Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 6

Journal of applied science in the thermodynamics and fluid mechanics Vol. 1, No.

1/2007, ISSN 1802-9388

ACOUSTICS OF JET FLOW


*Kateina HORKOV, **Karel FRAA *Technical University of Liberec Studentsk 2, 461 17, Liberec, Czech Republic Phone:+ 420 485 353434 Email: Katerina_Horakova@centrum.cz **Technical University of Liberec Studentsk 2, 461 17, Liberec, Czech Republic Phone:+ 420 485 353436 Email: Karel.Frana@seznam.cz The objective of this work is a two-dimensional simulation of jet flows and propagation of he acoustic waves. Simulations were performed for two different velocity magnitudes of the flow and for results interpretations, the additional acoustics tools implemented in FLUENT were adopted. Acoustic characteristics were probed for several acoustics characteristics (acoustic pressure, sound pressure level, significant frequencies etc), then velocity and pressure fields were illustrated as well as turbulent flow characteristics. Keywords: Acoustic, numerical simulation, noise, Flowcs Williams Hawkings model

1 INTRODUCTION Numerical analysis of 2D unsteady air outflow from a simple jet was carried out by the commercial software Fluent version 6.1.22. An evaluation of flow results were using by velocity and pressure fields, turbulent flow characteristics (turbulent kinetic energy) and also by acoustic characteristics. The calculation was performed for flow velocities 100 m/s a 150 m/s, respectively, and results obtained were compared each other. It monitored the start and stabilization of the flow. The time step was chosen to be short because of the capture of any significant frequency. The jet was considered as a source of the noise. The Fluent version (6.1.22) provides calculation of acoustics characteristics in limited volume. The position of a microphone was defined properly so it was possible to display graphs of acoustic pressure and sound pressure level in dependence of frequency or time. It also enables finding out significant frequencies with the power spectral density. Another option is displaying e.g. contours of velocity magnitude, pressure, Mach number etc. The simulation of the aeroacoustic propagation depends strongly of the accuracy of the applied numerical methods. Practically, high order accuracy methods are required for discretizations [1]. Because of low order accuracy method used in Fluent, applications of the Ffowcs WilliamsHawkings equation for the engineering simulation of the acoustic noise generation seems to be attractive methods and therefore the well-known Flowcs Williams Hawkings model was preferred to be applied in the study [2]. This model was successfully used e.g. at numerical simulation of aeroacoustic noise from rotating blades [3] where the results were in good agreement with experiments. Another example of using this acoustic model is in reference [4]. There is used a landing gear, a side view mirror and an automotive A-pillar rain gutter. These three simulations were supported by experimental data. 2 PROBLEM FORMULATIONS The computing grid was created by the software Gambit. The grid was generated by 4-nodes elements with the count of 32122. In Fluent, the grid was modified at the area of jet to total number of elements 56329 (Fig. 2 Fig. 3). The air was set up as a compressible so that boundary conditions for air outflow from studying area were defined as the pressure outlet. The boundary condition for jet inlet is the velocity inlet and for the jet was defined as solid walls (Fig. 1). For solver, the Segregated model was chosen, because this used version of the Fluent doesn't allow any other solver for the acoustic calculation [5]. For the turbulence model was chosen k- SST, which is optional for matching conditions in this case. Discretization schemes of time were the second order implicit. Discretization schemes of momentum were at the same order (schema Upwind). The air was defined as an ideal gas with 20 C temperature, calculation ran on short time step (1.10 -5 s) to total time step 4,5.10-2 s. At
1

Journal of applied science in the thermodynamics and fluid mechanics Vol. 1, No. 1/2007, ISSN 1802-9388

this total time, it was reached statistical steady state (unsteady flow-field under consideration, including all the major flow variables, has became fully developed in the intent that its statistics do not change during the time). The statistical stabilization ran during the calculation (at time 4,5.10-3 s) and after this process was possible to come up with a setup acoustic calculation. It started from this time to final time step at 4,5.10-2 s time.

Figure 1: Draft of jet in the software Gambit describes by boundary conditions

Figure 2: Computing grid in the software Fluent

Figure 3: Modified grid

at the area of jet

The preferred Flowcs Williams Hawkings was many times successfully used in different acoustic calculation, see [3], [4]. The jet flow was considered as potential source of the acoustic noise. For calculation acoustic characteristics, it was important to defined position of the microphone e.g. of on the top at the right corner of this considering area (Fig. 4).

Figure 4: Place of a microphone

3 RESULTS 3.1 Pulsation of velocity inlet On the basis of the created flow animation, it's clearly obvious that although the air velocity inlet was defined as a constant velocity (in case of u=100 m/s and 150 m/s) in the input area appeared many pulsates and it is formed unsteady flow (Fig. 5 - Fig. 8). It may be explain as the affect of the compressibility and viscosity of the air. These regular pulsations were observed in the graph of the sound pressure level in dependence on the frequency. Fig. 5 - Fig. 8 show the flow development from the jet at a different computation time. The air velocity inlet and outlet are different during the time according to on what period the computation is occurred.
2

Journal of applied science in the thermodynamics and fluid mechanics Vol. 1, No. 1/2007, ISSN 1802-9388

In the Figure 5 we can see a typical mushroom shape which corresponds to unsteady flow (although it's generated by steady velocity inlet). Fig. 8 shows relatively steady flow and no changes during the time (except pulsations in the velocity inlet). The development of the velocity and pulsation is similar in both considered cases.

Figure 5: Pulsation of velocity at the time 1,37.10-3 s (velocity magnitude 150 m/s)

Figure 6: Pulsation of velocity at the time 2,53.10-3 s (velocity magnitude 150 m/s)

Figure 7: Pulsation of velocity at the time 4,91.10-3 s (velocity magnitude 150 m/s)

Figure 8: Pulsation of velocity at the time 4,5.10-2 s (velocity magnitude 150 m/s)

3.2 Pressure magnitude The prompt pressure magnitude is better to use for a description of the sound propagation then the mean pressure. The shock (change of the pressure and air moving) widens from layer to layer and generates the wave. In Fig. 9 and Fig. 10 it's evident a change of areas with lower and higher pressure. In the jet it is apparent the pulsations and a formation of unsteady flow. Static pressure in case with lower air velocity inlet to the jet (100 m/s) is much lower then in the second case (150 m/s).

Figure 9: Static pressure at final time 4,5.10-2 s (velocity magnitude 100 m/s)

Figure 10: Static pressure at final time 4,5.10-2 s (velocity magnitude 150 m/s)

Journal of applied science in the thermodynamics and fluid mechanics Vol. 1, No. 1/2007, ISSN 1802-9388

3.3 Turbulent flow characteristics Generally turbulent kinetic energy is generated by the temperature and mechanically generated vortices. It is smaller or totally nought, if the liquid is more stationary there [6]. In this case we can see (Fig. 11 and Fig. 12) that the biggest value of the turbulent kinetic energy is in the jet outlet in both cases. Because of 2D study, maxima are in the areas, where the air leaves the jet in proximity of the inner jet wall. It's the cause of generation of the unsteady flow in the area of jet outlet near the flow core. Higher flow velocity in the jet inlet (150 m/s) causes the bigger generation of fluctuations and thereby higher turbulent kinetic energy. Minimal turbulent kinetic energy (almost zero) is in area unaffected of the flow (area without fluctuations).

Figure 11: Turbulent kinetic energy at final time 4,5.10-2 s (velocity magnitude 100 m/s)

Figure 12: Turbulent kinetic energy at final time 4,5.10-2 s (velocity magnitude 150 m/s)

3.4 Acoustic characteristics Displayed results are achieved by the FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) and margins are corrected by Barlett window. In the air velocity 100 m/s the total sound pressure level is about 96,8 dB. Figure 13 shows the dependence between sound pressure level and the frequence. it is easy to see that the expressive periodic amplitude is after approximately 5,5 kHz. In the case of the air velocity 150 m/s the total sound pressure level is 119,4 dB. Figure 14 shows again the expressive periodic amplitude after approximately 5,5 kHz. In the area of audio frequency (about 16 20 000Hz) there are three significant frequencies (for both of velocity magnitudes).

Figure 13: Sound pressure level (velocity magnitude 100 m/s)

Figure 14: Sound pressure level (velocity magnitude 150 m/s)

Fundamental component (the first one) shows high harmonics (it is manifold reduced maximum in the axis y). In the area of the audio frequency there are three significant frequencies occurred again. Fundamental component is on the frequency 5,5 kHz (for velocity magnitude 100 m/s) or 6 kHz (for velocity magnitude 150 m/s). High harmonics appear on frequency 11 kHz and 16,5 kHz (for velocity magnitude 100 m/s) or 12 kHz and 18 kHz (for velocity magnitude 150 m/s). Outside of the area of the audio frequency there are more high harmonics.
4

Journal of applied science in the thermodynamics and fluid mechanics Vol. 1, No. 1/2007, ISSN 1802-9388

Figure 15: Power spectral density (velocity magnitude Figure 16: Power spectral density (velocity magnitude 100 m/s) 150 m/s)

The acoustic pressure is the pressure superposed to the barometric pressure. The hearing threshold is about 2.10-5 Pa and pain threshold is 2.102 Pa [7]. It is possible to point out that the jet (which is not a pointsource) generates several acoustic wave almost similar amplitudes and frequencies and their composition formed the resulting signal. This signal was recorded by microphone placed at the right upper corner of considering area. Acoustic waves (in the case of higher flow velocity magnitude) are generated with higher acoustic pressure. They are produced almost periodically and acoustic pressure balances the same way. [8]

Figure 17: Acoustic pressure (velocity magnitude 100 m/s)

Figure 18: Acoustic pressure (velocity magnitude 150 m/s)

The Mach number depends on the velocity magnitude in velocity inlet of the jet. Both studies are considered to be subsonic, in the first case (velocity magnitude 100 m/s) Mach number doesn't exceed value 0,3 (see Fig 19). The maxima of the velocity field are showed in the flow core. Contours of Mach number correspond with contours of the mean velocity magnitude. In the second case (velocity magnitude 150 m/s) Mach number doesn't exceed value 0,6 (Fig. 20). Maxima are also showed in the flow core.

Figure 19: Mach number (velocity magnitude 100 m/s) Figure 20: Mach number (velocity magnitude 150 m/s) 5

Journal of applied science in the thermodynamics and fluid mechanics Vol. 1, No. 1/2007, ISSN 1802-9388

4 CONCLUSIONS In this unsteady numerical simulation, the importance of the compressibility and viscosity effects on the simulation of the acoustic noise generation and propagation was obviously presented. Because of this fact the steady source can caused practically the unsteady flow regime with strong flow pulsations. In the pressure field the generation of acoustic waves was evidently detected caused further the compression and expansion of the air. By increased the velocity magnitude in the jet inlet the sound acoustic level is growing, for instance, up to the value 119,4 dB for the case of the 150 m/s. In the area of the audio frequency there are three significant frequencies. These frequencies are formed by 5,5 kHz (for velocity magnitude 100 m/s) or 6 kHz (for velocity magnitude 150 m/s). Both studies are considered to be subsonic and thus the value of Mach number for higher velocity magnitude of flow (150 m/s) was only 0,6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was financially supported by the educational project FRV 973/F1a/2007. REFERENCES [1] TAM, C.,K.,W.: Numerical Methods in Computational Aeroacoustics, AIAA Short Course, Seattle, Washington 8-9 May 1999 [2] CHUNG, T.,J.: Computational fluid dynamics, Cambridge university press, New York, 2002 [3] IANNIELLO, S.: New perspectives in the use of the Ffowcs WilliamsHawkings equation for aeroacoustic analysis of rotating blades, J. Fluid Mech., 2007, vol. 570, pp. 79127 [4] SANDEEP, S.: Aeroacoustics Modeling, Fluent Lunch and Learn seminar series St. Johns Conference Center, 2005, pp. 115 [5] FLUENT 6.1 documentation [6] HORKOV, K.: The work of the Master of Degree: Statistical analyzing of unsteady flows in transitional and turbulent flow regimes, Liberec: Technical University of Liberec, 2007, 65p [7] HALLIDAY, D., RESNICK, R., WALKER, J.: Fyzika: Mechanika (st 2). 1st edition. Brno: Vysok uen technick v Brn, 2000. 576 p ISBN 81-7196-214-7 [8] HORK, Z., KRUPKA, F.: Fyzika: pruka pro vysok koly technickho smru. 3rd edition. Praha: SNTL, 1981. 1129 p

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi