SimilarlytheVietnamRedCrossalsoraisesfundstosupport
theneedsofthosebelievedtobeillordisabledfromtheherbicides.Therearenumerousforeign
organizationsincludingtheWarLegaciesProject,theVietnamVeteransofAmericaFoundation,the
EastMeetsWestFoundation,TheDaNangQuangNamFund,CatholicReliefServices,CHEERVietnam,
ChildrenofVietnamandVietnamAssistancefortheHandicappedthathavebeenproviding
rehabilitation,education,incomegenerationandotherservicestothedisabledinVietnam,including
thosebelievedtobeimpactedbyAgentOrange.Howevertheseprogramsonlyreachasmallnumberof
thoseinneed.

1
Fortoxicityinformationon2,4,5Tseehttp://www.pesticideinfo.org/Detail_Chemical.jsp?Rec_Id=PC34514for2,4Dsee
http://www.pesticideinfo.org/Detail_Chemical.jsp.
2
Dwnerychuk,WayneandBailey,Charles,ClarityonTwoTermsJuly7,2009.,
http://www.warlegacies.org/Agent%20Orange/Clarity.pdf.
3
Young,AlTheHistory,UseandDispositionandEnvironmentalFateofAgentOrange(NewYork,NY:Springer,Scienceand
BusinessMedia,2009)67and5.AlsoStellman,J.etalTheExtentandPatternofUsageofAgentOrangeandotherHerbicides
inVietNam,Nature,422(2003):682.
4
Dwnerychuk,WayneandBailey,Charles.AgentsPink,PurpleandGreenalsocontained2,4,5Tandthereforedioxin.
5
SamplesfromthebarrelsofAgentOrangestoredatGulfport,Miss.,andJohnstonIslandweretestedbytheU.S.militaryin
1977witharangeof<3toahighof50ppm.Researchersusedtheselevelstoestimatehowmuchdioxinwasintheherbicides
sprayedinVietnam.Stellmanestimated221366kg,Gough167kg,Young130144kgandWesting170kg.
6
Dwnerychuk,WayneandBailey,Charles.
7
IncomparisonpeopleinindustrialnationssuchastheU.S.haveabaselineof25pptdioxinintheirblood.
8
Dwnerychuk,WayneandBailey,Charles.
9
Dwnerychuk,WayneandBailey,Charles.
10
Stellman,6812.
11
Young,4.
5

12
VoQuy,StatementtotheHouseSubcommitteeonAsia,thePacificandGlobalEnvironment,June4,2009.,
http://www.internationalrelations.house.gov/111/quy060409.pdf.
13
Young,AlSeeChapter4.
14
http://www7.nationalacademies.org/ocga/laws/PL1024.asp.
15
NationalAcademyofSciences,VeteransandAgentOrange:Update2008Washington,DC(2009.):78.
http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=12662&page=8.
16
http://www.publichealth.va.gov/exposures/agentorange/diseases.asp#veterans
17
http://www.publichealth.va.gov/docs/agentorange/reviews/ao_newsletter_aug08.pdf.
18
MichaelMartin,VietnameseVictimsofAgentOrangeandU.S.VietnamRelationsCongressionalResearchServiceReport.
(May2009)pg17http://www.warlegacies.org/CRSAO.pdf.
19
Stellman:684685.http://www.warlegacies.org/nature01537.pdf.
20
TomFawthrop,Vietnam'sWaragainstAgentOrangeBBCNewsJune,14,2004.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3798581.stm.
21
StatementbyAmbassadorNgoQuangXuantotheHouseSubcommitteeofAsia,PacificandGlobalEnvironment.June2009:
Page3.http://www.internationalrelations.house.gov/111/xua060409.pdf.
22
WayneDwernychuk,HatfieldConsultantsemailexchangewithSusanHammond,WarLegaciesProject.
23
Dioxinisnotwatersolublesoingeneralitwouldnotbefoundinwaterunlessthedioxinparticlesareclingingtootherfine
particlesinthewaterthathavenotbeenfilteredout.
24
DioxinandtheirEffectsonHumanHealthWHOFactSheet#225.November2007,
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs225/en/index.html.
25
ppt=partspertrillion.TEQ=Toxicequivalentsamethodofmeasuringdioxinsanddioxinlikecompounds.TCDD,themost
toxicofthesecompounds,hasavalueof1TEQandtheotherlesstoxicaremeasureasafractionof1.
26
HatfieldConsultantsSummaryofDioxinContaminationatBienHoa,PhuCatandDaNangAirbases,VietNam.PowerPoint
presentationforthemeetingoftheU.S.VietnamDialogueGroupOnAgentOrange/Dioxin,Washington,DCJune2009.
http://www.warlegacies.org/HatfieldDioxinPresentationDC052809.pdf.
27
WayneDwernychuketal.TheAgentOrangeDioxinIssueinVietnam:AManageableProblem.PaperPresentedatDioxin
2006,Oslo,Norwayhttp://www.warlegacies.org/OsloPaper2006.pdf.
28
VoQuy,StatementtotheHouseSubcommitteeonAsia,thePacificandGlobalEnvironment,June4,2009.,
http://www.internationalrelations.house.gov/111/quy060409.pdf.
29
HatfieldConsultantsSummaryofDioxinContaminationattheBienHoa,PhuCatandDaNangAirbases,VietNam.
PowerPointPresentation,Washington,DC.2009.http://www.warlegacies.org/HatfieldDioxinPresentationDC052809.pdf.
30
Committee33PowerPointPresentation:Overcomingconsequencesoftoxicchemicals/dioxin:Adifficultandlongterm
task.April2009http://www.warlegacies.org/Committee33_0209.pdf.
31
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp104c5.pdfpg380.
32
Committee33PowerPointPresentation:Overcomingconsequencesoftoxicchemicals/dioxin:Adifficultandlongterm
task.April2009http://www.warlegacies.org/Committee33_0209.pdf.
33
AgentOrangeisinquotesbecausereporters,advocatesandgovernmentofficialsoftenmisuseitasshorthandforallthe
dioxincontaminatedherbicidesusedinVietnam.
34
HDNETReportVietnamsLingeringGhost:FacingtheLegaciesofAgentOrange.714(2009)andWorldReport
http://www.hd.net/worldreport_epguide.html?page=0.
35
InNovember2006,PresidentBushandVietnamsPresidentTrietdeclaredintheirJointStatementthat,furtherjointefforts
toaddresstheenvironmentalcontaminationnearformerdioxinstoragesiteswouldmakeavaluablecontributiontothe
continueddevelopmentoftheirbilateralrelations.
36
ScottMarciel,TestimonybeforetheHouseSubcommitteeonAsia,PacificandtheGlobalEnvironment,May2008.
http://www.internationalrelations.house.gov/110/mar051508.htm.
37
MichaelMartin;9.
38
TheEastMeetsWestFoundation,SavetheChildrenandVietnamAssistancefortheHandicapped.
39
$500,000oftheallocationisbeingusedtofinanceastaffpersonresponsiblefordioxinissuesattheU.S.embassyinHanoias
wellasformoreexchangesofexperts.Iftheirprogramsaresuccessful,anadditional$1millionisexpectedtobedispersedto
thethreeNGOswhoreceivedthefirstallocation.
40
FromCharlesBaileyspaperChronologyofKeyEvents1993throughJune2009.AmongtheworkthatFordhasfundedis
researchbytheHatfieldConsultants,1080committeeandCommittee33,policydiscussionsandpubliceducationconducted
bytheU.S.VietnamDialogueGrouponAgentOrangeandmitigationprojectsbyseveralU.S.andVietnameseorganizations
includingtheVietnamVeteransofAmericanFoundation,theEastMeetsWestFoundation,ChildrenofVietnamandVietnam
AssistancefortheHandicapped.FordhasalsofundedthepubliceducationworkoftheWarLegaciesProject.ForMore
informationgotohttp://www.fordfound.org/about/signature/agentorange/issue.
6