Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Dustin Caldwell
The standard MIDI file format is a very strange beast. When viewed as a
whole, it can be quite overwhelming. Of course, no matter how you loo at it,
describing a piece of music in enough detail to be able to reproduce it
accurately is no small tas . So, while complicated, the structure of the midi
file format is fairly intuitive when understood.
I must insert a disclaimer here that I am by no means an expert with
midi nor midi files. I recently obtained a Gravis UltraSound board for my PC,
and upon hearing a few midi files (.MID) thought, "Gee, I'd li e to be able to
ma e my own .MID files." Well, many aggravating hours later, I discovered that
this was no trivial tas . But, I couldn't let a stupid file format stop me.
(besides, I once told my wife that computers aren't really that hard to use,
and I'd hate to be a hypocrite) So if any errors are found in this
information, please let me now and I will fix it. Also, this document's scope
does not extend to EVERY type of midi command and EVERY possible file
configuration. It is a basic guide that should enable the reader (with a
moderate investment in time) to generate a quality midi file.
1. Overview
A midi (.MID) file contains basically 2 things, Header chun s and Trac
chun s. Section 2 explains the header chun s, and Section 3 explains the trac
chun s. A midi file contains ONE header chun describing the file format,
etc., and any number of trac chun s. A trac may be thought of in the same
way as a trac on a multi-trac tape dec . You may assign one trac to each
voice, each staff, each instrument or whatever you want.
2. Header Chun
The header chun appears at the beginning of the file, and describes the
file in three ways. The header chun always loo s li e:
4D 54 68 64 00 00 00 06 ff ff nn nn dd dd
The ascii equivalent of the first 4 bytes is MThd. After MThd comes the 4-byte
size of the header. This will always be 00 00 00 06, because the actual header
information will always be 6 bytes.
ff ff is the file format. There are 3 formats:
0 - single-trac
1 - multiple trac s, synchronous
2 - multiple trac s, asynchronous
Single trac is fairly self-explanatory - one trac only. Synchronous multiple
trac s means that the trac s will all be vertically synchronous, or in other
words, they all start at the same time, and so can represent different parts
in one song. Asynchronous multiple trac s do not necessarily start at the same
time, and can be completely asynchronous.
nn nn is the number of trac s in the midi file.
dd dd is the number of delta-time tic s per quarter note. (More about this
later)
3. Trac Chun s
The remainder of the file after the header chun consists of trac chun s.
Each trac has one header and may contain as many midi commands as you li e.
The header for a trac is very similar to the one for the file:
4D 54 72 6B xx xx xx xx
As with the header, the first 4 bytes has an ascii equivalent. This one is
MTr . The 4 bytes after MTr give the length of the trac (not including the
trac header) in bytes.
Following the header are midi events. These events are identical to the
actual data sent and received by MIDI ports on a synth with one addition. A
midi event is preceded by a delta-time. A delta time is the number of tic s
after which the midi event is to be executed. The number of tic s per quarter
note was defined previously in the file header chun . This delta-time is a
variable-length encoded value. This format, while confusing, allows large
numbers to use as many bytes as they need, without requiring small numbers to
waste bytes by filling with zeros. The number is converted into 7-bit bytes,
and the most-significant bit of each byte is 1 except for the last byte of the
number, which has a msb of 0. This allows the number to be read one byte at a
time, and when you see a msb of 0, you now that it was the last (least
significant) byte of the number. According to the MIDI spec, the entire deltatime should be at most 4 bytes long.
Following the delta-time is a midi event. Each midi event (except a
running midi event) has a command byte which will always have a msb of 1 (the
value will be >= 128). A list of most of these commands is in appendix A. Each
command has different parameters and lengths, but the data that follows the
command will have a msb of 0 (less than 128). The exception to this is a metaevent, which may contain data with a msb of 1. However, meta-events require a
length parameter which alleviates confusion.
One subtlety which can cause confusion is running mode. This is where
the actual midi command is omitted, and the last midi command issued is
assumed. This means that the midi event will consist of a delta-time and the
parameters that would go to the command if it were included.
4. Conclusion
If this explanation has only served to confuse the issue more, the
appendices contain examples which may help clarify the issue. Also, 2
utilities and a graphic file should have been included with this document:
DEC.EXE - This utility converts a binary file (li e .MID) to a tab-delimited
text file containing the decimal equivalents of each byte.
REC.EXE - This utility converts a tab-delimited text file of decimal values
into a binary file in which each byte corresponds to one of the decimal
values.
MIDINOTE.PS - This is the postscript form of a page showing note numbers with
a eyboard and with the standard grand staff.
Appendix A
1. MIDI Event Commands
Each command byte has 2 parts. The left nybble (4 bits) contains the actual
command, and the right nybble contains the midi channel number on which the
command will be executed. There are 16 midi channels, and 8 midi commands (the
command nybble must have a msb of 1).
In the following table, x indicates the midi channel number. Note that all
data bytes will be <128 (msb set to 0).
Hex
8x
Binary
1000xxxx
Data
nn vv
Description
Note off ( ey is released)
nn=note number
vv=velocity
9x
1001xxxx
nn vv
Note on ( ey is pressed)
nn=note number
vv=velocity
Ax
1010xxxx
nn vv
Key after-touch
nn=note number
vv=velocity
Bx
1011xxxx
cc vv
Control Change
cc=controller number
vv=new value
Cx
1100xxxx
pp
Dx
1101xxxx
cc
Channel after-touch
cc=channel number
Ex
1110xxxx
bb tt
The following table lists meta-events which have no midi channel number. They
are of the format:
FF xx nn dd
All meta-events start with FF followed by the command (xx), the length, or
number of bytes that will contain data (nn), and the actual data (dd).
Hex
00
Binary
00000000
Data
nn ssss
Description
Sets the trac 's sequence number.
nn=02 (length of 2-byte sequence number)
ssss=sequence number
01
00000001
nn tt ..
02
00000010
nn tt ..
03
00000011
nn tt ..
04
00000100
nn tt ..
05
00000101
nn tt ..
Lyric
nn tt=same as text event
06
00000110
nn tt ..
Mar er
nn tt=same as text event
07
00000111
nn tt ..
Cue point
nn tt=same as text event
2F
00101111
00
51
01010001
03 tttttt
Set tempo
tttttt=microseconds/quarter note
58
01011000
59
01011001
02 sf mi
Key signature
sf=sharps/flats (-7=7 flats, 0= ey of C,
7=7 sharps)
mi=major/minor (0=major, 1=minor)
7F
01111111
xx dd ..
The following table lists system messages which control the entire system.
These have no midi channel number. (these will generally only apply to
controlling a midi eyboard, etc.)
Hex
F8
Binary
11111000
Data
Description
Timing cloc
required.
FA
11111010
FB
11111011
FC
11111100
Stop a sequence
The following table lists the numbers corresponding to notes for use in note
on and note off commands.
Octave||
Note Numbers
# ||
|| C | C# | D | D# | E | F | F# | G | G# | A | A# | B
----------------------------------------------------------------------------0 || 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11
1 || 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23
2 || 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35
3 || 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 46 | 47
4 || 48 | 49 | 50 | 51 | 52 | 53 | 54 | 55 | 56 | 57 | 58 | 59
5 || 60 | 61 | 62 | 63 | 64 | 65 | 66 | 67 | 68 | 69 | 70 | 71
6 || 72 | 73 | 74 | 75 | 76 | 77 | 78 | 79 | 80 | 81 | 82 | 83
7 || 84 | 85 | 86 | 87 | 88 | 89 | 90 | 91 | 92 | 93 | 94 | 95
8 || 96 | 97 | 98 | 99 | 100 | 101 | 102 | 103 | 104 | 105 | 106 | 107
9 || 108 | 109 | 110 | 111 | 112 | 113 | 114 | 115 | 116 | 117 | 118 | 119
10 || 120 | 121 | 122 | 123 | 124 | 125 | 126 | 127 |
BIBLIOGRAPHY
"MIDI Systems and Control" Francis Rumsey 1990 Focal Press
"MIDI and Sound Boo for the Atari ST" Bernd Enders and Wolfgang Klemme
1989 M&T Publishing, Inc.
MIDI file specs and general MIDI specs were also obtained by sending e-mail
to LISTSERV@AUVM.AMERICAN.EDU with the phrase GET MIDISPEC PACKAGE
in the message.
------------------------------- DEC.CPP -----------------------------------/* file dec.cpp
by Dustin Caldwell
*/
#include <dos.h>
(dustin@gse.utah.edu)
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
void helpdoc();
main()
{
FILE *fp;
unsigned char ch, c;
if((fp=fopen(_argv[1], "rb"))==NULL)
/* open file to read */
{
printf("cannot open file %s\n",_argv[1]);
helpdoc();
exit(-1);
}
c=0;
ch=fgetc(fp);
while(!feof(fp))
{
printf("%u\t", ch);
uiv. */
c++;
if(c>8)
/* print 8 numbers to a
line */
{
c=0;
printf("\n");
}
ch=fgetc(fp);
}
fclose(fp);
/* close up */
}
void helpdoc()
{
printf("\n
/* File rec.cpp
by Dustin Caldwell
*/
#include
#include
#include
#include
(dustin@gse.utah.edu)
<dos.h>
<stdio.h>
<ctype.h>
<stdlib.h>
void helpdoc();
main()
{
FILE *rfp, *wfp;
unsigned char ch, c;
char s[20];
if((rfp=fopen(_argv[1], "r"))==NULL)
file */
{
printf("cannot open file %s \n",_argv[1]);
helpdoc();
exit(-1);
}
if((wfp=fopen(_argv[2], "wb"))==NULL)
e file */
{
printf("cannot open file %s \n",_argv[1]);
helpdoc();
exit(-1);
}
c=0;
ch=fgetc(rfp);
while(!feof(rfp))
{
if(isalnum(ch))
*/
{
c=0;
while(isdigit(ch))
*/
{
s[c]=ch;
number */
c++;
ch=fgetc(rfp);
}
s[c]=NULL;
ator */
fputc(atoi(s), wfp);/* write the binary equivalent to fi
le */
}
ch=fgetc(rfp);
*/
}
fclose(rfp);
fclose(wfp);
/* close up */
}
void helpdoc()
{
printf("\n
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orntsv 1 eq {0 pwid translate -90 rotate} if
orntsv 2 eq {pwid plen translate 180 rotate} if
orntsv 3 eq {plen 0 translate 90 rotate} if
dup 1 eq {pwid 0 translate 90 rotate} if
dup 2 eq {pwid plen translate 180 rotate} if
dup 3 eq {0 plen translate -90 rotate} if
/orntsv exch def
} bdef
{currentpoint orntsv plen pwid 6 -1 roll restore save} bdef
{_bp 7 2 roll _ornt _mt} bdef
{currentpoint orntsv plen pwid 7 -2 roll restore restore
_bp 6 1 roll _ornt _mt
} bdef
{2 copy _mt 1 0 _rlt _mt} bdef
{{_lt} repeat} bdef
{ /ron true def /_S /_rshow load def /_t /_red load def} bdef
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currentpoint
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sflg
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}
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} bdef
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add Ry psz 4 div add _lt stro e
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grestore
0 rmoveto
}bdef
/_redshow {currentpoint
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dup stringwidth pop Rx Ry psz 4 div add _mt
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add Ry psz 4 div add _lt stro e Rx Ry _mt 0 0 0 setrgbcolor
show currentpoint _mt
}bdef
/_rmxy {_rmt} bdef
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/stro e load def
/_SH
bon {/bon false def} if
{/sflg true def /_S /_rshow load def
} bdef
/_sh
{ ron {/sflg false def bflg {_B} if}
{/_S /show load def /sflg false def bflg {_B} if}ifelse
}bdef
/_sp
{ gsave stro e grestore } bdef
/_ST
{currentpoint /Sy exch def /Sx exch def} bdef
/_st
{gsave
currentpoint pop
Sx dup Sy _mt sub
(\320) stringwidth pop div
dup floor cvi dup
dup 0 gt {{(\320) show} repeat}{pop} ifelse sub
dup 0 gt {1 scale (\320) show}{pop} ifelse
grestore
} bdef
/_U
{currentpoint /Uy exch def /Ux exch def} bdef
/_u
{gsave
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} bdef
/_w
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end
/#copies 1 def /wpdict2 100 dict def
wpdict begin wpdict2 begin
_bd
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/ife{ifelse}bdef/_x{exch}bdef
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dup/picstr _x 7 add 8 idiv string def
3 1 roll _tr dup 1 scale
dup 1 1[5 -1 roll 0 0 1 0 0]
{currentfile picstr _rhs pop}image restore}bdef
/_epsi{1 eq{{1 _x sub}currenttransfer _ccprocs settransfer}if
/yp _x def/xp _x def/dhgt _x def/dwid _x def
4 copy sub/swid _x def
sub/shgt _x def
add 2 div/icx _x def add 2 div/icy _x def
xp dwid 2 div add icx sub yp dhgt 2 div sub
icy sub _tr icx icy _tr
360 _x sub rotate
dwid swid div/xsc _x def _x
dhgt shgt div/ysc _x def _x
dup 1 eq{xsc neg/xsc _x def pop}
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{3 eq{ysc neg/ysc _x def xsc neg/xsc _x def}
{}ife}ife}ife
xsc ysc scale
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(the)_S 56 _t
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(of)_S 1200 10220 _m
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(file)_S 56 _t
(format)_S 56 _t
(is)_S 56 _t
(fairly)_S 56 _t
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1800 10020 _m
(I)_S 56 _t
(must)_S 56 _t
(insert)_S 56 _t
(a)_S 56 _t
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(here)_S 56 _t
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(thought,)_S 56 _t
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(file.)_S 1200 8020 _m
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(\(.MID\))_S 56 _t
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(00)_S 56 _t
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1200 4420 _m
(ff)_S 56 _t
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(1)_S 56 _t
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(2)_S 56 _t
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(fairly)_S 56 _t
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(one)_S 56 _t
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(the)_S 1200 3020 _m
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(completely)_S 56 _t
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1200 2220 _m
(nn)_S 56 _t
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(file.)_S 1200 1820 _m
(dd)_S 56 _t
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(per)_S 56 _t
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(note.)_S 56 _t
(\(More)_S 56 _t
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_bp /NewCenturySchlb -RomanR 500 _ff
0 13200 10200 _ornt
/_r
{ sflg {/_t {0 rmoveto}bdef /ron false def}
{ /_S /show load def /_t {0 rmoveto}bdef /ron false def}ifelse
}bdef
8907 11870 _m
(2)_S 1200 11503 _m
(3.)_S 56 _t
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(Chun s)_S 1200 11103 _m
(The)_S 56 _t
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(header)_S 56 _t
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(a)_S 56 _t
(trac )_S 56 _t
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(very)_S 1200 10703 _m
(similar)_S 56 _t
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(file:)_S 1200 10303 _m
(4D)_S 56 _t
(54)_S 56 _t
(72)_S 56 _t
(6B)_S 56 _t
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(xx)_S 1200 9903 _m
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(4)_S 56 _t
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(trac )_S 56 _t
(header\))_S 56 _t
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1800 9503 _m
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(a)_S 56 _t
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(A)_S 56 _t
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(by)_S 56 _t
(a)_S 56 _t
(delta-time.)_S 1200 9103 _m
(A)_S 56 _t
(delta)_S 56 _t
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(The)_S 56 _t
(number)_S 56 _t
(of)_S 1200 8903 _m
(tic s)_S 56 _t
(per)_S 56 _t
(quarter)_S 56 _t
(note)_S 56 _t
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(defined)_S 56 _t
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(in)_S 56 _t
(the)_S 56 _t
(file)_S 56 _t
(header)_S 56 _t
(chun .)_S 56 _t
(This)_S 56 _t
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(a)_S 1200 8703 _m
(variable-length)_S 56 _t
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(a)_S 1200 7903 _m
(time,)_S 56 _t
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(you)_S 56 _t
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1800 7503 _m
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(Each)_S 56 _t
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(byte)_S 56 _t
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(always)_S 56 _t
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(appendix)_S 56 _t
(A.)_S 56 _t
(Each)_S 56 _t
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(parameters)_S 56 _t
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(the)_S 1200 6903 _m
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(the)_S 56 _t
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(a)_S 56 _t
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(128\).)_S 56 _t
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(a)_S 56 _t
(length)_S 1200 6503 _m
(parameter)_S 56 _t
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1800 6303 _m
(One)_S 56 _t
(subtlety)_S 56 _t
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(cause)_S 56 _t
(confusion)_S 56 _t
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(running)_S 56 _t
(mode.)_S 56 _t
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(command)_S 56 _t
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(midi)_S 1200 5903 _m
(event)_S 56 _t
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(a)_S 56 _t
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(the)_S 56 _t
(command)_S 56 _t
(if)_S 56 _t
(it)_S 56 _t
(were)_S 1200 5703 _m
(included.)_S 56 _t
1200 5303 _m
(4.)_S 56 _t
(Conclusion)_S 1800 4903 _m
(If)_S 56 _t
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1200 4103 _m
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(in)_S 1200 3303 _m
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_bp /NewCenturySchlb -RomanR 500 _ff
0 13200 10200 _ornt
/_r
{ sflg {/_t {0 rmoveto}bdef /ron false def}
{ /_S /show load def /_t {0 rmoveto}bdef /ron false def}ifelse
}bdef
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(3)_S 4645 11503 _m
(Appendix)_S 56 _t
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(16)_S 56 _t
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(8)_S 56 _t
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(<128)_S 1200 9903 _m
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(tt)_S 56 _t
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100 _t
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(116)_S 100 _t
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(117)_S 100 _t
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(|)_S 100 _t
(119)_S 1200 5614 _m
100 _t
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(10)_S 200 _t
(||)_S 100 _t
(120)_S 100 _t
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(121)_S 100 _t
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(122)_S 100 _t
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(123)_S 100 _t
(|)_S 100 _t
(124)_S 100 _t
(|)_S 100 _t
(125)_S 100 _t
(|)_S 100 _t
(126)_S 100 _t
(|)_S 100 _t
(127)_S 100 _t
(|)_S 1200 5113 _m
100 _t
100 _t
100 _t
100 _t
100 _t
100 _t
100 _t
100 _t
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100 _t
100 _t
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100 _t
100 _t
100 _t
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100 _t
100 _t
100 _t
100 _t
100 _t
100 _t
100 _t
100 _t
100 _t
100 _t
100 _t
100 _t
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100 _t
100 _t
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(Wolfgang)_S 100 _t
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100 _t
(1989)_S 100 _t
(M&T)_S 100 _t
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100 _t
100 _t
(MIDI)_S 100 _t
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(message.)_S 1200 3276 _m
100 _t
100 _t
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