Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 14

ENGLISH 1ST YEAR READER MATERIAL SEE WWW.WORLDWEBSITES8.BLOGSPOT.

COM FOR OTHER SUBJECTS;;;

This PDF was made with the DEMO version of PDFtypewriter. The full version will not add this text to OUR PICTURE OF THEfull version at your PDFs. You can purchase the UNIVERSE http://ctdeveloping.com
Stephen Hawking, a professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge, is widely regarded as the most brilliant theoretical physicist since Einstein. He worked on the basic laws which govern the universe. The present essay Our picture of the universe is adapted from his book A Brief History of Time. A vivid picture of our universe is given in it. Earlier View:People in the olden days, ridiculously believed that the earth was a flat plate supported on the back of a giant tortoise standing on an infinite tower of tortoises. The Aristotelian Ptolemaic Theory:The Greek Philosopher Aristotle, in his book On The Heavens mentioned that the earth was not a flat plate, but a round sphere. He also put forward two good arguments that would support his belief. The first one was that the shadow of the earth on the moon, during the lunar eclipse, was always round. The second one was that the North Star appeared directly above an observer when viewed from the North Pole and seemed lower in the sky when viewed from the South Pole. Aristotle thought that the earth was stationary at the centre of the universe and that the sun, the moon, the 5 planets known at that time and the stars moved in circular orbits around the earth. Aristotles idea was later elaborated by Ptolemy. He gave a complete cosmological model. It was believed that the stars were fixed. The Copernican Theory:In 1514, a simpler model was proposed by a Polish Priest Nicholas Copernicus. His idea was that the sun was stationary at the centre and that the earth and the planets moved in circular orbits around the sun. Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei:The Copernican Theory was supported by two astronomers Kepler and Galileo, after a century. A death blow to the Aristotelian Ptolemaic theory had come. Galileo started observing the night sky with his newly invented telescope. He observed that Jupiter was accompanied by several small satellites and moons. This implied that everything need not directly orbit around the earth. It indicated that the earth need not be at the centre of the universe. Kepler modified Copernicuss theory suggesting that the planets moved not in circles but in ellipses. But he was not able to reconcile the predictions and the observations. The Newtonian Theory:In 1687, Sir Isaac Newton in his book Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica put forward a theory of how bodies move in space. He developed complicated mathematics needed to analyse those motions. He also postulated a law of universal gravitation. According to this law, each body in the universe was attracted toward every other body by a force that was stronger depending on their masses and the distance between the bodies. The same force caused objects to fall to ground. The same force causes a) The Moon go round the Earth. b) The Earth and other planets go round the Sun in elliptical paths / orbits. It was later explained that the stars wouldnt remain motionless. IT CONTAINS ALL MATERIALS,ALL IN ONE,IMPORTANT QUESTIONS, 1 PREVIOUS YEARS EXAM PAPERS,GUIDES ETC;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; IT ALSO CONTAINS SOFTWARES,MOVIES,GAMES,;;;;;;;;

ENGLISH 1ST YEAR READER MATERIAL SEE WWW.WORLDWEBSITES8.BLOGSPOT.COM FOR OTHER SUBJECTS;;;

This PDF was made with the DEMO version of PDFtypewriter. The full version will not addEdwin Hubble Big Bang:this text to your PDFs. You can purchase the full version at Before the 20th century, it was believed that the universe was essentially static and http://ctdeveloping.com unchanging. In 1929, Edwin Hubble made the landmark observation that distant galaxies are moving rapidly away from us. It means that the universe is expanding. Hubbles observations also suggested that there was a time called Big Bang when the universe was very very small and very very dense. One may say that time had a beginning at the Big Bang. Theory A Good Theory:A theory is a good theory if it satisfies two requirementsa) It must describe a large class of observations. b)It must make definite predictions about the results of future observations. Aristotles theory states that everything was made out of four elements Earth, Air, Fire and Water.It was simple to qualify but didnt make any definite predictions whereas Newtons theory of gravity predicts the motions of the sun, the moon and the planets to a high degree of accuracy. According to Karl Popper, a good theory should have a number of predictions which may be proved or disproved.When they are proved,it raises confidence in us .When they are not proved,the theory should be modifed. The eventual goal of science is to provide a single theory that describes the nature of universe. It is not possible to describe the whole universe at a time. The best way out is to formulate a number of partial theories.
The Two Basic Partial Theories:Scientists describe the universe in terms of two basic partial theories a) The general theory of relativity which describes the force of gravity and the largescale structure of the universe. b) Quantum Mechanics which deals with extremely small scales. These two theories are inconsistent with each other but were the major achievements in the field of science which have given us both the nuclear energy and the microelectronics revolution. One of the major endeavours of physics today is the search of a new theory that will incorporate these two theories. The Ultimate Goal:Hawking admits that even the discovery of a complete unified theory may not be useful for the survival of mankind. It may not even affect our lifestyle. However, people have been craving to understand the underlying order in the world. Humanitys deepest desire for knowledge is justification enough for our continuing quest. The ultimate goal is to invent a single theory that describes the universe as a whole.

A VERY SHORT HISTORY OF COMPUTER ETHICS

ETHICS Ethics deals with placing a value on acts according to whether they are good or bad. Every society has its rules about whether certain acts are ethical or not. These
IT CONTAINS ALL MATERIALS,ALL IN ONE,IMPORTANT QUESTIONS, 2 PREVIOUS YEARS EXAM PAPERS,GUIDES ETC;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; IT ALSO CONTAINS SOFTWARES,MOVIES,GAMES,;;;;;;;;

ENGLISH 1ST YEAR READER MATERIAL SEE WWW.WORLDWEBSITES8.BLOGSPOT.COM FOR OTHER SUBJECTS;;;

This PDF was made with the DEMO version of PDFtypewriter. The full version will not addrules have to your PDFs. You can purchase the full in society and are often written this text been established as a result of consensus version at into laws. http://ctdeveloping.com

COMPUTER ETHICS When computers first began to be used in society at large, the absence of ethical standards about their use and related issues caused some problems. However, as their use became widespread in every facet of our lives, discussions in computer ethics resulted in some kind of a consensus. Computer ethics is a branch of practical philosophy which deals with how computing professionals should make decisions regarding professional and social conduct. NORBERT WIENER Norbert Wiener was a professor in the MIT (Massachusetts Institute of technology). He founded computer ethics as a field of study in the early 1940s at the time of World War II while helping to develop an anti-aircraft cannon. This cannon was capable of shooting down fast war planes. The first part of the cannon had to perceive (become aware of something through senses) and track an airplane. It should then calculate the likely trajectory (line of flight) and talk to the other part of the cannon to fire the shells. The engineering challenge of this project caused Wiener and his colleagues to create a new branch of science called cybernetics. Cybernetics is the science of information feedback system. It is the study of relationship between computers and human nervous system. The concepts of cybernetics when combined with the digital computers led Wiener to draw some remarkably insightful ethical conclusions. He clearly foresaw revolutionary social and ethical consequences. In 1948, wiener wrote in his book Cybernetics: or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine that the technology has given us many advantages as well as evil consequences. In 1950, Wiener published his monumental book, The human Use of Human Beings. It established him as the founder of computer ethics. However, Wiener didnt use that term. The book laid down a comprehensive computer ethics foundation. It remains today a powerful basis for research and analysis in the field. Wiener opined that the integration of computer technology into the society would remake the second industrial revolution which would affect every major aspect of life. It would take a long time and would include a wide diversity of tasks and challenges for people in each and every field. This complex and new area of applied ethics, founded in1940s remained undeveloped and unexplored until the mid 1960s. By then, important social and ethical consequences of computer technology had become manifest. Computer-related ethical issues began to grow.
IT CONTAINS ALL MATERIALS,ALL IN ONE,IMPORTANT QUESTIONS, 3 PREVIOUS YEARS EXAM PAPERS,GUIDES ETC;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; IT ALSO CONTAINS SOFTWARES,MOVIES,GAMES,;;;;;;;;

ENGLISH 1ST YEAR READER MATERIAL SEE WWW.WORLDWEBSITES8.BLOGSPOT.COM FOR OTHER SUBJECTS;;;

This PDF was made with the DEMO version of PDFtypewriter. The full version will not addDONN PARKER PDFs. You can purchase the full version at this text to your http://ctdeveloping.com

Computer-aided bank robberies and other crimes attracted the attention of Donn Parker. He wrote books and articles on computer crime and created a code of ethics for the members of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) in 1973. The ACM Code was revised in the early 1980s and again in the early 1990s. THE BIG-BROTHER GOVERNMENT In the mid 1960s, computer-enabled invasions of privacy by bigbrother government agencies became a public worry and led to books, articles, government studies and proposed legislation. New privacy laws and computer crime laws had been enacted in America and Europe by mid 1970s. Organisations of computer professionals were adopting codes of conduct for their members. JOSEPH WEIZENBAUM Joseph weizenbaum, a computer scientist at MIT, created a computer programme called ELIZA in mid 1970s. It was intended to imitate a Rogerian psychotherapist engaged in an initial interview with a patient. The simple programme brought forward some shocking reactions. Weizenbaum viewed a few of his students and staff become emotionally involved with the computer and shared their intimate thoughts with it. Considering such responses, he wrote the book Computer Power and Human Reasons (1976). This book is now considered a classic in computer ethics. WALTER MANER Walter Maner noticed that new ethically important considerations arise when computers are involved in medical ethics cases. He noticed this while teaching a medical ethics course in 1976. So, he felt a need for a separate branch of applied ethics and he gave the name computer ethics to it. Maner was the person who coined the word computer ethics. Maner defined computer ethics as that branch of applied ethics which studies ethical problems aggravated, transformed or created by computer technology. He also offered guidelines for dealing with the subject in the classroom in A Starter Kit for Teaching Computer Ethics. TERREL WARD BYNUM ; JAMES MOOR

Inspired by Maners work, Terrel Ward Bynum developed curriculum materials and a university course in 1979. In 1980s he gave speeches and ran workshops at a variety of conferences across America. He was an editor of the journal
IT CONTAINS ALL MATERIALS,ALL IN ONE,IMPORTANT QUESTIONS, 4 PREVIOUS YEARS EXAM PAPERS,GUIDES ETC;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; IT ALSO CONTAINS SOFTWARES,MOVIES,GAMES,;;;;;;;;

ENGLISH 1ST YEAR READER MATERIAL SEE WWW.WORLDWEBSITES8.BLOGSPOT.COM FOR OTHER SUBJECTS;;;

This PDF was made with the DEMO version of PDFtypewriter. The full version will not addMetaphilosophy. He launchedcan essay competition to generate interest in computer this text to your PDFs. You an purchase the full version at ethics and to create a http://ctdeveloping.com special issue of the journal. It was entitled `Computers and

Ethics`. The winner of the competition was James Moor and the classic essay was `What Is Computer Ethics?` He described computer ethics in his essay. He said that computers provide us with new capabilities which in turn give us new choices for action. A central task of computer ethics is to formulate policies to guide our actions. He also said that computer ethics include both personal and social policies for the ethical use of computer technology. THE WATERSHED YEAR FOR COMPUTER ETHICS

The year 1985 was a significant year for computer ethics because of the special issue of Metaphilosophy and Moors classic article. Not only that, the first major textbook in the field Computer Ethics was published by Deborah Johnson. An edited collection of readings with John Snapper, Ethical Issues in the Use of Computers, was also published.

DEBORAH JOHNSON In her book, Johnson defined computer ethics as a field which examines ways that computers pose new versions of standard moral problems and moral dilemmas, exacerbating the old problems, and forcing us to apply ordinary moral norms in uncharted realms. Johnson did not think that computers created wholly new ethical problems, but rather gave a new twist to already familiar issues such as ownership, power, privacy and responsibility.

In her 1999 ETHICOMP paper, Deborah Johnson expressed a view which, upon first sight, may seem to be the same as Grniaks: I offer you a picture of computer ethics in which computer ethics as such disappears.... We will be able to say both that computer ethics has become ordinary ethics and that ordinary ethics has become computer ethics. But a closer look at the Johnson hypothesis reveals that it is very different from Grniaks. Johnsons hypothesis, in reality, is essentially the opposite of Grniaks. It is another way of stating Johnsons often-defended view that computer ethics concerns new species of generic moral problems. It assumes that computer ethics, rather than replacing theories like Benthams and Kants, will continue to presuppose them. Current ethical theories and principles, according to Johnson, will remain the bedrock foundation of ethical thinking and analysis.
IT CONTAINS ALL MATERIALS,ALL IN ONE,IMPORTANT QUESTIONS, 5 PREVIOUS YEARS EXAM PAPERS,GUIDES ETC;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; IT ALSO CONTAINS SOFTWARES,MOVIES,GAMES,;;;;;;;;

ENGLISH 1ST YEAR READER MATERIAL SEE WWW.WORLDWEBSITES8.BLOGSPOT.COM FOR OTHER SUBJECTS;;;

This PDF was made with the DEMO version of PDFtypewriter. The full version will not Computer revolution purchase the to a revolution in ethics. in add this text to your PDFs. You canwill not lead full version at http://ctdeveloping.com

The fundamental ethical theories will remain unaffected that computer ethics issues are simply the same old ethics questions with a new twist and consequently computer ethics as a distinct branch of applied philosophy will ultimately disappear. KRYSTYNA GORNIAK Gorniak, in her 1995 ETHICOMP paper, predicted that computer ethics which is just a branch of applied ethics will evolve into a system of global ethics applicable in every culture on earth. It will encompass the entire globe. It will address the totality of human actions and relations. Computers do not know borders. On Grniaks view, the computer revolution will eventually lead to a new ethical system, global and cross-cultural in nature. According to the Grniak hypothesis, local ethical theories like Europes Benthamite and Kantian systems and the ethical systems of other cultures in Asia, Africa, the Pacific Islands, etc., will eventually be superseded by a global ethics evolving from todays computer ethics. Computer ethics, then, will become the ordinary ethics of the information age. In other words, computer ethics will become universal, it will be a global ethic. Computer ethics would be common to all cultures. The Wiener-Maner-Grniak point of view sees computer technology as ethically revolutionary, requiring human beings to reexamine the foundations of ethics and the very definition of a human life.

THE GOLD
ABOUT THE AUTHOR

FRAME

The Gold Frame was a short story written by the famous cartoonist R.K.Laxman. He was known for his political cartoons. The common man was his famous creation in The Times of India. He wrote short stories, travelogues and a novel. He was honored with prestigious Magasaysay Award in 1984. DESCRIPTION OF DATTA AND HIS SHOP Datta was the owner of The Modern Frame Works, a small photo frame shop tucked between a radio repair shop and a drug store. The shop stood on shaky legs. IT CONTAINS ALL MATERIALS,ALL IN ONE,IMPORTANT QUESTIONS, 6 PREVIOUS YEARS EXAM PAPERS,GUIDES ETC;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; IT ALSO CONTAINS SOFTWARES,MOVIES,GAMES,;;;;;;;;

ENGLISH 1ST YEAR READER MATERIAL SEE WWW.WORLDWEBSITES8.BLOGSPOT.COM FOR OTHER SUBJECTS;;;

This PDF was made with the DEMO version of PDFtypewriter. The full version will not Datta was hardworking man who talks less with the customers and friends. He add this text to youraPDFs. You can purchase the full version at never wants to be disturbed by idle gossips. He always sits hunched up surrounded by http://ctdeveloping.com cardboard pieces, glass sheets, boxes of nails, glue bottles, paint tins and other odds and ends that went in putting a picture into a frame. Whenever he finds the pencil stub missing, he shakes his dhoti vigorously which was an ultimate move and it rocked the whole shop. He seems fitted in his shop with a complexion of seasoned timber. His was a concave figure with silver-rimmed glasses. Many pictures were set on the walls of the shop without an inch space left. There were pictures of gods, saints, hockey players, children, cheap prints of Monalisa, national leaders, wedding couples, Urdu calligraphy, the snow-clad Fujiyama and many others without any order and arrangement. The whole shop looks disorderly like a world of fantasy. There is an old wooden box in the shop. All unclaimed photographs find their way into it. Cockroaches, silver fish and other creatures make their home in this box. The shop has a variety of plain, decorative, floral, geometrical, thin and hefty samples of frames. Datta puts all the photographs waiting to be framed, in a shelf.
THE CHARACTER SKETCH OF DATTA Datta, the owner of Modern Frame Works, is the central figure in the short story, The Gold Frame. He was a lean man with silver-rimmed glasses and the complexion of seasoned timber. He suited well in his shop which rested on shaky legs and tucked between two other shops. This suggests that he was not stable with consistent values. Datta was a silent and hardworking man. He spoke very little and discouraged casual friends and idle gossip. He was always found working in the midst of odds and ends disorderly scattered all over the floor of the shop. The shop was a world of fantasy like his own mind. Whenever a customer came, Datta seemed to be indifferent but was actually attentive to what he would say. Datta recommended a frame with gold leaves and creepers to his customer as he knew nothing about the photo frames. He also said that it was imported from Germany to clear any further doubt regarding its quality. He further recommended a cut mount for the frame. Obviously, he knew the tricks of trade and how to impress and convince ignorant customers. He knew from his experience that the customers never came in time. So he would not begin the work unless his customers came twice. Datta started his work as he had sensed the mans attachment with the photo. He was dumbstruck when the photo was covered with enamel. He stared at the disaster and lost all faculty of movement. He tried to rescue it but made the worse of it. He was afraid of the consequences and thought of alternate solutions like framing another photograph. Datta carefully selected an unclaimed photo that resembled the old man. He put it in a dazzling frame. He became bold enough to challenge the customer if his faking was discovered. He resolved to claim that this was the photograph that the customer had given him. Datta was in great suspense and anxiety. He was nervous about the hoax (deception; trick) he had played. He watched the customers expression holding his breath. He was surprised to see the reverential look and benevolent expression. When the customer indignantly demanded him for what he had done, it seemed quiet familiar to Datta as he had rehearsed it for several times. But before he could answer him, the customer ended up in rebuking him for giving a square cut mount. IT CONTAINS ALL MATERIALS,ALL IN ONE,IMPORTANT QUESTIONS, 7 PREVIOUS YEARS EXAM PAPERS,GUIDES ETC;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; IT ALSO CONTAINS SOFTWARES,MOVIES,GAMES,;;;;;;;;

ENGLISH 1ST YEAR READER MATERIAL SEE WWW.WORLDWEBSITES8.BLOGSPOT.COM FOR OTHER SUBJECTS;;;

This PDF was made with the DEMO version of PDFtypewriter. The full version will not add thisThe story reveals in ample can purchase the full version at However, he was as text to your PDFs. You measure, the cunning nature of Datta. frail as his makeshift (unsteady; temporary) shop. He was tricky and resourceful. Still he had http://ctdeveloping.com got the shock of his life.
THE CHARACTER SKETCH OF THE CUSTOMER R.K.Laxman gives the character of a common man in the character of the customer. He goes to The Modern Frame Works to get a photo framed. He asks Datta for the best frame. The picture was sharp and highly glazed in spite of its antiquity which shows that he took great care in preserving it. He wants to show his homage to the person in the picture in the shape of a glittering frame. He also says that he would not mind how much the frame costs in which his master is to be fixed. He has great respect to the person in the picture and says that he has been his god. As he describes the greatness of the old man, his unusual qualities of nobility, compassion and charity; his voice comes close to the chanting of a holy scripture. He examines the selection of frames for a long time, unsure of his judgment, as he wants to select the best. He was immediately convinced when Datta says that the frame was imported from Germany. He takes Dattas help in selecting the frame and the mount. As a common customer, he pretends to be shocked when heard the price and tries to bargain. He visits the shop prior the given date and enquires whether the picture was framed or not. It shows his deep interest in getting the photo framed. Later, he visits the shop promptly on the day Datta had asked him to come. He exclaims childish delight when the picture was ready. He spreads his arms wide open to receive the photograph as if he was greeting a long-lost person. He was impatient while Datta took time to unwrap the paper. He showered praises on his worshipful master. When the glittering frame was revealed by Datta, he seems visibly struck by its grandeur and fell silent like the one who had entered the inner sanctum of a temple. He demands Datta for what he had done .The reverential look and benevolent expression from his face were vanished. He shouts with tremendous authority that Datta has given him a square cut mount while he had asked for an oval cut mount. Laxman moulds the character in such a way that he was unable to find out the biggest hoax but was very particular about the minor things. THE GOLD FRAME AS A HUMOROUS STORY The short story The Gold Frame is humorous from the point of view of the theme, characterization, setting and style. The writer R.K.Laxman, himself is a humorous cartoonist writer. The theme of the story constitutes a successful hoax played by a clever and resourceful trickster on an ignorant customer. When a customer wants an appropriate frame for the photograph of an old man, Datta, the shop owner, accidentally damages the photograph. He finds in his shop, a similar-looking old man and fits it in a dazzling gold frame. The suspense, anxiety and fear shown by Datta and the praise showered by the customer on Datta and the old man create a lot of humour. The way the customer becomes an easy victim to Datta and the customers inability to recognize his original master evokes both sympathy and humour. The characters, Datta and the customer, are a study in contrast. If Datta is cunning, resourceful, skilful, intelligent and unprincipled, the customer is an unsuspecting, ignorant and IT CONTAINS ALL MATERIALS,ALL IN ONE,IMPORTANT QUESTIONS, 8 PREVIOUS YEARS EXAM PAPERS,GUIDES ETC;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; IT ALSO CONTAINS SOFTWARES,MOVIES,GAMES,;;;;;;;;

ENGLISH 1ST YEAR READER MATERIAL SEE WWW.WORLDWEBSITES8.BLOGSPOT.COM FOR OTHER SUBJECTS;;;

This PDF was made with the DEMO version of PDFtypewriter. The full version will not easy victim to your PDFs. viles of Datta. At times Datta was subject add this text to the guiles andYou can purchase the full version at to shock and fear but he is clever enough to turn http://ctdeveloping.com the tide in his own favour. The concave or lean figure of Datta with silver-rimmed glasses and the complexion of seasoned timber evoke humour. The setting of the story is another source of humour. There is nothing modern about The Modern Frame Works. It is only an extra-large wooden case resting on wobbly (shaky) legs. Whenever Datta shakes his dhoti for the missing pencil, the whole shop and every photograph on the wall would swing. The floor is filled with all sorts of odds and ends. The walls are nailed with a number of photographs which has no order at all. The style of the story is consistent with the theme of humour. Dattas declaration: I dont have any second rate stuff in my shop evokes humour. Similarly, when the customer sees the false photograph and becomes silent like the one that has entered the inner sanctum of a temple, there is a humour. At the end of the story when the customer gives Datta a shock at the square shape of the photograph when what he wanted was the oval shape, the result is humour. Thus the story The Gold Frame has suspense, irony and humour resulting from the theme, characterization, setting and style.
THE OUTLINE OF THE STORY Description of Datta and his shop. A rustic looking customer came to Datta to get a photo framed. He brought an antique picture which was very sharp and glazing. He wanted it to be framed so as to pay homage to his worshipful master. Datta helped him in selecting the frame and the mount from a wide variety of item there. The customer finally selects a gold frame with leaves and creepers and an oval cut mount. He was asked to come two weeks later. But Datta knew from his experience that the customers never returned in time. So he wouldnt start the work until they report twice at least. But the customer had come early by two days to find out the progress. Sensing the customers love towards the person in the photo, Datta decided to start the work. He put the frame on the plank for measurements but the pencil stub was missing as usually. Datta was impatient and shook his dhoti vigorously to find it out. But it so happened that a tin of enamel was splashed on the photograph. He was dumbstruck at the happening. He lost all his senses and was staring at the disaster. When he came back to his senses after a while, he was in a desperate hurry to rescue the picture. He rubbed the picture with a piece of cloth so hard that half of the old mans face along with his turban were vanished. They were changed into small dark particles on the cloth. Datta was unable to think about the consequences. His imagination ran wild. He now wanted to replace the photo and searched the unclaimed photographs box to find a photo in resemblance with the old man. He selected a photo and set it in a dazzling gold frame. Datta was so pleased with his achievement. The days that followed were filled with suspense and anxiety. His heart began to race when he had to face the situation. He took time to unwrap the frame. The customer was so pleased to look at the glittering frame and Datta could clearly see a reverential look and benevolent expression on the customers face. But he held his breath waiting for the moment to come. He suddenly saw a change in the customers face. The customer demanded him indignantly for what he had done. The moment seemed familiar to Datta for he had already gone through it a thousand times day and night since he had splashed the enamel on the original photograph. He had also rehearsed his piece precisely for this occasion. But before he could open his mouth to answer, the customer was furious that Datta had given him a square mount instead of an oval cut mount. IT CONTAINS ALL MATERIALS,ALL IN ONE,IMPORTANT QUESTIONS, 9 PREVIOUS YEARS EXAM PAPERS,GUIDES ETC;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; IT ALSO CONTAINS SOFTWARES,MOVIES,GAMES,;;;;;;;;

ENGLISH 1ST YEAR READER MATERIAL SEE WWW.WORLDWEBSITES8.BLOGSPOT.COM FOR OTHER SUBJECTS;;;

This PDF was made with the DEMO version of PDFtypewriter. The full version will not The your PDFs. You can purchase the add this text tostory thus ends evoking great humour. full version at http://ctdeveloping.com

UNIT-4 WATER: THE ELIXIR OF LIFE


ABOUT THE AUTHOR Chandrasekhar Venkata Raman was a famous Indian Physicist who won the Nobel Prize in 1930 for his work on the molecular scattering of light and for the discovery of Raman Effect. He was awarded Bharat Ratna in 1954. He brings out the importance of water in the present essay Water: The Elixir of Life. WATER AS A CONSTRUCTIVE POWER C V Raman says that the true elixir of life is water. Water makes the earth teem with life and vegetation. He compares the Libyan Desert and the Valley of Nile to tell the importance of water. Water makes the land fertile. The valley of Nile is full of green plants and is fertile whereas the Libyan Desert is without a speck of green or living thing. It is water alone that makes the difference. Water adds so much to the beauty of the countryside, be it a little stream or a pond or a tank-its a cheering sight. Water in a landscape may be compared to the eyes in a human face. It reflects the mood of the day. Water has the power to carry silt or finely divided soil in suspension to great distances. The silt thus deposited forms the great tracts of land called alluvial areas. Such land is usually very fertile. The flow of water has played a great and useful part in the geological processes. The soil on the earths surface has been formed from the rocks of its crust. DESTRUCTIVE FORCE OF WATER Water can also play a destructive role and wash away the soil which is the foundation of all agriculture. It can have the most disastrous effects on the life of the country. The problem of soil erosion is one of the serious threats in various countries and in many parts of India. SOIL EROSION Soil erosion occurs in successive steps, the first of which may pass unnoticed. The cutting up and washing away of the earth is visibly seen in later stages. The principal factors causing soil erosion areFormation of deep gullies and ravines which make all agriculture impossible Sudden burst of heavy rains which result in a large run of surplus water The contributory (responsible) causes areSlope of the land Removal of the natural protective coat of vegetation Existence of ruts Absence of any checks of water flow A large quantity of precious soil is washed away if such conditions exist.

1 IT CONTAINS ALL MATERIALS,ALL IN ONE,IMPORTANT QUESTIONS, 10 PREVIOUS YEARS EXAM PAPERS,GUIDES ETC;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; IT ALSO CONTAINS SOFTWARES,MOVIES,GAMES,;;;;;;;;

ENGLISH 1ST YEAR READER MATERIAL SEE WWW.WORLDWEBSITES8.BLOGSPOT.COM FOR OTHER SUBJECTS;;;

This PDF was made with the DEMO version of PDFtypewriter. The full version will not add this text to your PDFs. You can purchase the full version at http://ctdeveloping.com
MEASURES TO CONTROL SOIL EROSION An urgent attention and preventive action is necessary to control soil erosion. A few suggestive measures areTerracing of the land Construction of bunds to check the flow of water Practicing contour cultivation Planting appropriate types of vegetation CONSERVATION AND UTILISATION OF WATER Water is the basis of all life. Every plant and every animal has a proportion of water in its body. Indian agriculture is dependent on seasonal rainfall and excess quantity of rain water runs off the ground. The collection and utilization of this water is essential .Large amounts of precious fluid finds its way to the sea. So, harnessing the rivers is to be done. Harnessing of water also make possible the development of hydroelectric power. It would enable ground water to be tapped and thus help to overcome the irregularity and inadequacy of other sources of supply. Conservation of water can also serve subsidiary purposes. It provides the cheapest form of transportation by boats and barges. Courageous and well-planned action can change a scrub jungle into a fertile land. Techniques used to control soil erosion can also help to conserve water. AFFORESTATION The systematic planting of trees in every possible and impossible areas is one of the most urgent needs of India. Such plantation would directly and indirectly be a wealth to the country. They would check soil erosion as well as conserve the rainfall of the country from flowing away to waste. They would also provide necessary supplies of cheap fuel and thus conserve farm yard manure. In one sense, water is the most common of all the liquids. In another sense, it is the most uncommon of liquids with amazing properties. Water has the unique power of maintaining animal and plant life.

UNIT- 5
REACHING FOR THE STARS
KALPANA CHAWLAS BIRTH AND PARENTAGE Kalpana Chawla, Indias first woman astronaut was born in 1961 in Karnal. Her parents were Banarasi Lal Chawla and Sanjyothi. Kalpana learnt from her family that one should work hard to reach ones destination. She secured the grit and determination, to achieve her goal, from her family. Kalpanas mother taught her to do what she loves best. She also taught her not to give up anything she believed in. Kalpanas parents gave importance to education even though they IT CONTAINS ALL MATERIALS,ALL IN ONE,IMPORTANT QUESTIONS, 11 PREVIOUS YEARS EXAM PAPERS,GUIDES ETC;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; IT ALSO CONTAINS SOFTWARES,MOVIES,GAMES,;;;;;;;;

ENGLISH 1ST YEAR READER MATERIAL SEE WWW.WORLDWEBSITES8.BLOGSPOT.COM FOR OTHER SUBJECTS;;;

This PDF was made with the DEMO version of PDFtypewriter. The full version will not belongthis conservative family. There were purchase the full version ateducation of girls in add to a text to your PDFs. You can many restrictions regarding the Karnal. http://ctdeveloping.com
KALPANAS EDUCATION Kalpana studied in Tagore Bal Niketan, where the teachers and principal took part in shaping her with love and affection. Kalpana left the school with an impressive academic record. She decided to become an aerospace engineer, at a very young age. She completed her pre-degree from Dayal Singh College in Karnal and admitted into the PEC (Punjab Engineering College) in Chandigarh. She opted to study aeronautical engineering. She was the only girl student in her small class of 8. Her interest and enthusiasm in subjects of study were unflagging. She used to spend most of her time in the classroom, the library or the laboratory. She also used to participate in the annual day and other college day functions and other activities. Kalpana left for Texas to join the graduate course in the University of Texas at Arlington (UTA). She later completed her Ph.D in 1988. She would amaze everybody by standing on the academic tops. She also learnt Bharatanatyam despite of her hectic schedule. KALPANAS FASCINATION . Kalpana, at her young age, would often watch trainer aircraft land and take off with an expression of joy and wonder in her face. She always had a fascination for flying. She used to make pictures and models of airplanes in the art and craft classes. Her father used to arrange a few joy rides for her at the local flying club. Kalpana would lose herself in the endless dark sky scattered with twinkling stars. It had been her favourite pastime which was the beginning of her deep fascination for the blue yonder. She opted for aeronautical engineering at the PEC as she wanted to be a flight engineer and design aircraft. KALPANAS CHARACTER Kalpana was a shy but cheerful girl with boundless energy and strong inclination for adventure. She was a small-built girl with dark eyes and a bright smile. She impressed people around her with her strong determination and commitment to work. She was fun-loving and readily responded to challenges or adventures. She learnt to drive a car when she was just fourteen. She decided to become an aerospace engineer, at a very young age. She always used to turn towards the more difficult and challenging option without any fear. She believed that one should enjoy whatever one does in life. She always made her own decisions and was able to convince her family that she made the right decisions. With the calm manner and quite resolve nature, Kalpana succeeded in convincing her family when she was to go to her higher studies and also at the time of her marriage. Kalpana was a very pleasant and unassuming person according to her friends. She was so bold and confident. She was an illustrious and multi-faceted woman. She maintained relations with her friends and family in spite of being very busy. She was instrumental in allowing two students from her school to visit the NASA every year. She also sponsored a young student. She took care to present the autographed mementos which she carried with her on her first space flight to her friends and her educational institutions where she studied. She never rested on her achievements or took success for granted. She improved herself in the area of public speaking before attending the interview at NASA. She was a hard IT CONTAINS ALL MATERIALS,ALL IN ONE,IMPORTANT QUESTIONS, 12 PREVIOUS YEARS EXAM PAPERS,GUIDES ETC;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; IT ALSO CONTAINS SOFTWARES,MOVIES,GAMES,;;;;;;;;

ENGLISH 1ST YEAR READER MATERIAL SEE WWW.WORLDWEBSITES8.BLOGSPOT.COM FOR OTHER SUBJECTS;;;

This PDF was made with the DEMO version of PDFtypewriter. The full version will not worker. Shetext to youron the urgent need to take care the full version at its natural resources add this emphasized PDFs. You can purchase of our earth by saving and by protecting the environment. http://ctdeveloping.com Kalpana was a combination of a brilliant mind and an intensely humane spirit. She was a loyal daughter, a great friend and a grateful student. Kalpanas character and achievements made her an epic personality. She reached the stars with strong will power and courage. KALPANAS MARRIED LIFE Kalpana married French-American Jean-Pierre Harrison, one of her friends, in 1983. He was a flying instructor. Kalpana was able to convince her conservative family that she had made a right decision. Kalpana moved with her husband to Colorado, after completing her masters programme. He had been a supportive co-voyager in the course of her difficult journey. KALPANAS PROFESSIONAL ACHIEVEMENTS Kalpana joined the NASA Ames Research centre in California after completing her Ph.D. She was given a job as Vice President and Research Scientist with Overset Methods, Inc., in the Silicon Valley 1993. She was to research on the problems faced by the astronauts in space. Kalpana was called by NASA to appear for an interview to become an astronaut.122 aspiring candidates were chosen for interview out of 2962 applications. It was the finest of all her achievements. Later, she was selected to be one of the 19 candidates- NASAs 15th batch of astronauts. She underwent the tough training. Kalpana was given the chance of going into space aboard the Columbia shuttles STS87 mission. She represented diverse scientific disciplines. She was also assigned the job of the prime robotic arm operator. She was the mission specialist and had to monitor experiments conducted on board and in addition, assist the commander and pilot and keep a check on the shuttle systems. She was later selected as a crew member for the Columbia STS-107 mission. It was to conduct research on micro-gravity. The Columbia was disintegrated on 1 February 2003 while it was making its re-entry into the earths atmosphere. There were no survivors. Aeronautical Engineer, research scientist, space traveller- Kalpana Chawla will remain a part of the worlds heritage for the extraordinary will power and daring that she showed in her attempt to reach the stars.

UNIT 6 A SERVICE OF LOVE


ABOUT THE AUTHOR
A service of love is a short story written by O.Henry. O. Henry was the pen name of American writer William Sydney Porter (September 11, 1862 June 5, 1910). His short stories are known for wit, wordplay, warm characterization and clever twist endings.

STORY IN BRIEF
Joe Larrabee and Delia Caruthers could be considered an ideal couple for the love they have for each other. Joe Larrabee had a genius for painting and Delia had a genius for singing. Joe came to New York from the Middle West with a small capital. Delia came from south. They met in a studio and fell in love with each other and were soon married. They IT CONTAINS ALL MATERIALS,ALL IN ONE,IMPORTANT QUESTIONS, 13 PREVIOUS YEARS EXAM PAPERS,GUIDES ETC;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; IT ALSO CONTAINS SOFTWARES,MOVIES,GAMES,;;;;;;;;

ENGLISH 1ST YEAR READER MATERIAL SEE WWW.WORLDWEBSITES8.BLOGSPOT.COM FOR OTHER SUBJECTS;;;

This PDF was made with the DEMO version of PDFtypewriter. The full version will not addloved their art your PDFs. You can purchase the full version at days. They lived a this text to and had clear goals. They spent their life happily for a few luxurious life spending their little money extravagantly. Now they had no money to pay for http://ctdeveloping.com their coaching classes in painting and music. They had no money even to buy food. Delia decided to give music lessons to be able to buy food. One day, she returned home excitedly and said that she found a pupil by name Clementina, daughter of General A.B.Pinkney. She wanted Joe to continue with his lessons. She also convinced Joe that she would be learning while teaching. She has to give three lessons a week and would get five dollars a lesson. She used to tell her husband that Clementina was a delicate girl, who always dresses in white and has good manners. Joe said that he would be able to sell one of his paintings in a few days. The next week, Delia was with an earning of 15 dollars and Joe with 18 dollars. Joe said that he sold his painting to an old man from Peoria and that the man had ordered another painting. The couple was happy with their earnings. A week later, Joe came home with dark paint on his hands and with eighteen dollars. Later, Delia returned home with a bundle of wraps and bandage on her right hand. Joe inquired her about it and she started saying how strange Clementina was. She said that Clementina wanted to have a Welsh rabbit at five in the afternoon. She was so nervous and so spilled a great lot of it, boiling hot, on Delias wrist while serving and General Pinkney got it wrapped with soft cloth and bandage. Joe questioned about the soft cloth beneath the bandages. He asked her what she has been doing for the two weeks. Delia tried to continue the story but in vain. She revealed that she has been ironing clothes in a laundry and the injury was due to the hot iron. She questioned Joe how he had found it out. Then Joe replied that he too has been working as engine operator in the same laundry and that it was he who has sent the soft cloth with oil on it for the girl that hurt her hand upstairs. Now that they came to know that both of them had made up stories and that General Pinkney, Clementina and the man from Peoria are the inventions of their creative minds. This made them laugh and they werent angry with each other even. Their understanding, sympathy and love for each other increased. They did not blame each other for their misfortunes. They made sacrifices and remained loyal to each other. Never for a moment did they quarrel or think of leaving each other. Theirs was true love. They were sincere lovers, so there was no question of deceiving each other. They were consistent and constant in their love for each other. Art brought them together and love sustained them. So they could be considered an ideal couple. Their pretensions as to their employment were after all, wellmeant. These pretensions brought them still closer and they became model lovers.

IT CONTAINS ALL MATERIALS,ALL IN ONE,IMPORTANT QUESTIONS, 14 PREVIOUS YEARS EXAM PAPERS,GUIDES ETC;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; IT ALSO CONTAINS SOFTWARES,MOVIES,GAMES,;;;;;;;;

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi