ASYNDETIC NOUN CLUSTERS AND RENDERING THEIR MEANING INTO UKRAINIAN

Present-day English abounds in asyndetic noun clusters which very often used in newspaper and scientific matter/texts. They word-groups consisting of are are two, three or more nouns (functionally equivalent to word-groups) like yarn production, yam production figures; the House of Commons debate; mother and child care. New Deal and Great Society programs.' Irrespective of the number of components in these clusters or their structure, they are always in subordinate relation to each other,they function as adjunct i.e., (attributive component) and head (nuleus). The former occupies the left-hand (initial) position and the latter- the right-hand (closing) position in the cluster. The c subordinate relation between the parts of the binary asyndetic substantival cluster can be graphically presented as follows: yarn > production, the House of Commons -* debate, mother and child -> care, cotton yarn -> production, New Deal and Great Society -> pro- grams. In many such and the like noun clusters the head components have a compound noun or a word-group structure too: may Sahara

-> oilwells, US -> open tennis champions, Stormont -> a Social Democratic and Labour Party MP. asyndetic noun clusters may extended adjuncts and Many have extended/expanded heads as in exam Upper Clyde Shipbuilders -> shop stewards; Noise Advisory Council -> working group representative; the Suez Canal ples Zone base > agreement negotiations. The semantic interrelation between the componental parts in asyndetic noun clusters is often quite complicated.
1

The illustrative exam ples of asyndetic noun clusters on this and on the forthcom ing pages have been picked up in B ritish and A m erican papers: T he G uard ian, Financial T im es, US A Today, from the T im e m agazine and others. 225

So is the structural complexity of many asyndetic substantival clusters, which may make their identification as two-, three-, etc. four-, componental word-group uncertain. In other words, a difficulty may arise as to how the asyndetic clusters should be treatedthe NN, - as NNN, or NNNN, etc. word-groups. This is of importanceso much for not the allotment of a substantival cluster, which can partly be seen from the following examples: wageincrease /; per cent wage increase 10 10% or ;policy US ; US foreign policy ; the House of Common's debate ; the recent House of Commons debate / . The adjectival components, therefore, can extend the asyndetic noun cluster and change the starting point of their translation without changing in any way their asyndetic nature. Neither do they change the quantitative correlation of noun components in the clusters. Thus, the House of Commons debate, the Scottish League Cup-tie, the US foreign policy,etc. are two-componental NN-type asyndetic substan tival clusters. Proceeding from this, the components North-West, the like U.S.A., the U.K., Long Kesh the like are to be treated as and single heads or single adjuncts, since they function as a Com pound o r single N N a bbrevia te< p ro pe r-- H en ce, the w o rd-g ro up s, a s th es e below , are / threecomponental only: Long Kesh concentration camp . +NN),the US the (Nprop foreign policy statementabbrev.+ AN+N). (N It goes without saying that each lexeme in the asyndetic sub stantival clusters addsome new meaning to its general semantic s structure. Hence, the more lexemes the cluster consists of, the more unlike the other ways of approach to its translating there may be.

Besides, a quick and correct rendering of meaning of any type of asyndetic substantival clusters mostly depends on the choice of the right component (or its part) from which the translation has to be started.

TRANSLATION OF TWO-COMPONENTAL ASYNDETIC SUBSTANTIVAL CLUSTERS

There can be suggested some ways of faithful translation of asyndetic noun/substantival clusters into Ukrainian. Each of these ways may be predetermined by one of the following three factors: the 1) by lexical meaning of the component parts; their structural 2) by form and 3) by the meaning of the cluster as a whole. Hence, lation of two trans componental asyndetic NN-structure clusters may start: 1) with the head noun: board members ; economy regime ;policy change ; payment imbalance / ; 2) beginning with the adjunct (functioning as an adjective) or with the head (functioning as a noun): dinner-time break / ; school reform / ; student groups / ; currency reform / ; liberation movement / . The number of th translated asyndetic substantival wordus groups in present-day English is considerable. Having often a dual m eaning and nature, som e N m ay b e treated both as A+N-as and adjuncts N+N-components of asyndetic substantival clusters. Of similar nature are also the substantival clusters with pre fixed adjuncts which are translated, as a rule, beginning with the noun head which is characteristic of the NN-type asyndetic noun clusters: antiapartheid legislation / , anti-trade union act () ; non-smoker compartment / . 3) the meaning of some asyndetic substantival clusters with compound adjuncts can be rendered into Ukrainian in a descriptive way as well: nine-men defence 9 (); two-thirds majority ; top-drawer family , ; under-16 country match the 16 . Some adjuncts of asyndetic noun clusters often have a composite structure. They may consist of words belonging to different parts of speech which consti227

APPROACHES TO TRANSLATING ASYNDETIC SUBSTANTIVAL CLUSTERS

As has been pointed out, there may be different approaches to rendering the lexical meaning of asyndetic substantival clusters. These approaches are predetermined by the following main factors: the 1) by number of nouns making up the cluster; by the structureof the 2) adjunct and head (or both these components);by the se 3) mantic relations between the constituent parts of the asyndetic sub stantival cluster which may be local, temporal and others by nature; the 4) by presence or absence of the preceding adjective, participle, possessive pronoun or ordinal numeral. 226

tute either a regular phrase/word-group or a hyphenated conglom eration of words. This kind of word-groups are usually translated in a descriptive way too:the lame duck policy/ ; dead ball situations, ' ;rob Peter and pay Paul policy ; Manchster -travel-to-work area , . Asyndetic substantival clusters of the NN-, NNN-, etc. struc ture are often preceded by adjectives, participl bahuvrihi forma es, tions, pronouns, numerals, etc., used in the function of attributes. They usually form with the N/NN components distinct sense units, may which often predetermine the way of approach to the translation of clusters. For example, in the substantival clusters final pressconference, English as amateur champion, London cab drivers, striking mine workers the attributive (adjectival) components modify the head components NN forming with them word-groups of the A+NN struc In examples like a ture. Democratic Party member, the Tory Government policy, toxic action results the attributive components form close sense units of the AN+N structure with the head noun. This structurethe word-group, i.e., of asyndentic noun cluster, and the semantic interrelation between its components predetermines the choicethe approach to translating it. of As a result, the meaning of the A+NN-type substantival clusters can be rendered into Ukrainian by the lowing main approaches: fol 1) beginning with the initial adjective after which the head and noun its adjunct noun is translated in succession: English amateur champion -; leading world jock eys 1 () ; public protest meeting / ; junior hospital staff ; British health service '/ ' ; 2) beginning with the adjective after which the following noun (ad junct) and then the head noun is translated in succession: conference final press ; London cab drivers /; Royal Shakespeare company ; six-week summ er holiday ;m ajor autum n cam paign London undergroud tunnels ; 3) a considerable number of lexically transparent asyndetic substantival clusters of the A+NN-type are translated in reverse or228

der, i.e., beginning with the head noun after wh attributive com ich the ponent and the adjunct noun is translated in succession. The choice of this approach of translating the A+NN-type asyndetic substantival clusters becomes possible due to the existence in Ukrainian of iden tical semantic units formed with somewhat different grammatical means: European Cup-winners Cup ; Local authority staff ; 4) some asyndetic clusters of the type may be semantically condensed. As a result, more words are needed in the target lan guage to render their meaning, i.e., they are to be translated descriptive in a way: Royal Berkshire polo ground ; London Evening News ;Royal Air Force .The A+NN asyndetic substantival clusters may sometimes be translated in two ways: a) by preserving componental structure of the the English word-group; b) by transforming initial adjective into a the noun and changing the order of compo Maltese NATO base nents: 1) ; 2) ; 3) . Much simpler is the approach to translating the AN+N-type of asyndetic noun clusters in which the initial adjective (A) and the fol lowing adjunct noun form a sen unit of their own. The AN-type sense se unit functions as a syntactically and semantically single at-.tributive component of the head noun. Translation of the AN+N type asyndetic substantival clusters predominantly starts with the head noun, after which the attributive component and then the adjunct noun is translated in succession: Republican Party candidate the ; toxic action results (); dense fog patches / ; British Lion film ;human resources planning . As has been already mentioned some attributive components in English are of dual nature. (cf cannon ball, speech sound). a result, they As can be conveyed either as relative adjectives or as nouns: Labour Government policy / ', London district chairman / ;salary structure design / . A number of AN+N-type asyndetic substantival clusters are
229

translated in a descriptive way too. It becomes necessary when the asyndetic noun cluster is used to denote a specifically British/Ameri can feature, which needs an explanation in the target language: Civil disobedience campaign ( / ); Industrial Relations Act ( , ). Two-componental asyndetic substantival clusters may often have other than AN+N or AN+NN-type structure of components. These may be of the N+AN, or A+AN+N/AN configuration. The ap proach to their translating may consequently vary to some extent as well. The asyndetic clusters with the N+AN structure of the componetns may be translated in the following ways: 1) beginning with the AN head sense unit: US military bases ;NATO nuclear weapons () HATO; UN General Assembly . 2) A similar approach should be employed when dealing with the N+AN or N+QN/N+VingN structure substantival clusters with the initial proper names components as in the following word-groups: Avior the Airline general manager ; New Times editorial staff () -; Burnt Oak public library () -. The asyndetic substantival clus can be ters conveyed beginning with the initial noun which turns the target in language into an adjective:the Opposition Liberal Party ; world public opinion . Other approaches to rendering the meaning of similar type N+AN asyndetic substantival clusters are not excluded either. Thus, the Burnt Oak public library may also be translated as ; Shakespeare Memorial Theatre as ( ). It goes without saying that the descriptive way of translating is preferred, when the asyndetic noun cluster is used out of context: finance over haul bill ; the Wednesday black belt . Extensively exemplified in the newspaper and scientific mat-

ter speech styles of present-day English are also A+AN+N-type asyndetic substantival clusters with preceding adjectivai, partic and ipial other modifiers in the function of attributes. To render their mean ing, different approaches are employed, each being predetermined by the semantic correlation between the componental elements in the target language asyndetic noun cluster. Among the approaches the following are most frequent: 1) starting with the head noun, proceeding to the adjunct (AN) unit and concluding with the adjunct noun: major Western states in terests ;the ten-kilometre in ternational road race 10- ; 2) starting with the initial adjective or participle, proceeding to the head noun and concluding with the adjunct (AN) unit: thrilling second round replay ;efficient public transport system ; 3) starting with the head noun (or sense unit), proceeding in a reverse order of components to the sense unit with the adjunct noun and concluding with the initial adjective, which becomes a noun in Ukrainian: Scottish Labour Party resolution ;the Chechen fighters activities () ; 4) descriptive translating can also be resorted to when dealing with this type of asyndetic substantival clusters: International Social Security Association ( ) . Two-componental AN+AN-type asyndetic substantival clus ters irrespective of the structural forms of A or components are pre N dominantly translated starting with the head AN sense unit. The A component of the head sense unit is usually the starting point: Big Business multi-national firms ; First Aid Nursing Yeomanry ; Old Age Pensioners Joint Committee / . The descriptive way of conveying the sense of AN+AN-type asyndetic substantival clusters may often become necessary to avoid ambiguity or in order to explain some national specific notions asthe in examples Labour Party Young Socialist , ; living fire central heating 231

230

/. Since the relative adjective and the noun in English has often the same orthographic form, it may sometimes be difficult to distin guish them at first sight as in case with the world in the cluster The Next World Esperanto Congress. Here the word world may mean both and . Because of this translation of the cluster have two will faithful variants in Ukrainian: 1. ' , 2. ' .

TRANSLATION OF THREE-COMPONENTAL ASYNDETIC SUBSTANTIVAL CLUSTERS

Second place as to their occurrence in the newspaper and scientific/technical matter texts is occupied by the three-componental NNN-type asyndetic substantival clusters. They split like the extended twocomponental asyndetic substantival clusters into two main sub groups as well. The first subgroup constitute the NN+N-type clus i.e., the ones ters, with two initial nouns forming a close sense unit having the function of an adjunct to the final head noun. The second subgroup make up the N+NN-type clusters in which the final two nouns form the head component to the initial adjunct noun. The mean of the NN+N-type ing subgroup of substantival clusters can be faith rendered into Ukrainian fully by employing several approaches. Their choice is predetermined by the semantic interrelations existing be tween the component parts of the cluster and by the way in which the meaning is to be expressed in Ukrainian. And yet some approachesto translating the threecomponental NN+N-type asyndetic substan tival clusters are more frequently employed than the others. Among these is the 3-1-2 components approach, i.e., starting with the head noun and proceeding to the initial and then to the second noun, bothwhich form together an of NN sense unit: Suez Canal area / ; West Coast dockers ();flat rate increase / ; science research council ;Labour Party leadership ; Scotland Yard spokesman -. Note. Some NN+N-type asyndetic substantival clusters can be translated in two ways: a) starting with the head noun or b) start with ing the NN-type sense unit, the adjunct, whose initial noun turns Ukrainian in into an adjective:Trade Union funds1 ./
232

; 2. /; Tory Government policy 1. /; 2. ; town centre development 1. ; 2. . A considerable number of the NN+N-type asyndetic substan tival clusters are translated in a descriptive way. It becomes inevita when ble some components are nationally/culturally biased words/ expressions denoting a specifically English national feature which must be explained: Clun Forest sheep ( );venture scout leader ; Mill Hill School --, ; Race Relations Act / ( ' '); labour a disputes commission , /. Some NNN (and also the NN) substantival clusters can be translated with the help of a single word: coal face workers ; sheet metal workers , Russia leather ; land improvement work ; land improvement workers. In rarer cases expressing the meaning of the NN+N-type sub group of asyndetic substantival clusters can be performed consecu tively, i.e., in the order in which the components are arranged in the cluster. Cf.: bullet proof shirts/jackets / ; child guidance clinic -. There are also NN+N-type clusters whose meaning can be ren dered in the reverse order to the components' arrangement, i.e., star ting with the head noun and proceeding to the second and to the noun: initial labour movement figures . / ; Manchester City Council () ; the target language peculiarities . The semantic relations between the head and the adjunct unit NN sense may require some other approach to their rendering into the target language as well: a mile event run () ; (the Russian) space station () When the componental parts of asyndetic substantival clus ters are of compound or word-group/phrase structure, their meaning is usually more complicated than that of simple components noun clusters. Due to this they are often translated in a descriptive way: white collar steel industry strike ( ); bread-line old age pensions 233

 , / . The allotm ent of a substantival cluster to a componental type may sometimes be difficult because of its complicated structure and meaning. Thus, it is difficult or almost impossible to identify the asyndetic substantival clusters The G reat Britain-Australia clashes like as a two-componental NN-type word-group, because of the mean ing expressed by the adjunct: Great Britain-Australia (clashes) ( ) . Similarly with the substantival cluster The Notts County centre forward ( -) which despite its compli cated first component Notts Countymay be regarded as a threecomponental asyndetic substantival cluster. This assertion can be substantiated by a more extended translation of the cluster / ( ). Translation of this and other (N+NN) subgroup of asynde tic substantival clusters is no less dependent on the semantic interrela tions existing between their componental parts than in the previous NN+N subgroup. It is not surprising, therefore, that the meaning ofbulk of the the N+NN subgroup of asyndetic substantival clusters is rendered starting with the head group or rather with its initial/ adjunct noun NN and proceeding in the reverse order to the initial/ad noun:friends junct meeting house ;Derry development Commission ; Glasgow autumn holiday / . The last asyndetic noun cluster like some others of themay kind also be understood somewhat differently, namely, as . Two variants of translation may also be suggested for the noun clusterslike The Macclesfield Tory candidate 1. ; 2. ;New Cross LabourClub 1. . -; 2. - . Note: Club in this word-group may also mean party members , i.e., . - - or . Among other approaches to translating the three ponent com N+NN-type asyndetic substantival clusters the following are to be pointed out: 1) beginning with the initial adjunct noun of the N+NN-type sense unit:London trade Unions / ; state 234

security police ; or Attica state prison ' ; 2) beginning with the head noun the initial adjunct noun to - to and the adjunct noun of the head: Attica state prison ' ( -) 2) in the3-1-2 order: ' ( or -) ; 3) beginning with the head noun and preceding to the first adjunct noun, i.e., in the 3-2-1 order: U.S. Senate seat ; Rand Daily/Mail newspaper (- ); 4) beginning with the adjunct noun and proceeding to the head noun after which the second noun in the cluster is translated, i.e., in the 1-3-2 order: worid weight lifting championship ; Rand Daily Mail newspaper ; the millionaire press owners - / ; London delegate conference ; 5) widely represented among the N +NN subgroup word-groups are substantival clusters whose meanings are rendered into ian Ukrain beginning with the NN-type sense unit and concluding with the initial noun (N) as in the word-groups Government reserve scheme a ; Andersonstown police station / ; Manchester housing estate ; 6) in still other cases the meaning of N+NN subgroup of sub stantival clusters can be rendered into Ukrainian only in the order 3-1-2 of components arrangement: retail trade associations ; the Hertfordshire County Council . It should be emphasized once again that some of the N+NNmodel substantival clusters given above can be translated in two ways, depending on the treatment of the adjunct component as or as noun adjective: AI-Anon family groups -; 2. 1. /; Sheffield district committee the 1. ; 2. . The choice of the approach atofaithful translation, which could faithfully express an asyndetic substantival cluster's meaning can be prompted, of course, by the context in which the cluster func and tions, by the style of the text under translation; 7) amply exemplified in this, as in the preceding NN+N sub group of asyndetic substatival clusters are word-groups whose mean235

ing can be faithfully rendered in a descriptive way only: a bullet rubber gun ; September amateur stakes / ; Ulster Defence Regiment ; rent assessment committees / . The three-componental NNN-type asyndetic substantival clus ters are also often preceded by adjectives, participles, numerals or bahuvrihi components in the function of attributes. Irrespective of the semantic subgroup to which the clusters belong (the N+NN or the NN+N-type) their meaning is conveyed starting with the initial attribu tive component and then proceeding according to the rules employed to the N+NN and above the NN+N-types of three-componental asyndetic substantival clusters: the massive riot police operation ( '); the national cash register factory ; the giant Fiat motor company ; inter ational invitation horse race an n ;five-storey Silver Seashore the Hotel ' ; the voluntary wage-price regulation ( ) . When the initial attribute, however, does not refer to the whole NNN asyndetic substantival cluster but forms a close sense unit only with the initial noun, translating of the clusters usually startssome from other component, though not without exceptions either: spe cial rides revision conference ; Common Market grain prices () ; the local government staff workers /; Upper Clyde shipyard steward ; The Northern Ireland Labour Party / . Exceptions to either of the two above-given rules of ment of place components in translation are due the existence of some different to ways of expressing the same meaning in the target lan the guage: British trade union movement 1. ; 2. ; Americantrade union organizer 1. ; 2. ; 236

U.S. health - maintenance organization 1. ' ; 2. '. Sometimes the attribute in the three-componental asyndetic substantival clusters modifies the head noun and forms a sense unit with it. Such attributes often serve as a starting point for translation of the NN+AN clusters as well:Kent area general secretary ; Bangladesh National the Awami Party 1. ; 2. ; But: World class high jumping ; 1999 holiday shopping bag the () 1999 2) ; 1999 ; 3) 1999 . The three-componental asyndetic substantival clusters con sisting of two AN+AN+N component parts functioning as the extended adjunct and a head respectively (or as homogeneous adjuncts to a head single noun) are to be translated beginning with the headponent com irrespective of their structural form: Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association/ ; Noise Advisory Council working group . Regular descriptive translating may also be employed when the meaning expressed by the asyndetic noun cluster is connected with a specific English (or Ukrainian) notion or when the semantic structure requires it, i.e., when there exists no other way of convey sense ing its in Ukrainian: Manchester direct works building site , ;eclipse eye protection ;Cossack salt merchants - .

TRANSLATION OF FOUR-COMPONENTAL ASYNDETIC SUBSTANTIVAL CLUSTERS

The four-componental NNNN-type asyndetic substantival clus ters are less frequently used in newspaper or scientific and technical matter texts than the three-componental ones. The nouns within the fourcomponental asyndetic noun clusters are semantically intercon nected, like in the three componental ones forming the N+NNN, NN+NN or NNN+N sense units within them. There may also be AN+NNN or AN+ANNN etc. structural forms of them. The semantic
237

interrelations between the components usually predetermine the choice of an approach to translating the four componental asyndetic substantival clusters. This approach may sometimes depend on the meaning of separate noun components and on their structure as well as on their position within the frames of substantival clusters. As a result, there are different approaches to translating this structure type of asyndetic substantival clusters, the most frequently resorted to being the following: 1) starting with the head noun and proceeding in reverse or der to the initial noun adjunct. This approach provides the expres sion of meaning of the NNN+N, NN+NN, NP+NN+N, N+NN+Ntural types struc of asyndetic substantival clusters: the US Defence De partment officials decision ; Copper Products Development Association / ; UN Security Council meeting the agenda / ' ; Kyiv career club open meeting ; 2) some of the above-given semantic groups of the fourcomponental asyndetic substantival clusters are translated starting from the head noun and its preceding adjunct and proceeding to the initial and the following (second) noun: Sunday Express newspa leader the per writer / ; $40 a week wage increase offer 40 ; 3) depending on the semantic interrelations between the of nouns the four-componental asyndetic substantival clusters their lation trans can also proceed in the 4-2-3-1 order of components: Houseof the Representatives Government Operations Committee ( ); Caterpillar Diesel tractors trials () ; 4) there are also some minute groups of the four-componental substantival clusters with less common approaches 4-1-3-2:Nobel like Peace Prize Winners ; 3-4-1-2: Gloucester County Cricket Club / ; 2-3-1-4: Salford West Labour MP Stan Orme , ; 2-4-1-3: the 40-nation Geneva Disarmament Conference 40 ; 1-4-3-2: Darmouth Auto Castings Plants 238

or: ; 5) when the NNNN-type substantival clusters are semantically condensed, which happens rather often, because their components may also be of different word-group structure or contain a noun denot ing some specific English national features, they are translated in a descriptive way: Mr. Hiles, the lobby committee secretary ; the National Union of Railway- jubilee men celebration dinner ( ). The four-componental asyndetic substantival clusters having an initial adjective, numeral, participle, pronoun or an N's compomay nent be translated y applying different approaches: b 1) starting with the attribute and proceeding in the same order of components in which the N+NNN, NN+NN or the NNN+N(N+NN+Ntype) asyndetic substantival clusters are translated: UK oil out figure a total put / / ' ( ); first Rugby League match the test / ; 2) starting with the head or N component as in the asyndetic NN substantival clusters below: the British road service parcels depots / ; the language service inauguration dates ( ) (). Translating of the four-componental NNNN asyndetic sub -type stantival clusters may also be predetermined either by a semanti cally leading head component (a single noun or a NN, AN, NprepN structure) as well as by the adjunct component. The latter may in its turn be a single attributive noun or an adjective +N (AN), present participle+ N(VingN), past participle +Nen(V num eral +N (QN), +N), pronoun +N (IN) or have a word-group structure (NP or VP): presidential campaign U.S. finance legislation (Nabbr. +AN+NN) . Similarly in many other noun clusters this type: a glass reinforced plastics of lifeboats construction . But: Harwell atomic Energy Research Centre ; the continental China off-shore islands oil deposits () .

239

TRANSLATION OF FIVE-, SIX-AND SEVEN-COMPONENTAL ASYNDETIC SUBSTANTIVAL CLUSTERS

It must be noted from the very start that the five-, six-sevenand componental asyndetic substantival clusters belong to rare or rare rather word-groups in English newspaper or scientific and nical matter tech texts. Nevertheless the approach to their translating does not differ practically from that of the four-componental asyndetic sub stantival clusters. It usually starts with the head noun. To render the meaning of any multi-componental asyndetic noun cluster, however, there should be identified first and foremost closer sense units within Thus, in a them. five-componental asyndetic substantival cluster noun constituents its may form the NN+NN+N, NNN+NN, AN+NN+NN, N+AN+NN+N-type, etc. sense units. For example: Covent GardenOpera House orchestra performancehas the following closer or looser sense units: NN+NN+NN where Covent Garden a close sense is unit (proper noun) and functions as a single component. Translation this and the like asyndetic of substantival clusters should be started the headNN component: with / () . Similarly with the cluster London County Council general purpose committee member ; London District Woodworker Amalgamated Society committee / ' . When the initial component performs the function of a tive N rela adjective, translating of the five-componental NNNNN-type asyndetic substantival cluster may start with this N component:the London sheet metal workers section . Translating of the fivecomponental asyndetic substantival clusters can also be started the second with sense unit initiated by a noun, functioning as a relative adjective: the Post Office Workers London district council . When the multi-componental asyndetic substantival cluster i s of appositional nature, its translation starts either with the proper name, which is the apposition noun, or with its antecedent noun. However, translation may also start with some other component func as a tioning relative adjective in a sense unit preceding the apposi nouns: tional world-mile record holder Peter Snell. 1. , 240

; 2. ; 3. . Multicomponental asyndetic substantival clusters designat ing some specific English notion, which is not revealed by direct ren of dering the lexical meaning of its noun components, are translated in a descriptive way:the City Cooper Square Community Develop ment Committee () . Translation of the six- and seven-componental asyndetic sub stantival clusters is realized according to the same principles and ap as the proaches four- and five-componental asyndetic substantival clusters. Pointing out the sense units, formed by the components usu ally helps find out the starting component and the correct way of trans the clusters. It must be borne lating in mind, however, that these multicomponental asyndetic substantival clusters may be translated by different approaches as well, each of which may faithfully render clusters' meaning: New Zealand world mile the record holder Peter Snell1. ; 2. , . rare occasions one may come across asyndetic On substanti clusters consisting of seven or more nouns. These val semantically condensed noun word-groups are translated in accordance with thesame rules, which are employed when dealing with the five- and six-componental noun clusters (by way of pointing out the sense units within the clusters and finding the necessary noun or sense unit for the translation to start). In such cases the multi-componental asyndetic substantival clusters, which are not preceded by attributive adjuncts, can be translated starting with the head noun: United Post Workers London district council postmen section chairman Mr. Harry Jones , / ' . It should be added in conclusion, that many asyndetic sub stantival clusters are difficult for our students to translate because they mostly do not take into account their condensed semantic nadue ture, to which more words are usually needed to convey meaning in the their target language. And not only multi-componetal asyndetic substantival clusters. Very often two-componental asyndetic clusters can be noun semantically condensed: >4/DS drugs , / ; brakes / fax ;Rome-based Food and Agricul Organization ture 241

 ( - ). Semantically condensed may also be many three- and more componental asyndetic substantival clusters: World Health Organi zation (three words) ' (four words); government work offices . Here the number of components all in Ukrainian equivalents is larger than in their English originals. Sometimes, though rarely, however, the meaning of asyndetic substantival clusters can be rendered in Ukrainian by fewer words, than in English: Turin public prosecutor the ; London building workers ; old books sales the man ; the land improvement work ; the crop farm ers ,etc. Our students must be repeatedly warned, that the use of threeand more componental asyndetic substantival clusters is mostly re stricted to the newspaper and scientific or technical matter texts. In spoken English and in belles-lettres texts preference is given -to prepo sitional word-groups, which may easily be transformed into asyndetic substantival clusters. Cf.: Newspaper texts/styles Oral speech the plant shop-stew ards the shop-stewards of the plant Labour housing policy the policy of the Labour Party the M idlands car factory trade union com m ittee
in/concerning housing

SUGGESTED TOPICS FOR SELF-TESTING AND CLASS DISCUSSION

1. The structural peculiarities of the word-combinations referred to as asyndetic substantival/noun clusters. 2The principle of identifying the number of componental in parts asyndetic substantival clusters. 3. The correlation between the position N components and of their functional significance in asyndetic substantival clusters. 4. The structural forms of the adjunct and head components in asyndetic substantival clusters. 5. The nature/kind of syntactic connection existing between the components of asyndetic substantival clusters. 6. Factors predetermining the approaches to equivalent ren dering of meanings of two-componental (NN) substantival clusters into Ukrainian. 7. Ways of faithful expressing the meaning of the twocomponental asyndetic noun clusters with extended/expanded ad juncts or heads of the NP+NP (noun phrase+noun phrase) type. 8. Approaches to rendering the meanings of the twocomponental NN substantival clusters preceded by an attributive adjective, participle, pronoun, numeral or adverb. 9. Approaches to conveying the meanings of the twocomponentalNN asyndetic substantival clusters with attributesthe to adjunct and to the head component (ANAN, ANQN, etc.). 10. The influence of semantic relations between the compo nents of the asyndetic substantival clusters over the choice of an approach to a faithful rendition of their meanings. 11. Ways of extending two-componental asyndetic substanti val clusters by adding adjuncts to each component. NN 12. The consecutive order of translation in the threecomponental asyndetic substantival clusters of the N+NN and NN+N types. 13. The approach to rendering the meaning of the threecomponental NNN asyndetic noun clusters preceded by attributive adjectives, participles, pronouns, numerals or adverbs. 14. The approaches to faithful translating of the four-, and fivemore componental asyndetic substantival clusters with and with out the preceding attributes to their component nouns. 15. The way of rendering the meaning of semantically con243

the trade union com m ittee of the M idlands car factory

All translators, therefore, must bear it in mind, that in the ess proc of rendering far from all Ukrainian substantival word-groups should necessarily be transformed into English multi-componental asyndetic noun clusters. Exception must be made only when dealing with the names of various former Soviet and today's Ukrainian public bodies, offices and enterprises, institutes, universities, former col and lective state farms, plants and factories, publishing houses, farmer firms, cooperatives, etc., which bore or bear honorary names like: . Lviv Zan'kovets Opera and Ballet House 'ka ; the Kyiv Shulyavs underground railway station 'ka ; . Kharkiv Skovoroda Teachers Training University, () Prolisok the (Snowdrop CollectiveAgriculturalEnterprise etc. ) , 24 2

densed two-, three-, and more componental asyndetic substantival clusters. 16. The structure of the word-combinations preferred in spo ken English and in belles-lettres works instead of the multicomponental asyndetic substantival clusters.

EXERCISES FOR CLASS AND HOME TRANSLATION

Exercise I. Define the structural form of the components in the two-componental asyndetic substantival clusters below. Suggest the possible ways of conveying their meaning into Ukrainian. 1. witness testimony;2. skills analysis;3. night shift; 4. debt trap; 5. Krasnodar Territory; television network; food prices;8. job 6. 7. opportunities;9. London docks;10. Labour group;11. sugar steamers; 12. oil paintings;13. school leavers;14. oil countries;15. wage strike; 16. forestry products; economy regime; pay claim;19. crop yields; 17. 18. 20. livestock products;21. animal husbandry;22. solid engine;23. consumer demand;24. wage cuts; 25. protest dem onstration; 26. Midlands unemployment; promotion limitations; car thieves;29. 27. 28. gun licence;30. Labour backbenchers; slave sailers (ships); car 31. 32. bomb; 33. Sunday Express sellers; 34. non-smoker carriage;35. electricity cuts; keep wages down lobby; government draft; 36. 37. 38. Management development; a questionand answer interview; law 39. 40. and order advocates; the IMF visit Kyiv);42. an oblast capital; 41. (to 43. a 44-hour week;44. a team-con tract method;45. White House intern; 46. the Guardian International subscribers; 47. plan and production discipline;48. Research and Development Society. Notts County vs 49. Bolton match; Scotland Yard detectives; Trafalgar Square rally; 50. 51. 52. the latest suneclipse; 53. a welfare-reform plan; government 54. bond prices;55. a Buy America (American cars) campaign; a 56. price-earnings ratio;57. Tory failings; 58. contract killings;59. the Osaca Summit;60. John Fitzgerald Kennedy Library; the Sea Owl 61. submarines (USA). Exercise II. Find the starting component for translating into Ukrainian the following two-componental asyndetic substantival clusters with the attribute to the adjunct or to the head noun/nucleus:
244

A) 1. Light music and drama programme; 2.the maximum end results; 2. the two-way trade exchanges; Ukraine-British business 4. partnership;5. nuclear power stations; the latest weather fore 7. 6. cast. Moscow-based industry analyst; local sports clubs; first-ever press 8. 9. conference;10. our spring musical program; Royal Court Theatre; 11. 12. the main passenger section; an in-house video 13. specialist; 14. major ocean routes;15. two-seater city cars;16. three-party coalition government; 17. a Commercial production pervisor and su technician; 18. larger-than-local sports projects; good Ryder Cup 19. start. 20. an island penal colony; the next Cabinet 21. meeting; 22. International Motor Show; a former CIA official; local education 23. 24. authorities; 25. off-shore oil deposits; common profit aims; 26. 27. British woman doctor; meagre salary increase; current wages 28. 29. negotiations;30. the Scottish tartan Society; intensive-type crop 31. varieties; 32. the first NBA championship (U.S.A.); (the) House 33. Republican leaders; the promising soccer club; the public sector 34. 35. reform; 36. the modest Santa Claus rally; a favourite harbour 37. party. B) 1. Republican party leaders; the Middle East process; 2. 3. most City of London economists; the National Bank activity; 4. 5. Scottish Electrical Workers Union; a police department lawyer; 5. 7. primary school teachers; Labour Party conference; high quality 8. 9. second hand cloths and accessories; political committee secre 10. tary; 11. civil defence organization; social insurance expendi 13. pop 12. ture; music fans;14. local government jobs; EngineeringUnions officials; 15. 16. national protest day; lightweight metal; tourist class double 17. 18. rooms; 19. the five-party Cabinet Consultative Committee; 20. the Windows operating systems; British postalservice processes; 21. 22. Decimal Currency Board (Gr. Brit.) a solid fuel system;24. German 23. Booksellers and Publishers Association; a Health Sector Stream; 25. 26. government and European Union decisions; 27. International Copyright Protection; London Evening 28. Standard. Exercise III. Analyse the three-componental asyndetic substantival clusters below. Point out the closer NN-type sense units in them and the starting components for their translation into Ukrainian. A) 1. a Bachelor of Music Education Degree; 2. Sunday after noon concerts;3. the supertanker collision drama; a school foot pitch; 4. ball 5. Andrew Jackson Park and Museum;Edinburgh Stuent Unions; 6. d 7. publications control board; Essex Action Commit8. 245

tee; 9. London Business School; the Detroit motor show; 10. 11. Cossack salt merchants; school sports facilities; State circuit 12. 13. court; 14. customer service laboratories; City of London police 15. force; 16. Westminster Defence Minister; England team man 17. ager; 18. crime figures rise; Labour majority group; Tory lead 19. 20. ership election; 21. the Natural Resourses Defence Council; Local 22. Government Officers Union; New York State Governor; the 23. 24. Youth Hostels Association; V-E Day celebrations; world without 25. 26. bombs conference programme; the Kyiv Dynamo soccer 27. club; 28. U.S. Civil War veterans; Kyiv teachers and students 29. demonstration; 29. sheep skin vests; B) 1. U.S. Administration official; the world bagpipe champi 2. onship; 3. the Tory selection procedure; the world disarmament 4. conference;5. retail food prices; New Zealand Golf Association; 6. 7. White House press secretary; New York State governor; 8. 9. Shevchenko prize winners; Manchester City Council; U.Stockport 10. trade unionists; depot mass meetings; Pittsburgh steel works; 12. 13. 14. the U.S. Senate seat; water conservancy constructions; Park 15. 16. Royal Vehicle factories; South-East (a London district) Sports 17. Council; 18. appeal court judges; the US Negro servicemen; the Girl 19. 20. Guide Association; sugar crop disaster (in Cuba); the House of 21. 22. Commons committee room; Medicare part premi ms; 24. the 23. u University of Toronto graduate student; the APEC (Asia-Pacific 25. Economic Co-operation) liberalization commitments; baboon bone26. a marrow transplant; upperclass mass murderer; the snap opinion 27. 28. polls; 29. the exchange rate level; South Carolina State Museum; 30. 31. the oblast government administration; a health insurance 32. programme; 33. the Air Force General Staff; the Air Force 34. Command; 35. the London Stock Exchange; the World Trade 36. Organization; 37. the morning and evening rush time; the 38. Buckinghamshire County Museum; a $542 million stand-by 39. arrangement; the Hong Kong web developer. 40. Exercise IV. Point out the sense units in the threecomponental asyndetic substantival clusters below and render descriptively their meanings into Ukrainian. 1. the Fire Brigades Union; land improvement measures; the 2. 3. League management committee; world light-weight title; the 4. 5. Commonwealth sugar agreement; vehicle repair industry; post 6. 7. office employees; trade union movement; front line positions; 8. 9. 10. Ireland Civil Rights Association; the London building workers 11. joint sites; 12. car bomb explosion; Nottingham autumn stakes; 13. 246

14. Leeds Anti-Racialism Committee; motor vehicle castings; 15. 16. Thames Television interviewer; school milk cuts (in Great Brit 17. ain); 18. summer holidays vacancies; a health insurance pro 19. gramme;20. Jbkoda sports coupe; the world cricket team; Scots shipyards 21. 22. stewards; 23. Mersyside car workers; 24. Derbyshire and West Midlands police force; a Ryder Cup golf series; the Upper Clyde 25. 26. Shipbuilders shop-stewards; 27. the Ford joint shop-stewards committee; 28. Ashridge (settlement) executive velopment de programmes;29. the Saxony data-protection commis sioner; 30. the voucher insurance company; Public Sector Man 31 agement Institute (UK) 32. the Oxford Strategic Leadership gramme;33. the Verdugo pro Hills Archery club (Cal., U.S.A) the business development division; 34. 35. United Nations Environment pro gramme; 36. (Rural) Finance and Enterprise Support Project; China familirization programme; 37. 38. world stockmarket capitaliza 39. (Ukraine's) 1999 privatization tion; efforts; 40. Itar-Tass news agency; 41. the UJS. Supreme Court decision.42. Salary structure design. Exercise V. Analyse the sem antic Interrelation between ~ ^oTTtpo*rT8fft8l fJSnS Of tfie AWN^MNANll-,**^li5r'fypeS 6T~~ asyndetic noun clusters below. Point out the starting and the proceeding com ponents to achieve a faithful translation of the clusters into Ukrainian. Model: Former world heavyweight champion (1 -4-2-3). first trade union country club -4-2The (1 3-5) . 1. additional television news programmes; National Health 2. Service hospitals;3. International amateur golf tournament; the 4. Common Market fisheries policy; Strategic Arms Limitation Talks; 5. 6. Labour Party conference week; the black-soil zone crop yields; 7. 8. French television network facilities; the entire trade union move 9. ment; 10. The preschool child care establishment; the internal trade union 11. conference; Labour Shadow Home Secretary; South Wales steel 12. 13. plants;14. a local CBS television station; large- cale US air raids; 15. s 16. Singer's Sewing Machine factory; the Tory Industrial Relations Act; 17. 18. State Social Security Department (USA); Trade Union Congress 19. general secretary;20. the Internationalbass guitarist section; 21. International ski federation rules; successful world championship 22. defence;23. the North-West Economic Planning Council (Gr. Brit.); 24. British Ocean Steamship compa 25. British Steel Corporation shopnies; stewards; the 1998 World 26. 247

Cup final; 27. our fall (autumn) drama production; strict data pro 28. tection laws; a marginal income tax reform; European and 29. 30. world club champion; British steel strip products; private W hite 31. 32. House polls results; the Caspian pipeline Consortium deal; a true health 33. 34. care reform; international labour organization criteria; a moderate 35. 36. welfare reform plan; the nuclear power plant dis 37. aster; 38. the captive gas station attendant; a moderate welfare 39. reform plan;40. The daytime and evening bus service; New YorkCity Transit Authorities. 41. Exercise VI. Suggest the possible approaches to translating the four-componental asyndetic noun clusters below. Model: the BBC TV feature Death in the Prison Yard (3-2-1-4) -- '. A) 1. Durability Insurance Trust Fund; the United Nations 2. Refugee Relief Agency (UNRRA); the nuclear weapons test ban 3. treaty. 4. New-Castle Youth Employment Office;the UK oil output 5. figures.6. the Post Office Engineering Union; trade union branch 7. the table; 8. the USA Senate Foreign Relations Committee; Child 9. the Poverty Action Group; London port ship-repair workers; the 10. 11. Europa World Year Book; State Development Research Centre; 12. 13. the BBC Radio Today programme; the Medicare health 14. insurance programme;15. the State Duma Culture Committee (Rus 16. a sia); Harvard Business School professor; George Wash 17. ington Bridge bus station;18. the Nobel Peace Prize Winner; (this year's) Cannes Film 19. Festival winners; the Air Traffic Control 20. Staff; 21. (the Department of Transport's) Air Accidents Investiga Branch; 22. Boryspil Airport tion same-day tickets sales; 23.the Manhatten Express bus service; the 24. Pacific Stock Exchange tech nology index; the University of Chicago 25. Law School Kyiv ca 26. reer club open meeting. B) 1. French world record race champion; the Rolls-Royce 2. Bristol engines division; the estate grain elevator company;factory 3. 4. and office trade union committees; the speed-way Express 5. Knockout cup semi-final; district trades union council; Clyde- ank Town 6. 7. b Hall Council; 8. Northern Ireland Labour Party leaders; the 9. Birmingham regional Hospital Board meeting; China Policy Study 10. Group;11. the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Associations Ex 12. ecutive; Shevchenko Literature Prize winners; the South York 13. shire Passenger Transport Executive; the US Cruise missile bases; European 14. 15. Petroleum Equipment Manufacturers Federa 16. British European tions; Airway cheap summer tourist flights; 17.

all-Britain East-West trade agreements; leading Southampton Dock 18. trade unionist;19. former world mile record holder; Indian Union 20. Carbide Pesticides Plant; Richard and Hinda Rosenthal Foundation 21. poets award;22. Mountain State arts crafts Fair; 23. Red Rock & Canyon National Conservation Area; the New York Times 24. bestsellers list; The United Nations Security Council Reso 26. 25. lution; the New Castle second division football match; 27. The Northern Praries Wildlife Research Center. Exercise VII. Point out the sense units and the starting components to translate correctly each five- and sixcomponental asyndetic substantival cluster below. Offer one or two Ukrainian variants (where possible) for each English wordgroup. 1. the Voice of America Language service inauguration dates; 2. the world speedway team championship final;the Perkins Dieel 3. s factory engine plant; the Retail Food Trades Wages Council;the 4. 5. Coventry tool room rate agreement; Natal University Sports 6. a Union dinner; 7. Essex Gold Cup supporters club trophy;West Midlands 8. Deputy Chief Constable Les Sharp;guerrilla suicide car 9. bomb attack (Lebanon);10. World Number One amateur tennis player Emerson; Roy 11. the Suez Canal Zone base agreement; the U.S. Information 12. Infrastructure Task Force; the community de 13. velopment block grant programme; 14. the government law enforce ment assistance administration; United Nations Security Council 15. Resolution425; 16. Mr. Shimpei Nukaya, Economic Planning Agency director-general; deputy 17. the Palestine Liberation Organization chairman Yasser Arafat. 18. the Radio City Music Hall box office; cane sugar industry waste 19. products;20. the U.S. Marine Corps War Memorial;21. the U.S. health maintenance organization; Ameri-can'Power Boat Association Gold 22. Cup Champions. Exercise VIII. Prior to translating the sentences below into Ukrainian point out the sense units in their asyndetic substantival clusters and find the starting component for a faithful conveying of their meaning into Ukrainian. 1. The three-man UN mission leaves London today after four days of talks with the British Government. 2. Several magistrates are staying from the civic luncheon being given by the Labour-con city trolled magistrates. Two new miniature power units have been 3. announced by the Lexor Electronics. At Scottish career offices there were, in 4. September, only real jobs for more than 287 10,000 school leavers. 5. Public support for the Coal Miners strike decision

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in Luhansk region is growing. This is shown in an opinion poll pub lished yesterday.6. On Friday the Foreign Secretary flies off to Wash for a ington NATO Ministers meeting. The frequency meter type will measure 7. 265 the frequency of repetitive wave form. The work rs have to fight 8. e redundancy dismissals, pit closures, rail closures. week of county 9. A council election opened in England and Wales yesterday. 10. We'll never accept Govt pay policy, say miners. The book features short 11. excerpts from actual student communica note books as well as tion excerpts from student and professional speeches. He has three 12. times been President of the Romford Constituency Labour Party and also of the Romford Trades Council. And there's a play on from the 13. New York Theatre Guild... (A.Cronin) He had really belonged... to 14. that crowd of outsiders who turned up their coat collars, spotted, smoked, and took their occasional recreation not at the University Students Union Club but in a downtown billiard saloon. (Ibid.) 15. This is the name (Little General Assembly) given to the three-month United Nations World Trade and Development Conference which opens today. 16. The Public Health Laboratory Service team is to try to track down the cause of what is commonly known as gastric flu by studying out breaks throughout Britain. The committee studied a trade union 17. activities draft document in dealing with the multinational compa nies. 18. The USA continues to produce most MBA or Master of Business Administration graduates. Harvard Business School and Columbia 19. University both have introduced more team projects in their management courses. The satellite is some times heavier than 20. 15 previous US spy satellite models. The New YorkHerald Tribune 21. W ashington correspondents say the deficit now stands two million at about dollars and continues to grow. A General Assembly resolution 22. provided for the establishment of a Unitedtions Emergency Force Na Special Account. The Amalgamated En 23. gineering Union South Essex District Committee is sending a egation to meet Members of del Parliament with a request for engineers flood the lobby when they to have finished work. The dispute at 24. Fords factory is to be the subject of any inquiry headed by chairman the Motor Industry Joint Labour of Council.25. Five members of the Windsor group hospital management committee at the Binfield Park Hospital for mentally handicapped children took part in the discus 26. The United States Army sion. Engineer Research and Develop Laboratories at Fort Bluoir are ment currently testing a multi-pur> pose tracked vehicle.Quality Control 27. Department decision re250

garding proposed defect elimination expenses estimate was referred to Chief Design engineer, W elding Department superintendant and Process Department superintendant. But Miss Mason who came, 28. she exposed, from the Home Office Frozen Meat Investigation De partmentproved a restricted source of enlightenment. (A. Cronin)The British 29. Aircraft Corporation combined shop-stewards mittee expressed full com support for the NUM (National Union ofers). 30. Hong Kong doesn't Min need high technology manufacturing, says Mr. Howard Davies, Hong Kong Polytechnic University profes of business studies. Mr. sor 31. Shimpei Nukaya, Economic Plan Agency deputy director-general, ning said growth in gross domestic product was on track to meet the more modest government target 2.5 per cent for the fiscal year. The fullof 32. year growth rate was distorted by artificially strong data in the first quarter. 33. It has beentaken Boyko up till today to change most of the personnel in the oblast government administration. One of the ways 34. New Jersey is making it easier for families to save is the Garden State Savings Bond Programme. The interest earned on Garden State 35. Savings Bonds will not be included in gross income for Federal income tax purposes and will be exempt from the tax imposed by the New Jer sey Gross Income Tax Act. South Carolina kindergarten teacher 36. Phyltis Adelsflugel had a flair for imaginative ways to seize the atten tion of her pupils.37. Get tickets at the Radio City Music Hall office (Bronx). box Exercise IX. Transform the following Ukrainian noun wordgroups into English asyndetic substantival clusters: 1. . 2. . 3. . .. . 4. () . 5. 1999 . 6. . 7. 1940 . 8. - . 9. . 10. 1999 . 11. . 12. ' - . 13. . 14. . 15.
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15. . . 16. . 17. . 18. 1997 . 19.

.. 20. . 21. ' .

252