War and Revolution, 1914-1919

The Road to World War I The War The Russian Revolution End of the War

Monday, March 19, 12

The Road to World War I

Monday, March 19, 12

Objectives: 1.Discuss how militarism, nationalism, and a crisis in the Balkans led to World War I 2. Explain why Serbias determination to become a large, independent state angered AustriaHungary and initiated hostilities
Monday, March 19, 12

Nationalism and the System of Alliances The system of nation-states that emerged in Europe led not to cooperation but to competition At the same time, Europes great powers had been divided into two loose alliances. Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy formed the *Triple Alliance
Monday, March 19, 12

France, Great Britain, and Russia created the *Triple Entente A massive crisis emerged in the Balkans between 1908 and 1913 Each state was guided by its own self-interest and success
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Militarism
The growth of mass armies after 1900 heightened the existing tensions in Europe *Conscription had been established as a regular practice in most Western countries before 1914 European armies doubled in size between 1890 and 1914; Militarismaggressive preparation for warwas growing
Monday, March 19, 12

The Outbreak of War: Summer 1914 The Serbian Problem The rivalry between Austria-Hungary and Russia for domination of these new states created serious tensions in the region *Serbia, supported by Russia, wished to create an independent Slavic state in the Balkans
Monday, March 19, 12

The Outbreak of War: Summer 1914 The Serbian Problem The rivalry between Austria-Hungary and Russia for domination of these new states created serious tensions in the region *Serbia, supported by Russia, wished to create an independent Slavic state in the Balkans
Monday, March 19, 12

Assassination in Sarajevo *Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Austriahungary, was assassinated by the Black Hand, a Serbian terrorist organization that wanted a free *Bosnia *Gavrilo Princip shot the archduke and his wife
Monday, March 19, 12

Austria-Hungary Responds

The Austro-Hungarian government did not know whether or not the Serbian government had been directly involved in the archdukes assassination *Emperor William II of Germany gave unlimited support to Austria-Hungary Austrian leaders sent an ultimatum to Serbiabut was a series of extreme demands leading to war

Monday, March 19, 12

Russia Mobilizes *Czar Nicholas II ordered partial mobilization of the Russian army against Austria-Hungary Unable to partially mobilize, the czar ordered a full mobilization of the Russian army, knowing that Germany would consider this order an act of war
Monday, March 19, 12

The Conict Broadens

Germany declared war on Russia *General Alfred von Schlieffen created the German military plan of action known as the *Schlieffen Plan Germany would hold Russia back while conducting a rapid invasion of Francetherefore, declaring war on France In retaliation, Great Britain declared war on Germany
Monday, March 19, 12

Objectives: 1.Discuss how militarism, nationalism, and a crisis in the Balkans led to World War I 2. Explain why Serbias determination to become a large, independent state angered AustriaHungary and initiated hostilities
Monday, March 19, 12

The Triple Alliance was a loose agreement of cooperation among 1.Serbia, Germany, and Britain 2.Italy, Serbia, and France 3.Germany, Italy, and Russia 4.Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy

Monday, March 19, 12

The Triple Alliance was a loose agreement of cooperation among 1.Serbia, Germany, and Britain 2.Italy, Serbia, and France 3.Germany, Italy, and Russia 4.Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy

Monday, March 19, 12

Which one of the following in not considered a major cause of World War I? 1.the growth of nationalism 2.impressionism 3.militarism 4.internal dissent

Monday, March 19, 12

Which one of the following in not considered a major cause of World War I? 1.the growth of nationalism 2.impressionism 3.militarism 4.internal dissent

Monday, March 19, 12

Austria-Hungary feared that Serbia would 1.create a large Slavic state 2.kill Archduke Ferdinand 3.invade Russia 4.invade Germany

Monday, March 19, 12

Austria-Hungary feared that Serbia would 1.create a large Slavic state 2.kill Archduke Ferdinand 3.invade Russia 4.invade Germany

Monday, March 19, 12

Germany viewed the Russian czars full mobilization of the army as an 1.act of support for Austria-Hungary 2.act of kindness 3.act of war 4.act of bad judgement

Monday, March 19, 12

Germany viewed the Russian czars full mobilization of the army as an 1.act of support for Austria-Hungary 2.act of kindness 3.act of war 4.act of bad judgement

Monday, March 19, 12

The German military plan devised by General von Schlieffen 1.called for war on two front 2.relied on carpet-bombing 3.depended on help from Serbia 4.depended on French neutrality

Monday, March 19, 12

The German military plan devised by General von Schlieffen 1.called for war on two front 2.relied on carpet-bombing 3.depended on help from Serbia 4.depended on French neutrality

Monday, March 19, 12

The War

Monday, March 19, 12

Objectives: 1. Report how the stalemate at the Western Front led to new alliances, a widening of the war, and new weapons 2. Summarize how governments expanded their powers, increased opportunities for women, and made use of propaganda
Monday, March 19, 12

1914 to 1915: Illusions and Stalemate Government *propaganda worked in stirring up national hatreds before the war Almost everyone believed that the war would be over in a few weeks
Monday, March 19, 12

The Western Front The Schlieffen Plan had called for the German army to make a vast encircling movement through Belgium into northern France The war quickly turned into a stalemate, as neither the Germans nor the French could dislodge each other from the trenches they had dug for shelter
Monday, March 19, 12

The Eastern Front Eastern Front was marked by mobility The Russian army moved into eastern Germany but was defeated at the *Battle of Tannenberg and the *Battle of Masurian Lakes The Austrians had been defeated by the Russians in Galicia and thrown out of Serbia as well
Monday, March 19, 12

The Italians betrayed their German and Austrian allies in the Triple Alliance by attacking Austria in May 1915. Italy thus joined France, Great Britain, and Russia, who had formed the Triple Entente now called the *Allied Powers German-Austrian army defeated the Russian army in Galicia and pushed the Russians far back into their own territory
Monday, March 19, 12

1916 to 1917: The Great Slaughter By 1916, the Trenches became an elaborate system of defense: 5 feet high and 30 yards wide, concrete machine-gun nest with heavy artillery Troops lived in holes in the ground

Monday, March 19, 12

Tactics of Trench Warfare

Breakthroughthrowing masses of men against enemy lines that had rst been battered by artillery Millions of young men died in failed attempts at breakthrough World War I had turned into a *war of attrition, a war based on wearing the other side down by constant attacks and heavy losses
Monday, March 19, 12

Monday, March 19, 12

War in the Air

By the end of 1915, airplanes had appeared on the battlefront for the rst time Fights for control of the air occurred and increased over time Hand pistols to machine guns Germans used their giant airshipsthe zeppelinsto bomb London and eastern Englandthough hydrogen gas became raging infernos
Monday, March 19, 12

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Widening of the War

Both sides sought to gain new allies who might provide a winning advantagethe Ottoman Empire had joined Germany; Bulgaria entered the war on the side of the Central Powers In the Middle East, a British ofcer known as *Lawrence of Arabia urged Arab princes to revolt against their Ottoman overlords The British mobilized forces from India, Australia, and New Zealand

Monday, March 19, 12

Entry of the United States At rst, the United States tried to remain neutral The British ship Lusitania was sunk by German forces through unrestricted submarine warfare *Admiral Holtzendorff wanted to continue the attack method which drew the US into the war
Monday, March 19, 12

The Home Front: The Impact of Total War As World War I dragged on, it became a *total war, involving a complete mobilization of resources and people Led to an increase in government powers and the manipulation of public opinion to keep the war effort going
Monday, March 19, 12

Increased Government Powers Wartime governments also expanded their power over their economies *planned economies directed by government agencies

Monday, March 19, 12

Manipulation of Public Opinion Authoritarian regimes, such as those of Germany, Russia, and Austria-Hungary, relied on force to subdue their populations The British Parliament passed the Defense of the Realm Act (DORA)arrested protestors as traitors General propaganda
Monday, March 19, 12

World War I created new roles for women Women were asked to take over jobs that had not been available to them beforetruck drivers, farm laborers, and factory workers Both men and women seemed to expect that many of the new jobs for women were only temporary The return to the old order and the right to vote
Monday, March 19, 12

Total War and Women

Objectives: 1. Report how the stalemate at the Western Front led to new alliances, a widening of the war, and new weapons 2. Summarize how governments expanded their powers, increased opportunities for women, and made use of propaganda
Monday, March 19, 12

During the war, new roles in the workforce were created for women because 1.they were experienced workers 2.so many men entered the military effort 3.women needed something to do 4.women demanded equality

Monday, March 19, 12

During the war, new roles in the workforce were created for women because 1.they were experienced workers 2.so many men entered the military effort 3.women needed something to do 4.women demanded equality

Monday, March 19, 12

To maintain high morale and maintain support for the war among their citizens 1.only the authoritarian regimes used propaganda 2.only the authoritarian powers allowed peace rallies 3.the democratic states used propaganda 4.the democratic states never resorted to exaggeration

Monday, March 19, 12

To maintain high morale and maintain support for the war among their citizens 1.only the authoritarian regimes used propaganda 2.only the authoritarian powers allowed peace rallies 3.the democratic states used propaganda 4.the democratic states never resorted to exaggeration

Monday, March 19, 12

Air warfare in World War I involved all of the following except 1.the rst long-range missiles 2.spotting enemy positions 3.attacking ground targets 4.shooting down enemy aircraft

Monday, March 19, 12

Air warfare in World War I involved all of the following except 1.the rst long-range missiles 2.spotting enemy positions 3.attacking ground targets 4.shooting down enemy aircraft

Monday, March 19, 12

Across Europe, wartime governments 1.maintained free-market conditions 2.set up planned economies 3.reduced their powers 4.deregulated prices, wages, and rent

Monday, March 19, 12

Across Europe, wartime governments 1.maintained free-market conditions 2.set up planned economies 3.reduced their powers 4.deregulated prices, wages, and rent

Monday, March 19, 12

The United States entered the war largely over the issue of 1.Serbian independence 2.trench warfare 3.German use of zeppelins 4.unrestricted submarine warfare

Monday, March 19, 12

The United States entered the war largely over the issue of 1.Serbian independence 2.trench warfare 3.German use of zeppelins 4.unrestricted submarine warfare

Monday, March 19, 12

The Russian Revolution

Monday, March 19, 12

Objectives: 1. Explain how poor leadership led to the fall of the czarist regime in Russia 2. Relate how the Bolsheviks came to power under Lenin 3. Describe how Communist forces triumphed over antiCommunist forces
Monday, March 19, 12

Background to Revolution
Russia was unprepared both military and technologically for the total war of World War I Lacking guns, soldiers using broomsticks to train and sent to the front without ries The Russian army suffered incredible lossestwo million soldiers were killed, and another four to six million wounded or six million wounded or captured
Monday, March 19, 12

Beginnings of Upheaval
Czar Nicholas II was an autocratic ruler whose wife, Alexandra was German born *Grigori Rasputin, an uneducated Siberian peasant who claimed to be a holy man his inuence made him an important power behind the throne Assassinated in 1916, poisoned, shot, beat, and drowned
Monday, March 19, 12

The March Revolution A series of strikes led by working-class women broke out in the capital city of *Petrograd The government had started bread rationing after the price of bread had skyrocketed Strikes shut down factories demanding Peace and Bread
Monday, March 19, 12

The czar tried to dissolve the Duma, or legislative body. A provisional government was established which urged the czar to step down, eventually doing so *Alexander Kerensky, now head of provisional government, continued the war *The Soviets challenged this government and its policies the *Bolsheviks came to power
Monday, March 19, 12

The Rise of Lenin

The *Bolsheviks began as a small faction of Marxist party called the Russian Social Democrats led by *V. I. Lenin He believed that only a violent revolution could destroy the capitalist system

Monday, March 19, 12

German military leaders, hoping to create disorder in Russia, shipped Lenin to Russia ushering in a new stage of the Revolution They promised an end to the war the redistribution of all land, etc. Peace, Land, Bread
Monday, March 19, 12

The Bolsheviks Seize Power Lenin and Leon Trotsky took over the government The Bolsheviks renamed themselves the Communists and signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovskthey gave up eastern Poland, Ukraine, Finland, and the Baltic Real peace did not come, however, because the country soon sank into civil war
Monday, March 19, 12

Civil War in Russia

Many people were opposed to the new Communist regime Liberals and antiLeninist socialists The Allies sent thousands of troops to various parts of Russia in the hope of bringing Russia back into the war

Monday, March 19, 12

The Red Army was forced to ght on many fronts against these opponents Members of the local soviet murdered the czar and his family and burned their bodies in a nearby mine shaft

Monday, March 19, 12

Triumph of the Communists

A policy of *war communism was used to ensure regular supplies for the Red Army A new Red secret police (Cheka) began a Red Terror aimed at the destruction of all those who opposed the new regime Communism transformed Russia into a centralized state and was largely hostile toward the Allied powers
Monday, March 19, 12

Objectives: 1. Explain how poor leadership led to the fall of the czarist regime in Russia 2. Relate how the Bolsheviks came to power under Lenin 3. Describe how Communist forces triumphed over antiCommunist forces
Monday, March 19, 12

Russia was unprepared for war in all of the following ways except one. Which? 1.no competent military leaders 2.weak armament industry 3.poorly armed military 4.no czar

Monday, March 19, 12

Russia was unprepared for war in all of the following ways except one. Which? 1.no competent military leaders 2.weak armament industry 3.poorly armed military 4.no czar

Monday, March 19, 12

Women workers in Petrograd marched in protest, then 1.organized a general strike 2.learned to bake bread 3.consulted with Rasputin 4.joined the czars army

Monday, March 19, 12

Women workers in Petrograd marched in protest, then 1.organized a general strike 2.learned to bake bread 3.consulted with Rasputin 4.joined the czars army

Monday, March 19, 12

Outwardly, Lenin turned over power to the all-Russian Congress of Soviets, then 1.invaded Poland with a mercenary army of peasants 2.signed a peace treaty with the czar and became deputy czar 3.passed real power to a Council of Peoples Commissars that he controlled 4.retired from politics and settled in the Ukraine

Monday, March 19, 12

Outwardly, Lenin turned over power to the all-Russian Congress of Soviets, then 1.invaded Poland with a mercenary army of peasants 2.signed a peace treaty with the czar and became deputy czar 3.passed real power to a Council of Peoples Commissars that he controlled 4.retired from politics and settled in the Ukraine

Monday, March 19, 12

Military opposition or other forms of challenges to the Red Army came from all of the following except 1.Siberian anti-Communists 2.Italian royalists who supported Lenin 3.Allied material aid to the antiCommunists 4.the Ukrainians

Monday, March 19, 12

Military opposition or other forms of challenges to the Red Army came from all of the following except 1.Siberian anti-Communists 2.Italian royalists who supported Lenin 3.Allied material aid to the antiCommunists 4.the Ukrainians

Monday, March 19, 12

Kerenskys provisional government made the fatal mistake of deciding to 1. continue the war 2. sign a peace treaty with Germany 3. assassinate the czar 4. continue the 300-year-old Romanov dynasty

Monday, March 19, 12

Kerenskys provisional government made the fatal mistake of deciding to 1. continue the war 2. sign a peace treaty with Germany 3. assassinate the czar 4. continue the 300-year-old Romanov dynasty

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End of the War

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Objectives: 1.Report how combined Allied forces stopped the German offensive 2. Explain how peace settlements brought political and territorial changes to Europe and created bitterness and resentment in several nations
Monday, March 19, 12