A BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF SIGNALS & SYSTEMS

Lecture # 1

Instructor Name: Subject :

Muhammad Abeer Irfan Signals & Systems Signals & Systems

Recommend Book:

By Alan V. Oppehnheim Alan S. Willsky with S.Hamid Nawab

What is Signal?
A signal is a set of data or information. A signal is a function representing a physical quantity or variable, and typically it contains information about the behavior or nature of the phenomenon. Things that changes are termed SIGNALS. Example: In a RC circuit the signal may represent the voltage across the capacitor or the current flowing in the resistor. Examples included a telephone or a television signal, monthly sales of a corporation, daily closing prices of a stock market.

What is System
Things that change these changing things are termed Systems Signals may be processed further by systems, which may modify them or extract additional information from them. Example: An antiaircraft gun operator may want to know the future location of a hostile moving target that is being tracked by his radar. Knowing the radar signal, he knows the past location and velocity of the target.

Signals & Systems

Input signals

SYSTEM

Output Signals

Signals are mathematically represented by variables Systems are mathematically represented by Differential equation

Signals
Signals are functions of independent variables that carry information for example.

Electrical Signals---Voltage & Currents in circuits. Acoustics Signals--- Audio & speech signals. Video Signals Biological Signals Sequence number in a gene.

The Independent Variables

1.

Can be Continuous
Space Shuttle which moves continuously Weight and Height of a person.

2.

Can be Discrete
Sequence number of DNA Digital Image.

Can be 1D, 2D ND

Types of Signals
There are two types of Signals
Continuous Time Signals ( CT)
X(t) Continuous over time.

Discrete Time Signals (DT).

X[n]-- Integer value

It means that x changes with the value of n.

Continuous Time Signals

x(t) time

Most of the signals in physical world are CT Signals Example. Voltage, Current, Pressure, Temperature, Velocity etc.

Discrete Time Signals

X[n] where n is integer , time varies discretely

Contd
In digital we have tri state i.e. we have two values 0,1 & invalid/undefined values. Which in between two samples like shown in above example. Example. TTL

Human made DT Signals

Why DT? Because such things can be processed by our modern digital computers and Digital Signal Processing

Systems
For the most part our view of systems will be form an inputoutput perspective. A system responds to applied input signal, and its response is described in terms of one or more output signals

x(t) x[n]

CT SYSTEM

y(t) y[n]

DT SYSTEM

Examples of Systems

Dynamics of an aircraft or space vehicle An edge detection systems

Systems Interconnections
Systems can be interconnect in different ways. To modify the response of the system To build more complex system by joining the other subsystem. We can interconnect the systems in Cascaded manner Parallel manner Feedback manner

Contd
Cascaded System 1 System 2

Parallel

System 1

System 2

Feedback Systems + System 1

System 2

An Electrical Example
For the given circuit we have, + =>R.i(t)+L.di(t)/d(t) + y(t)=x(t)-----(1) => i(t)=C.d y(t)/d(t)-----(2)

Put eq (2) in (1) and rearrange that, then LC d2 y(t)/ dt2 + RC dy(t) / d(t) + y(t)= x(t)