SURcatalogue 3

SUR
TUB + LIA Theory Seminar Summer 2011 Finn Geipel Ken Koch Katja Thorwarth
Imprint:
LIA, Berlin 2011

Prof. Finn Geipel Katja Thorwarth Ken Koch Editorial: Alison Harason Maya Atidia Jonas Tratz Texts: Seminar participants (see appendix)
SUR
TUB + LIA Theorie Seminar Summer 2011 Finn Geipel Ken Koch Katja Thorwarth
INTRODUCTION
Most European cities developed along rivers. With the increasing number of floods and increasing water pollution over the last century, cities dissociated from water. Today, the problem of avoidance and restructuration overlaps with the question of the relation of nature and city, but also the question of the consciousness for water in general. The research focus is the renaturation of the existing riverbanks. Restoring the self-cleaning and self-regenerating capacity of rivers will create original new landscapes. Instead of relying on preventive measures by restricting constructions in flood areas, we want to introduce urbanity in this new landscape - thus to densify and to reconquer valuable urban space.
CONTENT
ARCHITECTURAL PROJECTS Block Solitaire Dock Mega-Block Temporal Interventions STRUCTURE/TECHNIQUES Pillar Bridge Ponton Dock Islands/Hills Fluvial Energy Generating Systems Water Cooling Systems Waste/Purification Plant URBAN PROJECTS Urban and Fluvial Interventions TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS Micro + Macro Mobility Bridge + Walking Path ECOLOGIES River Dynamics Flood Research ANGERS Analysis of Test Site 11 19 27 33 37 47 55 63 69 73 81 89 97 105 113 119
131 137 143
ARCHITECTURAL PROJECTS
BLOCK SOLITAIRE DOCK MEGA-BLOCK TEMPORAL INTERVENTIONS
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ARCHITECTURAL PROJECTS |
BLOCK
BLOCK
Block construction is typically a concrete platform which is either floating or elevated above the waters surface using pillars. This technique can be used to support anything from singular buildings to an entire city.
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BLOCK
BODENSEE
Lake Costanza, Germany 1922-1941 Reconstructed In this german region on the northern shore of Lake Constanza, evidence was found of early Neolithic settlements. These dwellings were reconstructed between 1922 and 1941 based on other neolitic and Bronze Age settlements as Wafferburg Buchau from 1100-800 BC. The wood houses were built on a platform supported by 5m wood pilotis. These pilotis had to be long enough to protect the platform from the tides and floods. They created rectangular platforms and connected them with long and thin bridges, so the difference platform-bridge is evident. Over each platform they placed some houses, leaving around 40% or 50% of the platform as free space.
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BLOCK
SILODAM
MVRDV Amsterdam, the Netherlands 1995-2003 Silodam is located on the IJ River in Westerdoksdijk. It is perched on a 120m long concrete platform which is elevated above the water on pylons. The river once served as a harbour for Amsterdamwhen the harbour fell into decline many of these silos and warehouses became unused. In the 80s there was a housing shortage and therefore architects began to refurbish them and new architecture began to emerge. Silodam is a primarily residential building with 157 apartments as well as business units and public spaces. The programmatic arrangement of the building is divided into four neighbourhoods of varying characteristics. The program within these sub divisions is stacked independently of each other, and aims for a general balance in programmatic mix from sector to sector. Therefore, as in a town, there are public, residential, and commercial spaces running throughout its entirety.
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BLOCK
VENICE
Venice, Italy As we all know, Venice is the centre of a lagoon connected to Adriatic Sea. This lagoon is not very deep and its water is quite calm; although tides are really remarkable. The history of Venice begins as simple wood dwellings built on pilotis in order to protect them from the floods and tides. These first Venetians needed more terrain and more permanent buildings, so they started to build channels in order to drain the muddy ground. They built more than 200 channels that started in the Gran Canal and created 118 different islands connected by 400 bridges. But the buildings still needed better basement. They built a real forest of underground wood pilotis. They came from Alarce and were inserted in the terrain with wood gavels. Then, in order to protect the wood from the erosion ad deterioration due to the water, they covered the building with white limestone. Just a fact: under the church Maria de la Salute were placed 1.106.000 pilotis. Venice is structured in different scale platforms connected ones to the others with bridges. We can imagine Venice itself as a unique platform connected to the ground with a long bridge. Then, we can also brake it into two different platforms separated by the Gran Canal. But, if we go closer, we will see there are much more little platforms, 118, connected very arbitrary by 400 bridges. The density is very high and public space can be perceived perfectly as the negative of the fabric map.
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BLOCK
NEW BABYLON
Constant Nieuwenhuys 1959-1974 Concept Design New Babylon is a concept for a new city and culture for future living. This design is for a post-revolutionary world where one is free from work, family and any civic responsibilities, and can live a nomadic lifestyle. This is a dynamic living environment where one is encouraged to venture throughout the network of spaces in search of new sensations. The structures are perched above the existing city on pillars. They are made up of a network of mega structures, each the size of a small city, connected by bridges. Within each sector Constant uses neutral production technologies to allow for flexibility within the structure. Therefore although the entire network remains rigid, the individual structures are able to evolve with time. Therefore within this network, as the individual has no schedule, no fixed location, and a constantly evolving structure, they are forced to live a nomadic lifestyle.
Network of Sectors and Connetctions
Sectors
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Situated on pylons above the original city
Perspective view of one sector
BLOCK
AQUAPOLIS
Kiyonori Kikutake Motobu, Okinawa 1975 Aquapolis is a prototype for a floating city where people can live harmoniously in the ocean. It was built for an Ocean Expo in Okinawa in 1975. The structure is on a 100 square meter platform which is floating and semi submerged in the water. It is constructed on 10 columns which are fixed to lower hulls and braced together. Originally it was constructed in Hiroshima and as it is floating, was able to be towed and anchored to the site. The concept was for a self-sustainable city which is able to generate its own energy and heat, however technology of time the prevented this.
Pl a n
1:2000
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SOLITAIRE
SOLITAIRE
Individual housing units or solitary structures linked or connected with pedestrian pathways.
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SOLITAIRE
BORA BORA
French Polunesia, France The islands of Bora Bora feature several hotels and resorts which are primarily made up of over-water bungalows, linked with boardwalks and typical waterside pathways. Though Bora Bora is part of French Polynesia, and should thus be described as having Polynesian architecture, the architecture of these over-water bungalows is often described as being Melanesian, another island region. Though tradition is a significant factor of island architecture, the reference to over-water bungalows as being Melanesian has little to do with tradition and more to do with the form of the structures. Melanesian architecture, though varying with tradition within itself, mainly consists of ideas that use materials that are locally available and disaster relief is mainly in the form of rebuilding with the plethora of readily available materials. Another significant feature of Melanesian architecture that is present in that of the Bora Bora bungalows is the high regard in which they hold the ocean. Melanesian architecture embraces the ocean as an asset and generally has one side of the building open to the view of the water. This is reflected in Bora Bora with the common feature of a glass floor to show the water or a balcony that is open to the surrounds (water).
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SOLITAIRE
FLOATING HOMES
Seattle + Washington, USA The first houseboats in Seattle were built in response to the lack of living space in the city and also out of poverty. The houseboats of the 1920s are the classics, characterized by their rounded sprung roofs and built with the craftsmanship of the boat builder. The real boom of houseboat culture started in the 1930s when people built temporary living quarters to last out the depression. Local officials in the 1950s were in the business of cleaning up city slums with urban renewal funds and houseboats were high on their demolition list. They were to be replaced by over-the-water apartments and businesses and government projects were encouraged to build wherever there were houseboat docks. In the 1960s, a sewage system around the entirety of Lake Union was introduced and the label slum was no longer a valid description for the floating community. This was one of the main aspects which lead to the legality of present day floating communities and today, every houseboat is connected to the sewage system. This means that the land underneath the water, on which floating constructions are moored, belongs to the state but can also have a private owner. The majority of houseboats in such floating communities in Seattle are floating structures that can move around to different moorages. The houses are temporarily linked to pathways provided at such moorages, sometimes by separate pathways leading to their entrances, and are required by law to be connected to the sewage system provided at the moorage. Smaller groups of linked houses have one main pathway and separate branching pathways with direct access to each house. Larger groups have pathways leading to separate branches which then, subsequently, have separate pathways to private homes.
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SOLITAIRE
FLOATING VILLAGE OF CHONG KNEAS

Chong Kneas, Cambodia The floating village of Chong Kneas in Cambodia is located south of Siem Reap on one of South-East Asias largest fresh water lakes. The village provides essential housing to residents who make their living from local industries including fishermen, boat makers snd market vendors. The community also includes a floating hospital, a school, a police station and floating shops, amoung other social facilities. Chong Kneas is considered to be a great representation of the traditional Cambodian lifestyle and a remarkable testament to the adaptability of the residents on the water. The reasons for leading such a lifestyle began with the excessive fluctuating water level of the Tonle Sap Lake and also the need for fishermen to live close to the sea for their fishing and to the land to sell their fish. Because of the migrating coastline, houses in the form of a floating substructure that moved along with it were considered the logical answer. Chong Kneas is made up of different types of structures- some floating and some fixed; all in a seemingly random formation with connections between also seemingly random groups of structures. The floating structures are connected to each other or anchored to the muddy lake floor and the standing structures are on long poles stuck in the mud. The more permanent structures in this village are constructed out of wooden boards and stand a couple of metres above the waters surface at any given time, though the water level changes drastically according to the season. Makeshift driveways with boats tethered to poles and ladders that lead up to the indoor living space are commonplace, even with floating homes where most living spaces are offset from the surface of the water
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SOLITAIRE
DE AKER
Tangram Architects Amsterdam-Osdorp, Netherlands SBDN vof, Warmenhuizen/Beverwijk 1999 The tangram project is a typology with concrete pedestals constructed into a dike. Its plan is linear and is located in an area with many canals. Only one-third of the buildings surface area is in contact with the water. Houses are arranged in a 2 by 2 formation. Each house has an outdoor floating platform which is accessed via the base. The integral stairs of each pair of dwellings form a middle section between the dwellings. It is a sufficient height to leave the beauty of the natural water environment undisturbed whilst providing storage space for the occupiers. The concrete pedestals of the dwelligns allow direct contact to the water an important aspect of the projects concept. However, additional privacy has been considered where reed borders have been planted, allowing growth to a height of 2 metres in summer. Ecologically the building is thorough, as the new housing development in Amsterdam is to be part of an ecological zone. The roof is equipped with sedum mats, welcoming birds and insects. The timber frame of the building allows for higher flexibility in the interior lay-out. The houses are energy-efficient due to the use of wood and concrete and through taking advantage of the available natural light. The southern faade with its sun room is almost completely open, while the northern side is almost completely closed. The exterior space consists of a deck on the living level, and a jetty down at water level. The decks can be enclosed by glazing. A final element of the design is a multifunctional centre like a whale, a symbol and a landmark at the same time.
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SOLITAIRE
WATERBUURT
Architectenbureau Marlies Rohmer + Atelier Zeinstra Van der Pol Steigereiland Ijburg, Amsterdam, Netherlands Ontwikkelingscombinatie Waterbuurt West +Woningstichting Eigen Haard 2001 These Steigerdam-Amsterdam dwellings are situated on the first island in the IJburg island chain. Waterbuurt is devided into two dwellings: the eastern part designed by Atelier Zeinstra van der Pol and the Western part, on which Ive concentrated, has been designed by Architectenbureau Marlies Rohmer. The geometrical structure on the triangular site which is a result of diagonal slicing of the basin due to suspended power lines the architects aimed to give the plotting along the jetties a perception as though they were a seemingly detached informal layout of water dwellings. Ambiance, movement, a sense of individuality, and a boat docked at home are keywords for settlements at the Watebuurt West. Three different dwelling typologies exist for the project. The first type involves floating houses supported by concrete pillars, which sit half a storey underwater. These buildings are optionally equipped with floating terraces, boardwalks are extended to the main structure and create possibilities to walk around the homes like on a boat which means direct contact to the water. The second typology involves dike homes, suspended on pylons above the dike on the edge of the basin.The third building typology for this project is pile dwellings supported by pillars fixed to the ground. These are known as Lighthouses: three storey structures with a social function. The IJburg district is a modern neighbourhood, with jetties instead of paved footpaths and city plazas which allow for the growing enthusiasm for living beside or on the water.
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SOLITAIRE
ALMERE 2030
MVRDV Pampushaven, Almere, Netherlands Het Oosten Kristal, Amsterdam + I.C.W. Municipality of Almere 2006 Feasibility Study Pampus Harbor Almere is a master project it includes a vision of a complex of floating houses, created by the Dutch group of architects MVRDV. It is strategically located between the two Dutch cities of Amsterdam and Almere. This will transform into a waterfront settlement which will maintain the forward-thinking plans of the Almere-Amsterdam development area. The movement aims to invite a certain living-typology for people who desire lifestyle, yet a particular independence and roughness which the characeter and context form the basis of. Therefore this should present the right opportunities for developing a water settlement with self-constructed and casco dwellings. The architects created a spatial arrangement which encourages social interaction. Their proposal of 500 houses allows for the optimum freedom and individuality of housing. Irregular planning of houses connected with chaotic paths comprises the settlement, which is completely floating and therefore completely movable. In this way, the architects have developed a typology which is completely adaptable to change and movement for the future. Five typologies have been developed, which relate most adequately to the water, based on different organisation principles and floating techniques. The immediate environments diversity can be increased through the addition of floating gardens.
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DOCK
DOCK
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DOCK
OSLO OPERA HOUSE

Snhetta Oslo, Norway 2007 The project can be classified as a existing dockyard architectural typology and sited on what could be classified as an introverted harbour site location. The concept framing the design and programmatic arrangement is of the combination of three elements; the Wave Wall`the Factory and the Carpet. The peninsula is a key component of the harbour city, and acts as an intermediary between the city and the rest of the world. The wave wall breaks down the edge condition associated with dock typologies and acts as the mediating point between water and ground, in both real terms and on a figurative level.The factory houses the production facilities in a self-contained linear block at the back of the building. Its rational layout and planning allows for it to not affect the formal outcomes of the project (e.g. the wave wall and carpet). Instead of using the linear typology most associated with docks and piers, Snohetta has reactivated not just the building interiors but also the roof . This is achieved by creating a horizontal and vertically sloping carpet on the roof this increasing accessibility, in doing so breaking down common public private issues associated with programs such as an opera house. It also orients itself to key points around the city and acts as an extension of the city and the fjord in both its design and dockyard site placement.
_(re)developed site
_vital transport nodes in vicinity
_key circulation causeways
_key sight lines defining urban connections
_publicly accessible
_proposed new development
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DOCK
KASTRUP SEA BATH

White Arkitekter AB Kastrup, Denmark 2004 The sea bath in Kastrup is one building component within its broader master plan, and has played an integral role in the holistic reutilization of the waterfront. This has occurred through the application of a fluvial dock typology, and in particular a typology associated with the physical characteristics of a pier. It is meant to be sculptural urban artifact, intended to be visible from land, sea and air with visual and physical connections to the surrounding urban fabric. This includes the train station, main roads and transportation arteries, marina and airport as well as an attempt at negating edge condition between the beach park and the low to medium density grid plan town that butts up against it. The sea bath massing is thin and low following the need to preserve views both to and from the structure, with its form allowing it to act as an extension of the ground plane out into the water as well as protecting from ocean winds. Sited as part of a spread distribution habour / waterfront into a beach park, it reclaims unused greenspace and brownfields and involved the construction of a new beach. It endeavors to break down the edge conditions associated with public versus private/unusable space in making the majority of the waterfront public accessible, excepting the marina. Furthermore as part of the continual transformation of the waterfront, a new aquarium is to be built adjacent to the site.
_(re)deveoped site
_vital transportation nodes in the vicinity
_key circulatory causeways
_sight lines_buildings connection to context
_publicly accessible
_proposed future development
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DOCK
YOKOHAMA INTERNATIONAL PORT TERMINAL

Foreign Office Architects Yokohomo, Japan 2002 This project is a key example of the implementation of a new dock typology that reflects the morphological nature of the architectural dock type. Primarily based on the pier typology, the development of this project has resulted in a hybrid mix of programs. Intended mainly for usage as a port terminal, the dynamic nature of the project has allowed for the inclusion of civic/public space. Situated on the upper/roof portion of the terminal, vast areas of green space, set in an undulating timber landscape, provide a welcomed addition to the public realm of the densely populated and skyscraper dominated environment. The reactivation of the site from one solely of commercial use has reshaped the way the area is both perceived and used. Although still flanked by heavily industrial shipping ports, the inclusion of this terminal has prompted the planned development of numerous other sites with close proximity.
_extent of dock (re)development _commercial/industrial/greenspace/civic _vital transport nodes in vicinity _shipping_dashed _rail_solid
_key circulation _pedestrian_solid _vehicle_dashed
_publicly accessible _civic hubs;;
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_proposed new development _kitanaka-dori north project _minato mirai development
DOCK
NEW ROYAL THEATER

Lundgaard + Tranberg Copenhagen, Denmark 2008 The new addition to the cultural hub on Copenhagens waterfront is the New Royal Theatre. It is an introverted dock typology that rests in a highly populated urban precinct. The inclusion of this building within the area not only provides new facilities for the Royal Danish Theatre Company, but also activates the site as a publicly accessible causeway and civic vicinity. Accessible by boat, train, car and on foot, the theater creates a series of edge conditions that reflect both the dense nature of the city flanking it, and the river that it sits delicately above. The theatres foyer spans the entire length of the building and has a direct connection to the river edge promenade regulated by glass doors. This dynamic creates an inviting environment that prompts visitors to roam freely within the boundaries of the developed site. The activation of this site complements the developed nature of the area. Sited directly across the river from the Copenhagen Opera House with similar mooring facilities, the insertion of this program has helped to balance the programmatic layout of the precinct.
_(re)development site
_vital transport nodes in vicinity
_key circulation _pedestrian_solid _vehicle_dashed
_publicly accessible _boardwalk causeway
_proposed new development
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MEGA-BLOCK
MEGABLOCK
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MEGA-BLOCK
ATLANPOLE
Hans Kollhoff Nantes, France 1988 In the same way as the Philharmonic, it was design for having different uses that attract the people. In this case there was a train station, sports, production area, auditorium, garden and also living.
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MEGA-BLOCK
ELBPHILHARMONIE
Herzog + de Meuron Hamburg, Germany 2006-2011 The Elbephilharmonic, design by Herzog and de Meuron, is situated in the port in the centre of the city. This location was known to the public but not really accessible. This building will reactivate the area to become a new centre and cultural space. It is a multi-functional building which a mixture of public and private space. It has living, hotel, the concert area and also a public square is inside of the building that tries to connect with the street.
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TEMPORAL INTERVENTIONS
Temporal interventions are architectural or artistic tools to temporarily intervene in the urban or rural space and can act as catalysts for a changed perception and the creation of new networks.
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ICEBERGS - FLOATING COTTAGES

Daniel Anderson land Islands, Finland 2009 Concept Observing the structure of icebergs, austrian architect Daniel Anderson has created a floating summer cottage design for lands Hotel. The minimalist exterior is an attempt to remain unintrusive to the wild surroundings. the 60m2 structure is partially submerged in the water with its roof top offering surfaces in which to lie and take in the scenery. Large windows seek to give a spacious feeling to the interior rooms and views of the surrounding panorama.
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DINING ROOM
Goodweather Collective and Loki Ocean The Pop bottle barge created by the Vancouver-based office Goodweather Collective and Loki Ccean is a fully catered floating barge made out of recycled bottles on Vancouvers false creek. Constructed from nearly 1700 containers, the temporary pavilion can accommodate up to 12 guests around a large table, which rests on a glass platform that shows the recycled bottles sandwiched between the wooden flooring. This raft makes a clever and humoristic demonstration of objects recycling, without high technologies in a small scale, using the physical properties of the bottles themselves.
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FLOATING BOULEVARD
Renzo Pianos idea for the International Exhibition in Paris in 1989 was to create an introduction place. The proposition consists in building a boulevard floating on the river and to form an entrance zone stretching from in front of the Eiffel Tower. The project, non realised, would have temporary transformed the urban geopgraphy, giving to the visitors a complete new experience of the city. The boulevard in itself is made up of five meter wide by thirty meter long units ; each unit is designed in order to maintain a constant position from the surface of the water. Adjusting pumps connected to lasers keep measuring the distance to the surface of the water. The boulevard can cross the river without deny the presence of the water, and offer to the visitors an ambiguous physical experience : walking on a surface between water and ground.
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SPREE 2011
The designers of the Spree 2011 project Luritec developed a new technology in order to reduce the water pollution, especially in the river Spree in Berlin. The main idea consists in plugging some water tanks in the extremity of canalisations under water. When it rains the tank stocks the used water and acts as a filter. It functions like a machine covered by a free platform on which many kinds of infrastructures could be built. The Luritec platform can indeed be used as a summer bar, as a swimming area, a floating dock, a green house If it becomes later useless or irrelevant, it can be dismanteled, rebuilt and plugged everywhere else.
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PONTE VOTIVO
Venice, Italy Venetian Army 1575 - Present Built once a year since the 16th century. During the plage in Venice in 15751576, the Senate decided to build the Church the Redentore, and to make a big celebration to get rid of the plage. So in 1577, they build a ponte votivo and it has been celebrated annually ever since. In the past people would use their own boat to built the bridge. Now its the Army who is organisating the celebration.
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BIGFOOT
Heneghan Peng Architects 1997 Concept Designed by Heneghan Peng Architects for the International Ideas Competition in 1997, this floating stadium is just one of the innovative urban planning solutions that were exhibited this summer in Rotterdam. The proposed stadium is situated on a naval carrier so if a team is sold to another city (most major cities are situated near ports or rivers), the new owners can take the stadium with them.
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STRUCURE/TECHNIQUES
PILLAR BRIDGE PONTON DOCK ISLANDS/HILLS FLUVIAL ENERGY GENERATING SYSTEMS WATER COOLING SYSTEMS WASTE/PURIFICATION PLANT
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STRUCTURE/TECHNIQUES |
PILLAR
PILLAR
Minimal Footprint in the water. Pillars as vertical structural element transmit, through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements below, e.g. the foundation. For the purpose of waves, wind or earthquake engineering, pillars may be designed to resist lateral forces
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PILLAR
OIL PLATFORMS
GRAVITY TYPE no piles in the ground. stable through its massive weight. troll: tallest structure moved over the surface. 1/2km tall offshore gas platform in the north sea. total weight of 1.2million tonnes. 100,000 tonnes of steel (the equivalent of 15 eiffel towers). the walls of its legs measure over a metre thick. FLEXIBLE TYPE similar to guyed type, only without anchors. flexibility allows it to operate in much deeper water. it can absorb much of the pressure exerted on it by the wind and sea. the flexible tower system is strong enough to withstand hurricane conditions. SEMISUBMERSIBLE TYPE semi-submersibles generally show far less motions in waves especially suitable for tasks with very strict motion requirements. use as crane vessels, drilling vessels, production platforms and accommodation facilities. major advantage for these tasks is the large deck space. in waves the force pushing full tanks downward and force pulling hollow columns upwards cancel each other out. RIGID STEEL TYPE tubular steel profile as the best hydrodynamic shape. economically feasible in depths up to about 520m. designed for very long term use. steel jackets are piled into the seabed. TENSION-LEG BUOYS & JOINT LOADING TOWERS buoys are most important auxiliary off-shore structures. used for mooring and loadingtankers. movable towers are connected to seabed with single point. when displaced from their equilibrium position, they are returned to upward position by buoyancy forces.
JACK-UP TYPE mobile and fast deployment. favourable cost. 90-135m depths. need stable weather during transport and deployment.
TENSION-LEG TYPE suited for water depths greater between 300 m and 1500 m. use of tension-leg platforms has also been proposed for wind turbines. platform is permanently moored by means of tethers or grouped at each of the structures corners. a feature of the design of the tethers is that they have relatively high axial stiffness, such that virtually all vertical motion of the platform is eliminated. the platform has production wellheads on deck, instead of on the seafloor.
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PILLAR
NAVY FORT SEALAND

Guy Anson Maunsell Thames Estuary, United Kingdom 1950 Approx 10 miles off the Harwich seafront, the Rough Towers was the first of originally 4 naval forts designed by G.Maunsell to protect the Thames Estuary. The forts consisted of 2 reenforced concrete towers, topped with a steel platform. The whole fort was constructed on a re-enforced concrete pontoon, which was floated into position and then sunk onto an unprepared seabed. The forts were all constructed to the same specifications consisting of 2 towers standing 18 metres in height, 7 metres in diameter. Each tower was split into 7 floors of which 4 of these floors were used for crews quarters. The wall thickness of the reinforced concrete towers was 9 centimetres. On top of the towers there was a main deck consisting of anti-aircraft guns one positioned at each end of the deck. In the centre of the deck was the officers quarters, medical room & kitchen. The total height of the fort was 33.5 metres, weighing approximately 4500 tons & having a crew of 120 personnel although during the course of the war this number was reduced.
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PILLAR
SHIVERING SANDS ARMY FORT

Shivering Sands Army Fort was a Maunsell army fort built near the Thames which was used as a tracking by German pilots during WWII. Seven interconnected towers lay 9.2 miles from British cost. The towers were built on land and floated out in 1943. During the war they were armed with AA guns and contributed noticeably to defending Britain in the war. The crew would serve 4 weeks on the towers and than return to land. The forts were abandoned in 1958, however in 1964 pirate radio station Radio Sutch was set up on one of the did thamem. Guy Maunsell,the engineer of the forts, went on to use the technology to build the first oil rigs in the North Sea. Project Redsand has been established to secure the future of the Forts and the group are working towards the listing of the Redsand Towers as a National Monument and Heritage site.
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PILLAR
KRAANSPOOR
Ontwerpgroep Trude Hooykaas Amsterdam, the Netherlands 2008 In 2008 on of the most interesting European real estate projects was realized in the Netherlands with transformation of an old bridge into Amsterdams most attractive business address. The architect, Trude Hooykass and her team from the 0TH studio converted a disused (pod relocated to the west) concrete bridge from an obsolete ship crane system to the port of Amsterdam into a globally acclaimed example of innovative architecture. The Kraanspoor (crane track) is a transparent office buliding made primarily of steel and glass. The building has three floors and is built on top of a concrete craneway. Steel columns hoist the building 3m above the bridge structure. The craneway is a relic of Amsterdams shippingindustry from 1952. The massive monument has a length of 270 meters, stands 13 meters above the water and has a width of 8.5 meters.The new construction on top has the same dimension. All existing elements are incorporated in the redevloped structure. The four former stairwells are joined by a panorama lift and new stairs. The two footbriges that run along the full length of the building act as escape routes. A major part of the building appearance is double facade. Glass louvers sit in front of the wood frame glass wall,whose surface includes a dot pattern to reduce the plare of the sun off the water..
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PILLAR
WOLKENRIEGEL (CLOUD-SLAB)
The project Wolkenriegel, is a new addition to very old and charismatic are of east port. the way through realization was quite difficult but definitely paid off in this eye catching project hovering over the Spree. As four columns had to bear 300 tons of steel concrete and other loads pile foundation was necessary. crane could come to the building area as the courtyards which are around area are too small. After intensive search however, on ecompany was ready to deliver cranes and 230 tons of material with a cargo boat through Spree. Fire protection was another issue. In order not to clad steel columns in fire protection, steel structure got special protection painting and the columns were filled with concrete. After engineering opinion this was enough to prove fire safety. The cladding of the upper made of pre-weathered zinc which stand in nice contrast rounding clinker building and ble boat facade. part is panels, to surresem-
The shape at the location of the building make it very special and successful project.
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BRIDGE
BRIDGES
Bridge systems are, in simplest terms, a way to pass over, under or around an obstacle. They have existed for thousands of years in a variety of different shapes and sizes. However bridge construction and development has thrived in the past two hundred years with new technologies and methods. The main types of bridge systems are beam, arch, suspension, cable stayed, truss and cantilever. Each specific type implies a method unique to the individual project. In present conditions of todays society, land use and density has resulted in the fascination with structures that dont use land at all, but rather water. Inhabitable bridges have existed in the past, some still to this day. But with goals of pushing future boundaries, bridge communities may be realised sooner then we think.
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BRIDGE
TYPES OF BRIDGES
Beam bridges are the oldest and most widely accessible type of bridge, from a simple log over a stream to 40 kilometer long mega structures of today. They can be made of timber, iron, steel, or reinforced concrete. Beam bridges rely on the simplest structural elements of beams and columns. Beams are elements which carry pure bending only. Typically, beam bridges rarely span more than 250 feet. For long distances, a series of beam bridges are joined together, creating a continuous span. The intermediate supports along a continuous span are known as piers. Comparatively, beam bridges are easy to build and relatively cheap to other construction techniques. Arch bridges utilize one or more semicircular structural supports containing abutments on either end of each supports. The presence of the arch support dissipates the force outwards into the abutments from the centre pressure point of the arch. A series of arches creates equilibrium of forces outwards into the abutments.
Suspension bridges are characterized by a continuous cable construction. Suspension bridges tend to be very flexible and therefore can be unstable. The most common material is steel. Around 90% of the forces in this bridge are tension forces which occur in the cables. The compressed elements are pierced as they have to carry the construction. The benefits of suspension bridges are: long spans, light construction and resistance to tectonic movements.
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BRIDGE
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT
A cable-stayed bridge is a category of suspension bridge which is commonly adapted for use with beam bridges. Cable-stayed bridges do not require two towers and anchorages but rather cables are run from the roadway up to a single tower element where they are secured. The force of compression pushes down on the bridge deck and the cables (in tension) transfer the compression to the towers, which dissipate the forces into the earth. Any number of towers may be used, based on the project. This enables the designer to have more freedom in deciding how a bridge is laid out; the deck is able to curve, due to the focal point where all the cables attach. The truss bridge is a structural system in which members are connected at joints within a frame in a straight or diagonal fashion to create triangular tessellations. These are chord and web members. Chord members are generally the top and bottom horizontal member of the frame and resists bending moments via direct tension or compression. Web members are within the frame, and acts to carry the shear force in either direct tension or compression. Due to its structural strength, the truss system is efficient in both cost and materials. Truss bridges generally favour the use of steel for construction due it its high tension and compression strength as well as its lightweight aesthetic. Cantilever bridge construction uses long horizontal beams which cannot be supported on one side so that the arm creates a cantilever. Most such bridges are created by two spans from each side of the river, connected by a separate beam member in the middle. The two arms are usually truss or pre tensioned concrete constructions. The whole bridge acts differently than truss or beams one under load. The cantilever construction allows creating long spans providing a wide clearance underneath.
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BRIDGE
THE OLD LONDON BRIDGE

London, England 1209 The old London Bridge is arguably the most famous inhabitable bridge project built to this day. It crosses the river Thames, connecting the City of London and Southwark. As a required linking of political tidings, King John licensed the building of houses on the bridge as a direct means of deriving revenue for its maintenance. The bridge was soon colonised by shops. The medieval bridge had 19 small pointed arches, each with a span averaging 7 meters, and built on 6 meter wide piers. A drawbridge with a defensive gatehouse was placed at the southern end, creating a twentieth opening. The bridge also saw the addition of waterwheels under the two north arches to drive water pumps, and under the two south arches to power grain mills. The decisions to allow shops to be built slowed down traffic crossing the river. Although the bridge was about 8 meters wide, the buildings took up about 2 meters on each side of the street, some even projecting up to another 2 meters over the river. This meant that the horses, carts, wagons and pedestrians all shared a passageway about 4 meters wide. By 1358, 138 businesses were recorded along the bridge and eventually reaching almost 200. Like older London buildings, the shops were built so that the upper floors stretched over the roadway. The houses overhanging the water were anchored by tying them together across the street with arches of timber.
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BRIDGE
BAY LINE BRIDGE

Rondalf Rael + Virginia San Fratello San Francisco, USA Concept The bay line is a mixture of double decked suspension, cantilever, truss and beam construction. The eastern section has been scheduled to be demolished and subsequently rebuilt due to damage caused by the Loma Prieta earthquake. However, architects Ronald Rael and Virginia San Fratello have proposed that this portion be turned into a habitable space containing a linear park, residential and commercial buildings, sporting facilities, bicycle and pedestrian access lanes. Due to the bridges sturdiness inherent from its truss supports, the bridge is capable of supporting about 2 tonnes per linear metre, this effectively allows just less then forty thousand 3-bedroom apartments to be supported by the bridge. The architects envision the habitable bridge to be divided into 7 sections that contains outdoor public spaces such as parks, bicycle lanes, swimming pools, residential and commercial structures such as shops, theatres and apartments. The integration of such public spaces is able to make up for the lack of parks and recreational spaces within the cities themselves due to density. The bridge is also sustainable, with electricity generated through solar panels. Each modular unit will also be geothermally and radiantly heated and cooled via circulation of water from the San Francisco bay. Any access water and recycled water are used as gray water to maintain green space on the upper deck.
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BRIDGE
PAIK NAM JUNE BRIDGE

Planning Korea Han River, Korea Concept Designed by the Korean group Planning Korea with the lead designer Byung Ju Lee, the project shows that the river has a much greater potential then we might think. Han River has the potential to include multi-use public facilities integrated via bridge and the design focuses mainly on public needs. Although a regular bridge can be crossed only by cars or trains, this bridge can be crossed either by cars or pedestrians and cyclists as there is an additional floor over the street especially for them. That allows to easily access the three other functions of the building. Hidden under the shell there is a museum, a library and an IT mall that have been integrated in this complex structure. They combine their functions with roof gardens to give a more pleasant experience. Moreover these gardens use the water from the river and rain to water all plants and greenspace vegetation. The slipstream shell of the building is supported using an arc construction and lets a lot of sunlight into the building. Moreover there have been special docks created that are attached to the whole river by arms containing lifts. They allow connecting the building from the Han River using a private boat or a water taxi. That solution connects the city level and the river level allowing the bridge to be passed in a few different ways. There is a focus on self-sustaining and green building and photovoltaic panels have been integrated in the shell construction and are supposed to cover all the needs of the building. Although the whole bridge is 1080 meters long it is possible to build enough piers and use a simple beam integrated construction.
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PONTOON
PONTOONS
A pontoon is a floating construction with enough buoyancy to float itself. Pontoons can be constructed from sealed cylinders, or fabricated as boxes from metal or concrete. Structurally speaking, there is an effect called the Pontoons effect is when a large force applied to the side capsizes a pontoon construction. Pontoons are mainly used in navigation, but nowadays also in architectural projects.
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PONTOON
CROATIA PAVILION FOR VENICE BIENNALE

Venice This floating pavilion was designed to be moved by a tow boat from Croatia to the Biennale of Venice. The upper structure consist on 32 tons of steel divided in 40 layers of wire mesh. The contour of each layer is totally different. Also the density, transparency and vision line changes. They wanted to create an optical phenomenon in which light rays are bent to produce a displaced image of distant objects or the sky. This project was the result of a colaboration between 15 architects and diverse engineers. Although this fact, it experimented structural problems. It floats because its build on an existing barge (10 x 20 x 3 m).
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PONTOON
WATER HOUSING AMSTERDAM

Amsterdam, the Netherlands Ijburg is an artificial island in Amsterdam. 6-Water Homes were built to explore the potential of living on the water. A floating home is dwelling a particular freedom. The platform of this building consists of an inner layer of polystyrene, which makes it very lightweight and thus guarantees that it will not sink, covered by a thin protective layer of cement.
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PONTOON
RESTAURANT IN VANCOUVER
Vancouver, Canada This restaurant is a floating barge made out of recycled pop-bottles on Vancouvers false creek. It can accommodate up to 12 guests every evening. a large communal table rests on a glass platform that shows the recycled bottles sandwiched between the wooden flooring.
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DOCK
DOCK
A dock is usually used for the construction, maintenance, and repair of ships, boats, and other watercraft. There is graving and floating docks.
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DOCK
BADESCHIFF
Berlin, Germany Badeschiff means ship-bath, and is because this pool is made with an old container cargo ship; this pool was created because a participation with the City of Berlin, this participation was suppoused to be a bridge for the river to make that the citizens got closer to it, the answer was not a bridge instead a pool to remember the old bath traditions and to aproach to the river, wich is pollouted and for hygenic reasons you cant swim in it. Thes pool is not a brigde like that, but with this pier and aproaching to the river is like a path to get into the river.
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DOCK
TEATRO DEL MONDO

Venice, Italy The Theatre of the world was made by Aldo Rossi for the biennale of Venice , This theatre was an emblematic reference for the floating theatres that used to be in Venice and in the carnivals in the XVIII century . The structure of the theatre was made in land and then was transported into the water, the base was a cube with two walls, where the entire structure was supported. The theatre in fact was a installation just for the Bienale, after that was moved to Dubrovnik and then in 1981 was brought down. In 2004 was rebuild in Genova for the commemorations of the City. Is composed by a central scenario surrounded by grades, the access of the rest of the building is for the stairs that were located by the sides.
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ISLANDS
ISLANDS
An island is any piece of sub-continental land that is surrounded by water. Very small islands such as emergent land features on atolls can be called islets, cays or keys. An island in a river or lake may be called an eyot, or holm. A grouping of geographically or geologically related islands is called an archipelago. There are two main types of islands: continental islands and oceanic islands. There are also artificial islands. There is no standard of size which distinguishes islands from islets and continents.
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ISLANDS
vulcano islands LAVA FLOW ISLAND FRAYED EDGES
OCEAN SAND EARTH CRUST HOT SPOT
atoll LAGOON REEF REEF
ISLAND
REEF REEF
VULCANO
VULCANO
REEF
LAGOON
river islands
RIVER
PLANTS LAYERS OF CLAY
RIVER
HOUSE EROSION
RUBBLE
RUBBLE
RIVER
hallig
WARFT SLUSH HALLIG SEA LEVEL (EBB) SLUSH SEA LEVEL (EBB) HALLIG
WARFT
WARFT
SEA LEVEL (FLOW)
SEA LEVEL (FLOW) WARFT
HALLIG
skerries SKERRIES SEALEVEL
SEABOTTOM
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ISLANDS
ANALYSIS OF EACH TYPE

type development type of underground impact of high and low water impact of global warming habitable I buildable examples type development type of underground impact of high and low water impact of global warming habitable I buildable examples type development type of underground impact of high and low water impact of global warming habitable I buildable examples type development type of underground impact of high and low water impact of global warming habitable I buildable examples type development type of underground impact of high and low water impact of global warming habitable I buildable examples VULCANO ISLAND by eruption of magma underwater until reaching the ocean surface stable ground, igneous rocks no real impact because of very low rise and fall sea level rise causes flooding basically no problem, limitation of construction material hawai, iceland ATOLL vulcano pokes out of the water, coral reefs are building an edge around it vulcano slides down, reef stays and grows stable ground, limestone no real impact because of very low rise and fall sea level rise causes flooding, dikes are not accepted, corals are dying basically no problem, limitation of construction material maldive islands RIVER ISLANDS by discharge of rocks, sand or sediments depending on the rivers slope or by flooding of land clay, shrubbery working as reinforcement no ebb and flow massive erosion basically no problem, depending on the size ilha do bananal, brasilia HALLIG flooded land, discharge of seasand and sediments slush, connected with earthcrust depending on ebb and flow general rising of the sea level causes disappearance of hallig by building a warft made of clay soil and turf north friesian hallig SKERRIES, ARCHIPELAGO a result of the ice age massiv stone depending on ebb and flow generall rising of the sea level means disappearance of skerries depending on the size stockholm, helsinki
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ISLANDS
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ISLANDS
KANSAI INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

Renzo Piano Building Workshop Osaka, Japan 1991 Kansai International Airport is an international airport located on an artificial island in the middle of Osaka Bay, off the shore of Japan. The manmade island is 4 km long and 2.5 km wide and is connected to the mainland via a 4km long brindge. The airport was constructed in 1991 in a classical reclaiming land method und was designed by Renzo Piano. The engineers had to cope with extremely adverse conditions - the vulcanic bedrock in this coastal area is coverded with a thick layer of clay, which is fairly unstable and slightly knuckels under pressure. The engineers tried to adapt their construction: First they countersinked 5000 jet pipes through the 18 meters deep ocean and the clay on the bedrock. They should stabilize the clay as well as building up a scaffold for the on-top-material. An embankment out of concrete blocks and stones protected it to the outside. Then they brought 180 million cubicmeters of ground and boulders out of the surrounding mountains and also countersinked them in the water. A commission of experts predicted a sinking rate of around 8,5 meters in the first 50 years. To survive the airport has to adapt to all these movements. To compensate for the sinking of the island, adjustable columns were designed to support the terminal building. These could be extended by inserting thick metal plates at their bases. After construction the rate of sinking was considered so severe that the airport was widely criticized as a geotechnical engineering disaster. In the meantime the whole plot was sinking more than 12 meters! Today the engineers are working quite hard to stop the sinking - therefore they built up a 30 meters deep concrete wall underneath the main buildings and installed lots of pumps.
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ISLANDS
SPONGE CITY
Niall Kirkwood + Harvard Graduate School of Design Landscape Architecture student group 2009 Concept In SPONGEcity is an utopian example for land reclamation situated in the Netherlands, but adaptable to every other riverside-spot. It concerns a radical reconsideration of Super Absorbent Polymers (SAPs) as a landscape application. Presently, they are used mostly to increase the water reserve of soils and to mitigate erosion. In Kirkwoods study floodwaters are captured by a dual sponge system both soft and structural. Elbows, or man-made oxbows, are built along the river Waal expanding the floodplain. Within each floodplain, canals are dug out to hold some of thefloodwater. Cellular networks of Super Absorbent Polymers (SAPs) are placed in these elbows and when the dikes close to the river are breached a new absorbent sponge landscape is created along the entire river. The sponges create a dramatic new terrain as they swell to a height of up to 20 meters. This sponge matrix radically re-imagines the traditional Dutch city by proposing a hybrid structure that contains water and constructs space for urbanization. Capable of holding 100 times its own weight in water, the structural sponge is realized by adding a hardening agent to the SAP, which creates a shell on the surface for development. The soft sponge is a fluctuating system of undulating hills that rise and fall according to seasonal floods. As mean water levels rise, soft sponge is converted to structural sponge and a new band of soft sponge is established on the periphery. The overall sponge matrix allows development to exist within a floodplain. The urban conditions benefit from the framework of sponge elbows by structuring newfound ground within the floodplain.
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ISLANDS
PALM JUMEIRAH
Dubai, United Arab Emirates 2001 The Palm Jumeirah is an artificial palm-shaped island (560 ha), topped with a crescent, located off the coast of The United Arab Emirates in the Persian Gulf and is connected to the mainland via a 300 meters long bridge. The project is possible due to a topographical feature - the continental shelf of the Persian Gulf ranges far out to the open sea. As a result the depth of the water is comparatively slender. The island comprises approximately 100 million cubic meters of rock and sand. The Palm Jumeirah consists of a tree trunk (4km in length), a crown with 16 fronds, and a surrounding crescent island. The island itself is 5x5 kilometers. It adds 78 kilometers to the Dubai coastline. The palm-shaped main isle is connected with the outer crescent by a 800 meters long subsea tunnel. The whole artificial island is constructed of sand dredged from the bottom of the persian gulf. The sand was sprayed by the dredging ships onto the required area in a process known as rainbowing because of the arcs in the air when the sand is sprayed. Then it was highly compressed with a special vibration method. The outer edge of each Palms encircling crescent is a large rock breakwater - it assures the protection against storm floods. The underwater part of the isle was tagged with special nutrients to quicken the upgrowth and thereby luring rare fishes - that should offset the ecological damages and make the diving more attractive. The outer crescent decreased the general water circulation - as a reason algae were produced and polluted the inner water - they had to arrange a gap on both crescent sides of the palm.
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GENERATING SYSTEMS
FLUVIAL ENERGY GENERATING SYSTEMS
Fluvial Energy Generating Systems produce electricity using the kinetic energy harnessed from streams and rivers. Throughout history, hydropower has been used as an energy source whether to power mills or entire cities. Fluvial Hydropower is specific to rivers, and is more commonly used in the form of waterwheels, dams, and turbines. New technologies have been developed to generate power on a larger scale, using some of the basic principles from these three systems. For instance, the F2H (Hudson River) by Brian Novello features a turbine wrapped around an inhabitable core to generate power for the self sustaining project. Hydropower is renewable and generates electricity with very low carbon emissions, but comes with a few drawbacks its high cost and negative impact on the ecosystem makes it an unfavorable energy source. In order to minimize the disruption of underwater ecosystems, new technologies are being modeled after animal and plant life. For example, the Anaconda and the Pelamis are two systems that take after the shape of snakes, using the natural movement to generate electricity and remove the danger of underwater animals getting caught in turbine blades. Innovations like these allow for more efficient and eco-friendly energy consumption.
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GENERATING SYSTEMS
WATERWHEELS
The first system that harnessed the power of water was the waterwheel, which cultures throughout Europe and Asia employed to run mills. A waterwheel is a very simple machine: a moving water source pushes against the paddles or buckets of the wheel, thus spinning it and engaging the machine connected through a system of gears.
DAMS
Typically, dams are installed in areas where moving and falling water exist, particularly in rivers. The dam barricades the water, holding it in a reservoir: stored energy. The water is then transported through the power plant, driving a turbine connected to the generator. The generator sends out electrical current to the transformer, which converts the current into a higher voltage, and output through power lines.
TIDAL BARRAGE
A tidal barrage is another means of using water energy for daily electrical power. The difference in water levels at high tide and low tide in suitable sites can be up to 13m, so the waters motion between these two states can be exploited. A tidal barrage is a semi-permeable embankment that includes turbines. When the tides change, seawater flows through the open control gates (or sluices), turning turbines within the embankment.
UNDERWATER KITE TURBINE

Produced by Minesto, the Underwater Kite Turbine is a turbine that harnesses tidal energy by moving in a figure eight. This movement allows the turbine to generate electricity in slower tidal streams. This turbine is attached to a kite, which will be 8-14meters wide and attached to a cable in a seabed 50300 meters deep.
BUOYBU
The Buoybu is a series of underwater buoys that harness energy 50 meters below the surface. Designed by the AWS Ocean Company, the Buoybu generates energy through the pressure changes caused by the waves. The buoy's water pressure rises when a wave passes over the buoy, causing the top of the buoy to descend. When waves are absent, the water pressure returns to normal, and the top of the buoy rises. The changes in water pressure generate electricity, which is then dispensed to the grid.
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GENERATING SYSTEMS
PELAMIS WAVE POWER

Pelamis Wave Power has introduced a new project titled The Pelamis. This snake-like form sits half submerged in the waves and harnesses energy from movement. The Pelamis is made of tubular segments that are connected by hinged joints, allowing the segments to bend with the waves. This movement generates electricity, which is fed to the grid.
ANACONDA
A rubber tube (up to 200 m long) is filled with low-pressure seawater and submerged in deep water off the coast. Similar to the mechanics of pulses of blood flowing through arteries, the oceans motion causes bulge waves flow through the rubber tube, ending with a turbine and generator that converts the changes in pressure to electrical power.
BIOWAVE AND BIOSTREAM

Firstly, the bioWAVE is large pivoting anchored system that spans the entire depth of water, as it is designed to operate in and harness the power of ocean swell waves. Economically efficient systems are suitable for depths of 30 m or more. Three blades are attached to a pivot, which is anchored to the seafloor by a foundation frame. The blades resembled buoys, and are rounded so as not to physically harm any wildlife. Inspired by the swaying motion of marine plants, the bioWAVE is allowed to move freely with the moving water, capturing the potential energy of the rising and falling surface and the ki netic energy of the subsurface current. Secondly, the bioStream also derives its shape and function from biomimicry. Inspired by the easy thunniform movement of tunas and sharks, this system sways from side to side with moving currents, and works most efficiently in speeds of 2.5 m/s or faster. A 15 m fin pivots at the end of a 20 m long tail, which pivots on a column and foundation containing the O-Drive. It is the motion in both pivoting joints that is converted to 83 useable power.
GENERATING SYSTEMS
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GENERATING SYSTEMS
F2H
Brian Novello Hudson River, New York, USA F2H is a self sustaining water house designed in response to New Yorks eventual flooding. Designed by Brian Novello, these flood harvesting houses features large turbines that wrap around a core of living spaces and circulation. Using the Hudson Rivers movement to power the turbines, the F2H can produce enough electricity to supply itself.
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WAVE GARDEN
Yusuke Obuchi California, USA 2026 Yusuke Obuchis Wave Garden is a 480 acre power plant and public park made of 1,800 three-inch thick tiles of piezo electron membrane. This membrane, composed of ceramic crystals, will float on the surface of the water and harness electricity through its movement with the waves. Piezo electrons are able to utilize the kinetic energy created by tension and stress to generate electricity. When electricity is applied directly to the piezo electrons, the membrane deforms. The Wave Garden operates as a power plant on the weekdays, and becomes a full fledged public park on the weekends. Depending on the amount of energy consumption throughout the week, the park rewards the public with recreational hills and spaces by applying the excess electricity from the week to the piezo electrons, causing the park to deform. The Wave Garden was designed to replace the Diablo Canyon nuclear power plant in 2026.
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GENERATING SYSTEMS
SOLAR CITY TOWER

RAFAA Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 2016 Sumer Olympics Swiss architecture and design firm RAFAA has designed a sustainable Solar City Tower for the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. While mainly functioning as a power plant for the future Olympic Village, the 105 m tall tower on Cotunduba Island also has an amphitheatre, an observatory, and a bungee jump platform, making it a recreational attraction as well. The height of the tower is tower is used for circulation and two entrances allow for the division of public and private programs. The solar energy plant consisting of photovoltaic panels are arranged to frame the main entrance to the tower. Whatever surplus energy is available after the sun sets is used to pump seawater to the top of tower. This water spills over the faade, creating a striking appearance that also continues to function as an power generator: the falling water operates hydroelectric turbines at the bottom of the tower, therefore hypothetically providing power for an entire 24 hours.
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WATER COOLING SYSTEMS
Many solutions exist and many solutions are possible when considering the controlling of a buildings climate when influenced by water. It could be argued that water is a truly essential entity when involved with buildings, as in life; without water, our planet could not exist. Therefore its alarming and surprising that so many architects havent explored the possibilities of integrating water into their designs as much as is possible. This therefore presents exciting opportunities for research and ideas at Angers. Our research involved firstly looking at systems which have been invented in order to assist in the cooling of spaces, using water. The second part of our research involved looking at examples of architectural adaptations which have been critically considered and as a result, innovative water cooling systems applied.
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QANAT
A qanat is an ancient water management system used to provide a reliable supply of water for human settlements and irrigation in hot, arid and semi-arid climates. Qanats can also be used for cooling as well as water supply. One technology operates in conjunction with a wind tower. The wind tower harnesses the prevailing summer winds to cool and circulate it through a building. A typical wind tower resembles a chimney, with one end in the basement of the building and the other end rising from the roof.
COOLGARDIE SAFE
The Coolgardie Safe is an innovation which developed in the outback of Western Australia to maintain fresh food whilst searching for gold in the desert. Arthur McCormick found a solution to this problem by inventing a cabinet for storing food which kept it cool by the evaporation of water (evaporative cooling). The cabinet was originally a timber-framed box with a hessiancover with a tray of water on top to keep the hessian wet. As the water evaporated from the wet hessian, it absorbed heat from its surroundings and so kept the content of the cabinet cool.
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AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS

The most common cooling system used to cool buildings today is through an air conditioning system. An air conditioner is a mechanism designed to extract heat from an area within a building. The system of cooling works by a simple refrigeration cycle. Modern developments began in 1758 with experiments conducted in the United States by Benjamin Franklin. Modern air conditioning systems require energy in order to operate. The main systems of air conditioning today include: refrigeration cycle, absorbtion refrigeration + evaporative cooling.
DEEP LAKE WATER COOLING

Deep lake water cooling uses cold water pumped from the bottom of a lake as a heat sink for climate control systems. Because heat pump efficiency improves as the heat sink gets colder, deep lake water cooling can reduce the electrical demands of large cooling systems where it is available. It is similar in concept to modern geothermal sinks, but generally simpler to construct given a suitable water source.
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WATER COOLED HOUSE

Wallflower Architects Ewart Park, Bukit Tihmah, Singapore 2009 This house in the leafy area Bukit Tihmah, Singapore, takes advantage of the opportunities available when winds and water are combined in a very competent design. The building sits surrounded by water, which works both by cooling the interior and surrounding spaces by combining with the breezes, as well as working in a thermal-mass capacity. A dark reflecting pond surrounds the pavilion which assists in refining the experience of serene isolation and privacy, and frames its surroundings whilst cooling its immediate spaces. The purpose of the second storey pond is also designed to thermally insulate the dining, bedrooms and family spaces underneath from solar heat gain. In the same way, the water body above also helps to regulate temperature swings within the house. As with the second storey pond, the air well and first storey koi pond is also designed to facilitate in micro-cooling the first storey rooms and spaces. The pathway is a conduit for prevailing breezes; the koi ponds thirty metre length and two metre width exposes a sixty square metre surface area within the house to those breezes for evaporative cooling.
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MINNAERT UNIVERSITY BUILDING

Neutelings Riedijk Architecten Utrecht, the Netherlands Utrecht University 1994-1997 The Geophysics building at Utrecht University in the Netherlands incorporates beautifully the use of rainwater as a climate control measure. Rainwater pours into a central hall which cools the internal climate. The water is sent around the building to cool other areas in the building through a circulatory system. At night, the water is pumped onto the roof to be cooled by the nights cool breezes. In the Architects words: Strict Dutch insulation requirements have resulted in the paradoxical situation that buildings hardly need any more heating, calling instead for permanent cooling systems that are wasteful of energy, since the warmth that comes from lamps, human bodies and computers has nowhere to escape... In the Minnaert building this surplus heat is conducted via cooling ceilings to the rain water buffer; this means that the temperature of the water rises two degrees centigrade every day. During the night, the water is once more conveyed to the roof, where it gives off its warmth free of charge to the cold cosmos. In this way the building becomes its own climate machine! Further ecological measures in the building include the use of ecologically sound materials, natural ventilation, heat recovery, high-frequency lighting, water-saving systems and an environment-friendly restaurant.
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WATERSKIN HOUSE/ALSACE PAVILION

AADI Architects Shanghai, China Shanghai World Exhibition, Urban Best Practices Area 2010 Many of the city pavilions in the Urban Best Practices Area (UBPA) of the Shanghai World Expo 2010 have endeavoured to adopt ideas and ways of promoting low-carbon lifestyles. The Alsace Case Pavilion demonstrates a construction model in energy saving and environmental protection. The model applies a unique way using solar and water power to generate domestic electricity for cooling and heating systems in summer and winter respectively. The power is generated using the capsule-type solar water curtain wall technology. On the frontal part of the pavilion building, there is a waterskin solar powered wall. Next to the water-skin wall, there is an amazing green wall filled with living plants. The water-skin wall consists of two layers of glass panels. Trapped air in the wall layers is pumped up to the roof of the building and circulated back by the solar power which is channelled through photovoltaic panels. This interesting system is just like our skin that can breathe to maintain body temperature at a stable level. This system is a unique and intuitive innovation however much power is required to generate the amount of energy required for the water fall effect.
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DEEPWATER WOOLSHED
Peter Stutchbury Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia 2001-2003 The Bulls Run Station The Deepwater Woolshed sits in the rugged countryside of New South Wales some 500 kilometres southwest of Sydney. The architects Stutchbury + Pape have delicately crafted a carefully considered solution to what is a very rugged yet enduring vernacular architectural typology. The building makes a significant contribution to the quality of the workplace in an industry that is an integral part of Australias history. When working conditions are compared to those in the shed it has replaced, the contrast is dramatic indeed. The Australian shearing shed has undergone little change throughout its evolution. The Deepwater Woolshed is an exercise in innovation, particularly in terms of the climatic extremes the workers are subjected to. For example, in the winter months the heat from the sheep is collected and redirected onto the shearers. In summer, recycled rainwater is sprinkled onto the roof and drains across a robust interpretation of the Coolgardie safe to create an evaporative cooling system and to settle dust. This time, expanded metal mesh provides the perforated surface necessary for the evaporative cooling effects, as well as serving as a sunshading device.
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WASTE PURIFICATION PLANT
WASTE/PURIFICATION PLANT
To purify the potable water we take in, and treat the contaminated sewage we flush away, humans use a variety of techniques of varying complexity, effectiveness, and environmental consideration. Conventionally, there are three categories of water treatment: Physical (filters & heat), Chemical (chlorine, iodine, aluminum), and Energy Intensive (ozone and UV disinfectant). Most of these techniques are intensively practiced when purifying water for potable uses. When outgoing sewage is treated before being released into the environment it often does not undergo the same level of scrutiny. The downside of these treatment methods, in addition to their high embodied-energy, is that they focus very little on the environmental impacts of water use and contamination. We treat the water we drink the same way as the water we use to flush our toilets. And we treat the flushed water, with its accompanying nutrient-rich sewage, often the same way we do runoff from city streets that is contaminated with heavy metals. There is a growing argument for a more considerate approach to water treatment, much of which centers on reduction of use, separation of function, and biological processes for purification. One of the most prominent techniques for designing a sustainable water system is known as the upstream approach. This requires each stream of water to be treated according to its specific needs. The streams in question are discerned as follows; greywater, i.e. sewage-free water from sinks and washing machines, blackwater, i.e. sewage containing water from toilets, and runoff, i.e. stormwater from developed areas that is likely to contain chemicals and heavy metals. These sustainable water treatment methods, even when used in conjunction with more conventional techniques, help to maintain and restore the natural hydrology of a site and region. As clean water becomes an ever more precious commodity, it will serve us well to design systems that support the health of our local supply.
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SIDWELL FRIENDS MIDDLE SCHOOL

Keiran Timberlake Assc. Architects + Andropogon Landscape Architects Washington D.C. USA Sidwell Friends School 2006 A private middle school designed to fit a small and sloping site in an urban neighborhood near Washington D.C. The building has many sustainable features, which do double duty as efficiency measures and teaching tools for the students. The water purification system consists of collection and storage tanks for both rainwater and grey water, both of which feed into a terraced constructed wetland. The wetland plants purify the water, which is then used for irrigation and non-potable building functions.
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WHITNEY WATER TREATMENT FACILITY

Steven Holl Architects + Michael Van Valkenburgh Assc. Landscape Architects New Haven CT USA Regional Water Authority 1998-2005 The redesign of a former water treatment site near the city of New Haven, CT. The water purification itself is state of the art, incorporating techniques such as ozone disinfectant, though relatively conventional. The surrounding landscape is designed to showcase the importance of holistic water management. It attempts to mimic the natural hydrological terrain of the region with features such as constructed wetlands, small ponds, and meandering streams, which gently process rainwater and replenish the natural aquifer in the area.
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HAMMARBY SJSTAD
Steven Holl Architects +Michael Van Valkenburgh Assc. Landscape Architects New Haven CT USA Regional Water Authority 1998-2005 The redesign of Hammarby Sjstad is an ambitious experiment in sustainable design being undertaken by the city of Stockholm. The master plan includes many cutting-edge environmentally conscious innovations. The entire site incorporates a comprehensive water management plan, which addresses issues from the use of non-toxic roofing materials to avoid contamination of stormwater, to the separation of household greywater for filtration and reuse. Hammarby Sjstad incorporates a network of bioswales and canals into the landscape where they both transport water and serve as an aesthetic framework for the character of the development.
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URBAN PROJECTS |
URBAN INTERVENTIONS
URBAN INTERVENTIONS
Urban Interventions describe big scale projects in allready developped parts of the city that are in need of an intervention due to economic, political or social changes. The intervention can change form or/and program of the site, the following examples describe processes in fluvial or harbor sceneries.
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URBAN PROJECTS |
URBAN INTERVENTIONS
THAMES GATEWAY
Hopkins + Zaha Hadid + Heneghan Peng East London, England London Development Agency 1995-2000 The development of the area started after the completition of the new rail line High Speed 1 in 1995. Thames Gateway includes 16 different redevelopment zones, such as Royal Docks, Stratford, London Riverside a.o. For our research about teritorialization weve been focusing on the development of the Royal Docks. So far six major projects have been developed and have escalated the potential of growth in the area towards a world class business destination within the knowledge economy. The major projects are: Canary Wharf (business disctrict), University of East London, London City Airport, Olympic Parc 2012, O2 Arena and Excel Center (conference, mixed use).
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URBAN PROJECTS |
INTERVENTIONS
OUDE DOCK
Rem Koolhaas + Floris Alkemade Gent, Belgium Autonomous Municipal Gent Development Authority 2004 Conceptual Masterplan Concerning all of these three topics, the urban design project of OMA, a first prize winning conceptual masterplan for Gent, Belgium, is a great example. Very close to the historical city is the old harbour district. The Masterplan involves the strategy of converting the old warehouses into new housing and offices and creating several east-west connecting streets, to build a visual conection from the new district over the canal to the old city. The infrastructure towards the new area will be strengthen by a new bridge for the means of public transport connecting the north-south axis of the harbour with the belt highway R40 of Gents inner city. Further bridges, mainly for pedestrians and bicycles, will be built a number of meters south of the main bridge. The canal, which before has mainly been used for industrial reasons will be undergoing a change on both shores to a public space such as a promenade or a classical park with greening, playgrounds, sports fields, benches etc whereas the water will be accesible for people with small boats of different kinds.
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URBAN PROJECTS |
URBAN INTERVENTIONS
RIGA PORT CITY

Rem Koolhaus + Reinier de Graf + Markus Dettling + Gabriella Bojalil Riga, Latvia New Riga Development Company LTD 2009 In december 2005 OMA was commissioned to develop a masterplan for the development of Riga Port City, located in the former Docklands along the river Dougava close to the city centre of Riga. The challenge of this masterplan is how to transform the former dockland area into an urban quarter, how to connect the area to the city center and how to use the high valueable waterfrond in the best way. To achieve a certain mix of use and Urban atmospheres, the general layout of the masterplan proposes a division of the area in 3 Bands (estwest) and 6 Zones (north-south). The Band -1 along the waterfront is meant for reidential use with cultural places and many public spaces. The Band 0 is proposed as a high density business area, with office, commercial and residential use. It is also difined as 2nd Waterfront with many great views towards the river. The Band 1, towards the city is meant as reisdential and mixed use area, with building typologies similar to the existing buildings of the riga city center.
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TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
MICRO MOBILITY MACRO MOBILITY EMERGENCY SERVICES BRIDGE WALKING PATH
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TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS |
MICRO + MACRO MOBILITY
Micro, macro, and emergency: with transportation methods ranging in organizational structure, greenness, and reliability, these operate as individual and collective methods of moving from point to point in spaces of the built landscape, the question of size and labeling of services is a valid question to be asked as the question of circulation through the city is configured. The major question to be asked is that of organization and purpose: what may micro transportation systems offer in counter to the macro system, and what learning can come out of the study of emergency transportation systems? The purpose of this research is to present a basic outline for mobile circulation methods throughout built landscapes as considerations for the changing typology of the Angers landscape. Micro-level transportation systems provide an alternative to the densely packed and almost regimental notion of macro-transportation. Micro provides for informality in connecting between major nodes of transportation in an increasingly complex network of transportation found within the city. Finn Geipel explains that, Reaching every point in a given geography is not a desired or desirable urban objective. Mobility is part of personal freedom ubiquity is not. As a result, through the implementation of micro-transportation as an informal method of transportation (scooters, segways, bicycles, small electric cars, microbuses, and collective cabs for example) connecting people and places within the city, it will be possible to achieve a fluid transportation which provides a greener alternative to the automobile in the city while still allowing people the personal freedom of choice that Geipel refers to. Additionally, micro mobility is desirable not only for social aspects, but for economical motives as well. With implementations of micro mobility the city will be interconnected through dense and intricate transportation webs allowing for decentralized and free forms of transportation without having to rely on the increasingly expensive costs of creating tram or subway infrastructure through the city. Additionally, with this increase in pedestrian and micro transportation systems, larger strands of the city will be apt to be transformed into vital economic centers from small shops to urban sized grocery stores. With micro mobility not only is the city being connected but the people are brought closer together as they begin to have meetings of chance and theoretically bring a greater community feeling to the ever isolating urbanization phenomenon. Transportation networks at the macro (city wide) level provide ever increasingly important nodes of translation in space for the city-dweller. Macro-level transportation refers to mass transit services with the purpose of moving large groups of people from one point to another. The Subway, Tram, BRT, Ferry and high speed trains form strains of the genetic makeup creating the infrastructure of macro level public transit. While successful, each system has its setbacks. For example, macro transit nodes are set at fixed locations and in many instances intervals, therefore people located at peripheries from said nodes will be more inclined to chose the automobile as a suitable option against the hassle of public transit relative to their geographic proximity to the network. Additionally, when a person has access to macro transit entrance nodes, there may be the problem of traveling in a circular fashion to reach a destination. Because of situations such as these the notion of micro transportation systems as connecting devices between people and macro systems has become increasingly popular as a theoretical design strategy to be incorporated into the city.
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TRANSPORTATION |
MOBILITY
CAR SYSTEMS
Autopartage Mobizen (Autolib) Paris, France The initiative calls for 3,000 batterypowered cars to be scattered across 1,000 self-service charging stations located throughout the city. Subscribers will have to pay roughly $15 per month, and about $6.50 for the first half-hour of use. This pricing scheme is intended to encourage short trips, which is exactly what the Bluecar is made for. Designed by Italian automaker Pininfarina, the car is powered by a lithium metal polymer battery, which allows it to travel up to 155 miles without being charged.
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BIKE SYSTEMS
Bicing Barcelona, Spain Bicing is a community bicycle program in Barcelona inaugurated in March 2007 similar to the Vlib in Paris, and Stockholm City Bikes. Its purpose is to cover the small and medium daily routes within the city in a climate friendly way, almost without pollution, roadway noise, traffic congestion and to reclaim the urban streets with non-polluting vehicles. To rent a bike one simply swipes the contactless RFID-card at a service station to be personally identified by the system, which then unlocks a bike from the support frame. Bicycles can be used for the first 30 minutes with no extra cost, with subsequent half hour blocks (up to 2 hours) costing 0.50EUR each. Use of a bicycle for more than 2 hours at a time is discouraged with a penalty rate of 3 EUR per hour, but also with the possibility of having your membership cancelled after a certain number of uses in excess of 2 hours.
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TRANSPORTATION |
MOBILITY
RAPID TRANSIT SYSTEMS

Rede Integrada de Transporte Curitiba, Brasil Rede Integrada de Transporte is a high speed, high capacity rapid transit bus system in Curitiba, Brazil. The system includes dedicated lanes on major streets and stops at designated elevated tubes, complete with handicapped access.The system is used by 85% of Curitibas population (2.3 Million passengers a day).
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EMERGENCY SERVICES
THE FLOATING ISLANDS

Lake Titicaca Belen, Peru An imaginative focal point for a robust and resilient transportation system comes from outside of the city and into the river planes in Belen, Peru. The Amazonian riverfront community uses bundles of dried totora reeds to make reed boats (balsas mats), and to make the islands themselves, exploring informal circulation solutions for a landscape alternating between fluvial and dry typologies. During dry season, foot, bike, and truck systems are the main transportation options of the community. As the landscape begins to shift from arid to fluvial, informal network of rafts begin to rise and circulate side by side with trucks capable of traveling at low water levels. As flood season progresses, paddle and small propeller operated rafts take over the circulation of the quarter as inhabitants switch to this secondary method of circulation.
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BRIDGE
ACCESS / CONNECTION
BRIDGE
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TRANSPORTATION |
BRIDGE
MAINE
Angers, France 157 000 hab. In Angers one can find two interesting situations. In the central areas the bridges are older and can be used by vehicles and pedestrians. Further away from the historical city centre the connections are more divided functionally. In these areas the population density are smaller, and the distances for pedestrians are longer. Bridges for railroad- and highway bridges connect the city with the region and leads the traffic through. One can see the same division in function i Cologne.
Bridges
Pedestrian access Rail Vehicule
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BRIDGE
RHEIN
Cologne, Germany 998 000 hab. In Cologne one can find the same number of crossings as in Angers. The number of bridges is the same, but two factors separate the case in Angers from the one in Cologne. In Cologne, the distance between the two banks of the Rhine varies between 300 and 400 meters. In the central parts of Angers the Maine is around 130 meters wide. This causes the building of a connection over the Maine to demand fewer resources than over The Rhine in Cologne. Being a city with a population of around a million, Cologne has more than six times the number of inhabitants. Cologne was heavily damaged in the second world war, destroying the bridges. The connection was rebuilt after the war. After the war, the needs had changes. Bridges were planned with greater influence from motorized transport, which made way for bridges with a greater distance between each crossing.
Bridges
Pedestrian access Rail Vehicule
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TRANSPORTATION |
BRIDGE
SEINE
Paris, France 2 193 000 hab. Avoiding destruction at the end of the second world war, Paris shows a different picture than Cologne. With a population density of over 20000/ km2 the french capital differs from Cologne, which has a density of roughly 2400/km2. In Paris, the river Seine is spanned by 37 bridges. The oldest, Pont Neuf, being built in the 16th century. The population density, combined with a width that is considerably shorter than that of the Rhine are key factors which create a high frequency of bridges across the Seine. Most of the bridges in Paris are multifunctional, giving room for both vehicles and pedestrians, in some cases also with rail traffic. Also, few bridges are reserved exclusively for pedestrians.
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BRIDGE
THE GRAND CANAL

Venice, Italy 60 000 hab. Venice is not located by a river, but in the sea. The Grand Canal does not have a flow of water going from one end to the other like in the other cities. With a width of between 60 and 80 meters, in its meandering form, it forms a clear barrier separating one part of the city from the other. The Grand Canal is spanned by five bridges. The most famous, Ponte di Rialto, can be labelled as an inhabited bridge, with spaces for vending on the span. The bridges spanning the Grand Canal are grand gestures with elaborate details giving an additional quality to the act of crossing from one side of the Canal to the other. In Venice one can find another scale in the connections. Where the network of waterways and pedestrian street meet the need for smaller crossings arises. These bridges have a shorter span and are designed to serve a basic function: To connect the streets on each side while maintaining the sufficient overhead height for the gondolas.
Bridges Grand Canal
Bridges Canal
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TRANSPORTATION |
scale 1: 20 000
BRIDGE
Bridge of Aspiration
London, 2003
wisting high above Floral Street in Covent Garden, the Bridge of Aspiration provides the dancers of the Royal Ballet School with a direct link to the Grade 1 listed Royal Opera House. The award-winning design addresses a series of complex contextual issues, and is legible both as a fully integrated component of the buildings it links, and as an LIA independent architectural element. The skewed alignment and different TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITT BERLIN levels of the landing points dictate the form of the crossing, which is geometrically INSTITUT simple. A concertina of 23 square and structurally FR ARCHITEKTUR portals with glazed intervals are supported from an aluminium spine PROF. FINN GEIPEL beam. These rotate in sequence for the skew in alignment, performing LIA a quarter-turn overall along the length of the bridge. The result is an TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITT BERLIN elegant intervention high above the street, which evokes the fluidity INSTITUT FR ARCHITEKTUR and grace of dance.
PROF. FINN GEIPEL
outside pho
BRIDGE OF ASPIRATION
London, 2003, Wisting high above Floral treet in Covent Garden, the Bridge of Aspiration provides the dancers of the Royal Ballet School with a direct link to the Grade 1 listed Royal Opera House. The awardwinning design addresses a series of complex contextual issues, and is legible both as a fully integrated composcale 1: 2 100 nent of the buildings it links, and as an independent architectural element. The skewed alignment and different levels of the landing points dictate the form of the crossing, which is geometrically and structurally simple. A concertina of 23 square portals with glazed intervals are supported from an aluminium spine beam. These rotate in sequence for the skew in alignment, performing a quarter-turn overall along the length of the bridge. program Bridge of Aspiration client Royal Ballet School The result is an elegant intervention country UK city London high costs above the street, which evokes 800000 the fluidity andWilkinson Eyre of dance. grace architeket
program country area architect Village China Xidi,Yixian,Anhui
LIA TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITT BERLIN INSTITUT FR ARCHITEKTUR PROF. FINN GEIPEL
program Bridge of Aspiration TECHNISCHE Ballet School client Royal UNIVERSITT BERLIN country INSTITUT UK FR ARCHITEKTUR city London PROF. FINN GEIPEL costs 800000 architeket Wilkinson Eyre
LIA
program program client client country country city city costs costs architeket architeket
Bridge of Roy RoyalUK Bal UK Lon London 80 800000
Brid
Wilkinson Wilk
Bridge of SUMMER SEMESTER 2011 Aspiration

London, 2003
scale 1: 20 000 wisting high above Floral Street in Covent Garden, the Bridge of Aspiration provides the dancers of the Royal Ballet School with a direct link to the Grade 1 listed Royal Opera House. The award-winning design addresses a series of complex contextual issues, and is legible both as a fully integrated component of the buildings it links, and as an independent architectural element. The skewed alignment and different levels of the landing points dictate the form of the crossing, which is geometrically and structurally simple. A concertina of 23 square portals with glazed intervals are supported from an aluminium spine beam. These rotate in sequence for the skew in alignment, performing a quarter-turn overall along the length of the bridge. The result is an elegant intervention high above the street, which evokes the fluidity and grace of dance.
SUR
London, 2003
plan scale 1: 100
scale 1: 20 000
Bridge of Aspiration of Aspiration provides the dancers
wisting high above Floral Street in C
inside pho
London,Grade 1 listed Royal Ope link to the 2003
scale 1: 20 000
Portfolio
London, 2003
wisting high above Floral Street in Covent Garden, the Bridge of Aspiration provides the dancers of the Royal Ballet School with a direct link to the Grade 1 listed Royal Opera House. The award-winning design addresses a series of complex contextual issues, and is legible both as a fully integrated component of the buildings it links, and as an independent architectural element. The skewed alignment and different levels of the landing points dictate the form of the crossing, which is geometrically and structurally simple. A concertina of 23 square portals with glazed intervals are supported from an aluminium spine beam. These rotate in sequence for the skew in alignment, performing a quarter-turn overall along the length of the bridge. The result is an Xidi, elegant intervention high above the street, which evokes the fluidity The street pattern of Xidi is dominated and grace of dance.
scale 1: 2 100
e 1: 20 000
Chinese village
design addresses a series of comp wisting high above Floral Str both as a fully integrated componen Aspiration provides the danc independent architectural element. Roya link to the Grade points dictate t levels of the landing 1 listed Roy Bridg design addresses a seriessim of is geometrically and structurallyTwisti portals with fully integrated ofsup As both as a glazed intervals arecom with a beam. These rotate in sequenceele fo scale 1: 20 000 independent architecturalThe a a quarter-turn overall along the conte leng levels of the landing abovecomp elegant intervention high points d the archi is geometrically and structura and grace of dance. The portals with glazed intervals s dicta beam. These rotate in seque struc glaze a quarter-turn overall along t These a qua elegant intervention high abo is an and grace of dance. the flu
plan scale 1: 100
scale 1: 50 000
by a main road which runs in an east-west direction and is flanked by two parallel streets. These major streets are joint by many narrow alleyways. Small open spaces are confined to areas immediately in front of the main public buildings, such as the Hall of Respect, the Hall of Reminiscence, and the Memorial Archway of the Governor. Today, 124 well preserved wooden residences from the Ming and Qing dynasties with beautiful carvings form the major attractions. Many of these residences are open to the public.
program outside photo country area architect
Village China Xidi,Yixian,Anhui
Details Locatio Client: Archite Structu Total P Compl
Chinese village
Xidi,
The street pattern of Xidi is dominated by a main road which runs in an east-west direction and is flanked by two parallel streets. These major streets are joint by many narrow alleyways. Small open spaces are confined to areas immediately in front of the main public buildings, such as the Hall of Respect, the Hall of Reminiscence, and the Memorial Archway of the Governor. Today, 124 well preserved wooden residences from the Ming and Qing dynasties with beautiful carvings form the major attractions. Many of these residences are open to the public.
e 1: 2 100
scale 1: 50 000
scale 1: 2 100
Award AluPro Footbr Baltha Solutia scale 1: 2 RIBA A 100 RFAC Civic T Alumin British xidi photo FX Awa Shortlis Shortlis 2003
plan scale 1: 100
inside photo
124
scale 1: 2 100
outside photo
plan scale 1: 100
BRIDGE
Details Location: L Client: Roy Architect: W Structural E Total Projec Completed
: 2 100
program country area architect
plan scale 1: 100
plan scale 1: 100
program country area architect
Awards AluProgett Footbridge Balthasar N Solutia Des RIBA Awar RFAC Trus Civic Trust Aluminium British Con FX Awards Shortlisted Shortlisted 2003
inside photo
Chinese village
Xidi,
program country area architect Village China Xidi,Yixian,Anhui
CHINESE VILLAGE XIDI
scale 1: 50 000
The street pattern of Xidi is dominated by a main road which runs in The street pattern of Xidi is domian east-west direction and is flanked by two parallel streets. These nated by a main road which runs in program Village major streets are joint by many narrow alleyways. Small open spaces an east-west direction and is flanked country are confined to areas immediately in front of the main public buildings, China village by two parallel streets. These major such as the Hall of Respect,Chinesearea the Hall of Reminiscence, and the Xidi,Yixian,Anhui Xidi, Memorial Archway of the Governor. pattern of Xidi is dominated by a main road which runs instreets are joint by many narrow alThe street
major residences by many Ming alleyways. Today, 124 well preserved wooden streets are jointfrom thenarrow and QingSmall open spaces are form the areas attractions. Many of fined to areas immediately in front of scale 1: 50 000 dynasties with beautiful carvings confined to majorimmediately in front of the main public buildings, such as the Hall of Respect, the Hall of Reminiscence, and the these residences are open to Memorial Archway of the Governor. the public. the main public buildings, uch as the Today, 124 well preserved wooden residences from the Ming and Qing dynasties with beautiful carvings form the major attractions. Many of these residences are open to the public. an east-west direction and is flanked by two parallel streets. These
architect
leyways. Small open spaces are conHall of Respect, the Hall of Reminiscence, and the Memorial Archway of the Governor. Today, 124 well preserved wooden residences from the Ming and Qing dynasties with beautiful carvings form the major attractions. Many of these residences are open to the public.
Chinese village
Xidi,
The street pattern of Xidi is dominated by a main road which runs in an east-west direction and is flanked by two parallel streets. These major streets are joint by many narrow alleyways. Small open spaces are confined to areas immediately in front of the main public buildings, such as the Hall of Respect, the Hall of Reminiscence, and the Memorial Archway of the Governor. Today, 124 well preserved wooden residences from the Ming and Qing dynasties with beautiful carvings form the major attractions. Many of these residences are open to the public.
: 50 000
Chinese village
Xidi,
scale 1: 50 000
The street pattern of Xidi is dominated by a main road which runs in an east-west direction and is xidi photo 1 by two parallel streets. These flanked major streets are joint by many narrow alleyways. Small open spaces are confined to areas immediately in front of the main public buildings, such as the Hall of Respect, the Hall of Reminiscence, and the Memorial Archway of the Governor. Today, 124 well preserved wooden residences from the Ming and Qing dynasties with beautiful carvings form the major attractions. Many of these residences are open to the public.
xidi photo 2
xidi photo 3
xidi photo 2
NIKOLAI YTREHUS Li XIE
xidi photo 2
125
TRANSPORTATION |
BRIDGE
site area architect
0.6 ha MAXWAN
50 BRIDGES
LEIDSCHE RIJN, 1998

scale 1: 20 000
The master plan for Leidsche Rijn, Utrecht, was completed by Maxwan in 1995. As a result 150 bridges were needed to connect the streets of this new city over an extensive network of canals as part of the sustainable water-management plan. Maxwan was asked to design 50 of those bridges. They decided not to make an issue out of the span of the bridge, but LIA rather to treat each bridge as a segment BERLIN street, with a railing. TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITT of public LIA A good street implies efficiency. The smoothest possible links were INSTITUT FR ARCHITEKTUR TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITT BERLIN made, curving the sides of the bridge to match the traffic setting on PROF. FINN FR ARCHITEKTUR GEIPEL INSTITUT either side of the water. Ponds were allowed to appear in the deck of the bridgePROF. FINN GEIPEL where asphalt was unnecessary.
LIA TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITT BERLIN INSTITUT FR ARCHITEKTUR PROF. FINN GEIPEL
The master plan for Leidsche Rijn, Utrecht, was completed by Maxwan in 1995. As a result 150 bridges were needed to connect the streets of this new city over an extensive network Of canals as part of the sustainable water-management plan. Maxwan was asked to design 50 of those bridges. They decided not to make an issue out of the span of the bridge, but rather to treat each bridge as a scale 8 000 segment of public street,1: with a railing. A good street implies efficiency. The smoothest possible links were made, curving the sides of the bridge to match the traffic setting on either side of the water. Ponds were allowed to appear in the deck of the bridge where asphalt was unnecessary.
50 BRIDGES LEIDSCHE RIJN
program client client country country city city site site area area architect architect
program
50 bridges for cars, bikes and pedestrians city of Utrechtprogram city of Utrecht Netherlands client Netherlands Leidsche Rijn Leidsche Rijn country 0.6 ha 0.6 ha MAXWAN city MAXWAN
50 bridges for cars, bikes and pedestrians
site area architect
50 BRIDGES
LEIDSCHE RIJN, 1998

scale 1: 20 000
scale 1: 2 000
scale 1: 20 000
The LEIDSCHEfor Leidsche Rijn, Utrecht, was completed master plan RIJN, 1998 The master plan for Leidsche Rijn, Utrecht, was completed by Maxwan in 1995. As a result 150 bridges were needed to by Maxwan in of this new result 150 extensive network connect the streets 1995. As acity over an bridges were needed to connect the streets of this new city over an extensive of canals as part of the sustainable water-management plan. network of canals as part design 50 of those water-management plan. Maxwan was asked to of the sustainable bridges. They decided wasto maketo designout of the span of the bridge, but Maxwan not asked an issue 50 of those bridges. rather to treat each not to make an issue out of the span ofa railing. They decided bridge as a segment of public street, with the bridge, but A good street treat each bridgeThe a segment possible links were rather to implies efficiency. as smoothest of public street, with a railing. made,good street sides of the bridge to match the traffic setting on A curving the implies efficiency. The smoothest possible links were either side of the water. Ponds of theallowed to appear the traffic setting on made, curving the sides were bridge to match in the deck of the bridge where asphalt was unnecessary.
50 BRIDGES
50 BRIDGES
either side of the water. Ponds were allowed tomaster the deck of The appear in plan for the bridge where asphalt was unnecessary.
LEIDSCHE RIJN, 19
scale 1: 20 000
program client country city size costs architect
bridge for walkers, bikes Polis Covilh, S.A. Portugal Covilh long 220 m wide 4,40 m 3 millionen Euro Joo Lus Carrilho da Graa
Le by Maxwan in 1995. A connect the streets of of canals as part of th Maxwan was asked to They decided not to m rather to treat each br A good street implies e made, curving the side either side of the wate the bridge where asph
Pedestrian Bridge Covilh, 2009

scale 1: 20 000
scale 1: 8 000
The Pedestrian Bridge over Carpinteira stream in Covilh, Portugal, its one of those particular interventions with a very clear vocation of (re) shaping a specific territory and (re)adjusting in time its general image. Without being a mega-structure itself, it clearly acts as part of one in the sense that it represents an effective physical addition - like an arm of a body, like a leg of Archigrams walking city - to the existing urban panorama. Located in the mountainous area of Serra da Estrela, this countryside portuguese town stretches over three big promontories divided by two deep valleys - Goldra and Carpinteira. This singular and hard topography has a great impact in the way the city grows and the way people actually lives. In recent years this expansion is being made to the outskirts of the city center, far away from these promontories, which is generating real mobility problems.
scale 1: 8 000
scale 1: 2 000
scale 1: 2 000
program client country city size program costs client architect
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country city size costs scale architect
bridge for walkers, bikes Polis Covilh, S.A. Portugal Covilh long 220 m wide 4,40 m bridge for 3 millionen Euro walkers, bikes Polis Covilh, Graa Joo Lus Carrilho daS.A.
1: 8 000
Portugal Covilh long 220 m wide 4,40 m 3 millionen Euro Joo Lus Carrilho da Graa
ntry
size costs architect
s itect
1: 8 000
long 220 m wide Portugal 3 millionen Euro 4,40 m Joo Lus Covilh scale 1: 8 000Carrilho da Graa long 220 m wide 4,40 m 3 millionen Euro Joo Lus Carrilho da Graa
scale 1: 8 000
Bridges
BRIDGE
scale 1: 2 000
scale 1: 2 000

scale 1: 20 000
scale 1: 2 000 The Pedestrian Bridge over Carpinteira stream in Covilh, Portugal, its one of those particular interventions with a very clear vocation of (re) shaping a specific territory and (re)adjusting in time its general image. Without being a mega-structure itself, program it clearly acts asbridge for walkers, bikes part of one in client Polis like an arm the sense that it represents an effective physical addition -Covilh, S.A. Perspektiv country Portugal of a body, like a leg of Archigrams walking city - to the Covilh urban existing city PEDESTRIAN size long 220 m wide 4,40 m panorama.
BRIDGE COVILH
the an effecPedestrian Bridge over Carpinteira stream in Covilh, Portugal, its sense that it representsan arm of tive physical addition - like of those particular interventions with a very clear vocation of (re) a body, like a leg of Archigrams walking city - to the existing urban panoping a specific territory and (re)adjusting in time its general image. rama. in the out being a mega-structure itself, it clearly acts as part of one in Located Estrela,mountainous area of Serra da this countryside porsense that it represents an effective physical addition - like an arm tuguese town stretches over three big promontories divided by two body, like a leg of Archigrams walking city - to Pedestrian Bridge urban deep valleys - Goldra and Carpinteira. the existing This singular and hard topography Covilh, 2009 orama. has a great impact in the way the The Pedestrian Bridge over Carpinteira stream in Covilh, Portugal, its
scale 1: 20 000
The Pedestrian Bridge over Carpinteira stream in Covilh, Portugal, its one of those particular interventions with a very clear vocation of (re) shaping a specific territory and (re)adjusting in time its general image. Without being a mega-structure itself, it clearly acts as part of one in the sense that it represents an effective physical addition - like an arm of a body, like a leg of Archigrams walking city - to the existing urban panorama. Located in the mountainous area of Serra da Estrela, this countryside portuguese town stretches over three big promontories divided by two deep valleys - Goldra and Carpinteira. This singular and hard topography has a great impact in the way the city grows and the way people actually lives. In recent years this expansion is being made to the outskirts of the city center, far away from these promontories, which is generating real mobility problems.
estrian Bridge ilh, 2009
program client country city size costs architect
bridge for walkers, bikes Polis Covilh, S.A. Portugal Covilh long 220 m wide 4,40 m 3 millionen Euro Joo Lus Carrilho da Graa
The Pedestrian Bridge over Located in the mountainous area of Serra da Estrela, this countryside portuguese town stretches over three big promontories divided by bridge for Carpinteira stream in Covilh, Portuwalkers, bikes program gal, its two deep valleys - Goldra and Carpinteira. This singular and hard client Polis Covilh, S.A. one of those particular intertopography has a great impact in the way the citycountryand the way grows Portugal ventions with a very clear vocation of (re) shaping a specific territory and people actually lives. In recent years this expansion is being made city Covilh (re)adjusting in time its general imto the outskirts of the city center, far away from these promontories, size long 220 m wide 4,40 m which is generating real mobility problems. age. Without being a mega-structure Pedestrian Bridge 3 millionen Euro Covilh, 2009 costs itself, it clearly acts as part of one in The Pedestrian Bridge over Carpinteira stream in Covilh, Portugal, its Carrilho da Graa architect Joo Lus
one of those particular interventions with a very clear vocation of (re) shaping a specific territory and (re)adjusting in time its general image. Without being a mega-structure itself, it clearly acts as part of one in the sense that it represents an effective physical addition - like an arm of a body, like a leg of Archigrams walking city - to the existing urban panorama. Located in the mountainous area of Serra da Estrela, this countryside portuguese town stretches over three big promontories divided by two deep valleys - Goldra and Carpinteira. This singular and hard topography has a great impact in the way the city grows and the way people actually lives. In recent years this expansion is being made to the outskirts of the city center, far away from these promontories, which is generating real mobility problems.
costs architect
3 millionen Euro Joo Lus Carrilho da Graa
ale 1: 20 000
scale 1: 20 000
ated in the mountainous area of Serra da Estrela, this countryside uguese town stretches over three big promontories divided by scale 1: 1 000 deep valleys - Goldra and Carpinteira. This singular and hard Located in the mountainous area of Serra da Estrela, this countryside graphy has a great impact in the way the city grows andstretches over three big promontories divided by the way portuguese town two deep valleys Goldra and ple actually lives. In recent years this expansion is being -made Carpinteira. This singular and hard topography has a great impact in the way the city grows and the way e outskirts of the city center, far away from these promontories, years this expansion is being made people actually lives. In recent to the outskirts of the city center, far away from these promontories, h is generating real mobility problems. which is generating real mobility problems.
scale 1: 1 000
Perspektiv VORNAME NACHNAME VORNAME NACHNAME
one of those particular interventions with a very clear vocation of (re) ally lives. In recent years shaping a specific territory and (re)adjusting in time its general image. sion is being made to the Without being a mega-structure itself, it clearly acts as part of one in the city center, far away the sense that it represents an effective physical addition - like an arm promontories, which is of a body, like a leg of Archigrams walking city - to the existing urban real mobility problems. panorama.
xidi photo 1
city grows and the way people actuthis expanoutskirts of from these generating
ale 1: 1 000
Perspektiv
Perspektiv
scale 1: 1 000
127
128
ECOLOGIES
RIVER DYNAMICS FLOOD RESEARCH
129
130
ECOLOGIES |
WATER TECHNIQUES
RIVER DYNAMICS
The basic dynamics to be known when working with rivers are the dynamics of flowing water and closely related to them the transportation of sediments. Combined, these two lead to the typical forms of natural rivers. While in their upper parts with usually more solid ground and a steeper riverbed, rivers tend to move in a more straight way, in the lower parts with less slope and much smaller parts to be moved rivers remodel their riverbed constantly. The most common form in this modelling process is the so called meandering. When a river gets into a slight turn for whatever reason it develops an undercut slope on the outer side of the turn and a slip-off slope on the inner side. As on the outer side the water flows faster, the undercut slope constantly loses material, while the slip-off slope keeps growing into the river as sediment carried by the river sinks to the ground because of the reduced speed on this side of the turn. This process leads to loops that keep growing until finally there is a break through between two loops.
131
ECOLOGIES |
WATER TECHNIQUES
BASCIS OF FLUVIAL DYNAMICS

break-through
There is numeric and physical models of simulation. possibilities of complex hydrodynamic calculations grow along with processing power of modern computers Computerized parametric methods serve well for calculating multiple variations of one situation Physical models are useful for both experiments on material transport and fluid dynamics
132
ECOLOGIES |
WATER TECHNIQUES
ELBE SOLE STABILIZATION

The Pontine Marshes south of Rome are an ancient swamp land that has been laid dry under Mussolini in the 1930s and are today used for intensive farming. Thousands of kilometres of channels were built to dry out the swamps and these channels are nowadays suffering from heavy pollution due the intensive agricultural use of the region. As the channels get closer to the sea they partly reach pollution levels of wastewater. Alan Berger, a landscape architect from the MIT had the idea of, instead of building conventional wastewater plants, building a large-scale socalled wetland machine to use the self-cleansing capacities of rivers. The basic demand to this machine would be to slow down the water as in the straight channels it flows too fast to be purified by water plants, which is the basic mechanism of a wetland machine. Furthermore the water must be distributed in the most effective way along the purifying plants. To ensure the machine would fulfil these demands, Berger set up several experiments with Heidi Nepf, an MIT expert for hydrodynamics to find the optimal shape for his channel system and the optimal plant distribution in the channels. After having been slowed down and partly having been sent back into the groundwater system, the water would pass through several treatment basins to be fed back into the channel as clear water in the end. Furthermore, the wetland machine goes beyond the idea of just implementing a sustainable water treatment system into the pontine region but also to integrate public space by building several recreational pathways between the slopes and thus creating a kind of a landscape park. The project is still under development but Bergers research has convinced regional politicians and since there 4.5 million eur of EU funds granted for further research, there might be an actual chance of realizing it.
groin (Buhne)
sanding up
u n d e r c u t slope: fortified against erosion
slip-off slope: reduced flow speed, sediment deposition
groin head; slope approx. 1:5 sediment deposition on the offcurrent side groin flank; aprox. 1:3 slope
enforced solid rock groin as seen on photo; further examples would be triangle groin, Stone box groin or wattle groin
133
ECOLOGIES |
WATER TECHNIQUES
THE ISAR PLAN

As the river that flows through Munich the Isar has, just as most urban rivers, in the past been straightened and put into a strict riverbed with banks made of stone to control its movement and prevent the city from flood events. Since the year 2000 and with a scheduled end in May 2011 the City of Munich together with the Wasserwirtschaftamt Mnchen has run a project to renaturalize the river inside the city. The main aims of this project were, to give the river back some of its natural shape and thus make it more attractive and improve its accessibility from the city, and to provide a better flood prevention by slowing down the river and reactivating some of its capacities to prevent floods. Several measures were taken to achieve these aims: 1. The riverbed was widened up from 50m to 90m, using the space that had before been reserved as floodplains and was now made accessible to the river to form its own bed. 2. The banks that had been enforced with stone were partly renaturalized by giving them a more natural slope covered with grass and implementing an enforced bank hidden in the ground at the edge of the new 90mriverbed. 3. The embankments that are still necessary to prevent the city from flood events where reinforced by implemented earth concrete walls allowing the river to erode the embankments party without destroying their structure. These measures, combined with some more, have already led to a much more natural appearance of the river and have also proved themselves to be flood preventing in at least one severe flood event.
i tra
gh
te
ne
re
t na
ur
al
ize
134
ECOLOGIES |
WATER TECHNIQUES
THE PONTINE MARSHES

The Pontine Marshes south of Rome are an ancient swamp land that has been laid dry under Mussolini in the 1930s and are today used for intensive farming. Thousands of kilometres of channels were built to dry out the swamps and these channels are nowadays suffering from heavy pollution due the intensive agricultural use of the region. As the channels get closer to the sea they partly reach pollution levels of wastewater. Alan Berger, a landscape architect from the MIT had the idea of, instead of building conventional wastewater plants, building a large-scale socalled wetland machine to use the self-cleansing capacities of rivers. The basic demand to this machine would be to slow down the water as in the straight channels it flows too fast to be purified by water plants, which is the basic mechanism of a wetland machine. Furthermore the water must be distributed in the most effective way along the purifying plants. To ensure the machine would fulfil these demands, Berger set up several experiments with Heidi Nepf, an MIT expert for hydrodynamics to find the optimal shape for his channel system and the optimal plant distribution in the channels. After having been slowed down and partly having been sent back into the groundwater system, the water would pass through several treatment basins to be fed back into the channel as clear water in the end. Furthermore, the wetland machine goes beyond the idea of just implementing a sustainable water treatment system into the pontine region but also to integrate public space by building several recreational pathways between the slopes and thus creating a kind of a landscape park. The project is still under development but Bergers research has convinced regional politicians and since there 4.5 million eur of EU funds granted for further research, there might be an actual chance of realizing it.
135
136
ECOLOGIES |
WATER TECHNIQUES
FLOOD RESEARCH
137
ECOLOGIES |
WATER TECHNIQUES
MO.S.E
Brian Novello Venice, Italy Concept` F2H is a self sustaining water house designed in response to New Yorks eventual flooding. Designed by Brian Novello, this project features large turbines that wrap around a core of living spaces and circulation. Using the Hudson Rivers movement to power the turbines, the F2H can produce enough electricity to supply itself.
138
ECOLOGIES |
WATER TECHNIQUES
NEELTJE JANS
Neeltje Jans Seewall, the Netherlands In 1953 a killer storm surge floods the Dutch coastline and claims over 1800 lives, inspiring the construction of the biggest, most sophisticated flood defenses on the planet. Costing bil- lions of dollars, the systems of giant concrete and steel sea walls and retractable floodgates include one of the Seven Enginee- ring Wonders of the Modern World. But with sea levels rising across the globe, the fierce North Sea and swelling rivers threa- ten to breach the defences again and wipe out the Netherlands, a quarter of which lies below sea-level. In response, the Dutch are designing floating houses and roads, even whole cities.
139
ECOLOGIES |
WATER TECHNIQUES
LILYPAD
Vincent CAllebaut 2008 The Lilypad, by Vincent Callebaut, is a concept for a completely self-sufficient floating city intended to provide shelter for future climate change refugees. The intent of the concept itself is laudable, but it is Callebauts phenomenal design that has captured our imagination. The Lilypad, which was designed to look like a waterlily, is intended to be a zero emission city afloat in the ocean. Through a number of technologies (solar, wind, tidal, biomass), it is envisioned that the project would be able to not only produce its own energy, but be able to process CO2 in the atmosphere and absorb it into its titanium dioxide skin.
140
ECOLOGIES |
WATER TECHNIQUES
L9W
MVRDV New Orleans, USA 2006 Concept In December 2006, a group of experts in New Orleans worked about building green affordable housing on a large scale to help victims of Hurricane Katrina. The architects were given a typology study that included traditional New Orleans housing types such as the Shotgun, the Camelback and the Creole Cottage along with current ideas and recommendations for the target area in the Lower 9th Ward
141
142
ANGERS |
ANALYSIS OF TEST SITE
ANGERS, FRANCE
Analysis of test site Angers is a city located in western France in the region Pays-de-Loire. The Council of Angers was held in 453. Today Angers has a population of about 157,000 people and in the metropolitan area about 283,000 inhabitants. The University of Angers has about 30,000 Students and is one of the most important economic aspects of the local economy. It extends over 42,70 km2. South of the city the river Maine flows into the Loire which is important for the regular flood-water which occurs up to 3 times a year. The flood risk of the total area is about 21.1% which could affect up to 3.600 households.
143
ANGERS |
shore area Berge de Maine
flood of 1995 urban catchment
Saint Serge urban district
Monplaisir urban district
FLOOD SITUATION
The Loire is mainly in its natural riverbed and is mostly unnavigable. Only in the riverdelta from the Atlantic Ocean to Nantes the Loire is accessable for cargo ships. From the delta to the embouchure of the Maine there is some excursion boat traffic and further upstream there is no more shipping traffic possible. The Loire is upstram mostly used for cooling in industrial facilities like three nuclear power plants and for farming. The water veloctiy is between 18 m3/ sec to 8,000 m3/sec. The average water velocity of the Maine in Angers is about 133 m3/sec. Over 22.1% of the total area of Angers are very high at floodrisk which affects that there will be over 3600 housholds and 6500 people evacuated by high-water. There are three reasons for floodwater: The first reason is, that the Loire has hight water and pushes the waterlevel of the Maine against the stream direction so that the water level of the main river rises. This kind of flood happened in 1910. The high water of the Loire is caused by rainfall and snowmelt in the Alps. Another reason is the Maine taking high-water, which is caused by strong rainfalls and thunderstorms in summer. Thoses rise the waterlevel of the small feeders of the Maine, la Mayenne, la Sarthe and le Loir. This flood situation is independent of the Loire waterlevel and was found in 1995. Almost the entire zone of economic and partly the residential area was hit by this flood. Third reason of high-water in Angers is a combination of those two listed reasons. The Maine and the Loire are both having high-water. This is the worst scenario which happens seldom, but for example in 1651 and 1711.
144
ANGERS |
Angers Arville ANE International Airport Angers Loire
railway TGV, Interloire, TER
plot
Saint Serge urban district
Monplaisir urban district
highway Paris, Nantes, Bordeaux
INFRASTRUCTURE
The city of Angers is accessable by the freeway as a national connection to Nantes and Paris. The highway is expanded by a new routing to exculpate the inner city highway along the watersite of St. Serge from the traffic and its inflow into downtown. This new route leads along the international airport of Angers Avrille ANE. Angers is also reachable by trains like TGV, TER or Interloire and the trainstation Angers is located southern of downtown. Saint Serge is accessable by the inner highway and the new freeway routing and several main axes which also run to the city center. Saint Serge is divided into three sections by the infrastructure: The Tram seperates the Business district in the south from the zone of econmoics (more industrial area) and the Boulevard Gaston Ramon seperates this zone from the superstore area (Carrefour) in the north. The new tramline was opened in 2010 and a new bridge over the Maine for the tram and pedestrians was build. Saint Serge is also connected to Angers by several bus lines. The traffic routing directs once around the commercial center of Saint Serge and the inner structure is accessable by dead-end streets which go to several businesses. There are still the old rails which are not used anymore in the zone of economic in Saint Serge.
145
ANGERS |
SAINT SERGE AND TOUMERIE

Saint Serge is located in the north of the center of Angers and is left riparian of the river Maine. The population is about 10,000 people and extends about an area of 2,25km2. The site is an only economic area which will be almost completely flooded by high-water. It has been an industrial area and is totally rehabilitated since the 1990s (urbanisation 1985-1995) and is now a district of the tertiary sector and university. Especially the Marche dInteret National (MIN Somival), the superstore Carrefour (north of St. Serge) and the university, close to the old medieval center, are three main points of attraction which pull thousands of people every day in Saint Serge. The university is located on the plot of the former train station of Saint Serge which was closed in 1944 for passenger traffic and finally in 1970 also for freight transport, but the old rails are still there. Most of the built volumes have been constructed after 1985 and they are all not protected of flooding. The design of the buildings is quintessentially industry architecture and trade architecture surrounded by parking or outdoor storage areas. The office buildings of the business district with the university (close to the center of Angers) are modern designed and up to 8 level high. The northern part of our site is in the north of Saint Serge in Toumerie, which is part of the district Monplaisir and includes the zone of industry Ecouflant. This area is mainly in its natural way and used for agriculture, pasture farming and as local recreation area and during high-water as flood plain. It is only tapped by one road from the commercial center in Saint Serge and the old railway to the station of Saint Serge passes this area.
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A11_ highway Quai Flix Faure urban road
Tramway Angers urban accession
Only few families, maybe farmers, settled here and an allotment garden is located close to the freeway. Along the freeway you find the industry zone Ecouflant with a junk yard. In this flood plain area is also sewage treatment plant placed. Some spots are used as an informal dump. A high voltage power line runs through Toumerie to Saint Serge.
146
ANGERS |
agro field
agro field plot
sewage treatment plant
housing
transit passage
allotment garden small farming structure
junk yard infomral dump
industry zone
147
148
149
150
Finn Geipel Ken Koch Katja Thorwarth Jeremy Giacomini Laura Mora Jessica (Ji Sun) Yim Jessika Kreps Joshua Seeto Sven Moller Ana Lopez Clemence Vallee Alice Foulon Daniel Mikolajcak Amani Relifa Daniel Bialka Roland Song Taylor Balodis Frithjof Meissner Silvie Schaefer Milosz Lisiecki Ivan Nicholas Cisnero Nikolai Ytrehus Li Xie Sarah Timmermann Kilian Allmann Lucia Pasquali Raphael Hucliez Clara Benito Marbet Salazar Julia Pauli Martin Bassler Sherry Ng Aisha Sawatsky Andrew Foster Xin Xia Rachel Roberts Constantin Jaeger Liane Rosenthal Jonas Tratz Maya Atidia Alison Harason
151

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SUR

LIA, Berlin 2011

131 137 143

BLOCK SOLITAIRE DOCK MEGA-BLOCK TEMPORAL INTERVENTIONS

Situated on pylons above the original city

Perspective view of one sector

FLOATING VILLAGE OF CHONG KNEAS

OSLO OPERA HOUSE

_vital transport nodes in vicinity

_key circulation causeways

_key sight lines defining urban connections

_proposed new development

KASTRUP SEA BATH

_vital transportation nodes in the vicinity

_key circulatory causeways

_sight lines_buildings connection to context

_proposed future development

YOKOHAMA INTERNATIONAL PORT TERMINAL

_key circulation _pedestrian_solid _vehicle_dashed

_key sight lines defining urban connections

_publicly accessible _civic hubs;;

_proposed new development _kitanaka-dori north project _minato mirai development

NEW ROYAL THEATER

_vital transport nodes in vicinity

_key circulation _pedestrian_solid _vehicle_dashed

_key sight lines defining urban connections

_publicly accessible _boardwalk causeway

_proposed new development

ICEBERGS - FLOATING COTTAGES

NAVY FORT SEALAND

SHIVERING SANDS ARMY FORT

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

THE OLD LONDON BRIDGE

BAY LINE BRIDGE

PAIK NAM JUNE BRIDGE

CROATIA PAVILION FOR VENICE BIENNALE

WATER HOUSING AMSTERDAM

TEATRO DEL MONDO

vulcano islands LAVA FLOW ISLAND FRAYED EDGES

OCEAN SAND EARTH CRUST HOT SPOT

atoll LAGOON REEF REEF

PLANTS LAYERS OF CLAY

SEA LEVEL (FLOW)

SEA LEVEL (FLOW) WARFT

skerries SKERRIES SEALEVEL

ANALYSIS OF EACH TYPE

KANSAI INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

FLUVIAL ENERGY GENERATING SYSTEMS

UNDERWATER KITE TURBINE

PELAMIS WAVE POWER

BIOWAVE AND BIOSTREAM

SOLAR CITY TOWER

WATER COOLING SYSTEMS

WATER COOLING SYSTEMS

WATER COOLING SYSTEMS

WATER COOLING SYSTEMS

AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS

DEEP LAKE WATER COOLING

WATER COOLING SYSTEMS

WATER COOLED HOUSE