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Sepideh Mehraein, Bsc. Nutritional sciences, Advisor: Prof. Dr. Zalilah Mohd Shariff
DEPARTMENT OF NUTRITIONAL SCIENCES FACULTY OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA (UPM)
Chapter 1 (Introduction)
Background of the problem
Selenium is a non-metal trace element that is a constituent of the amino acids that compromise proteins. Many studies discovered that selenium is an essential component of the glutathione peroxidase enzyme system (1). Other studies in Asian countries showed that children living in selenium-deficient areas were suffering from a cardiomyopathy which name is Keshan disease. The disease was improved when selenium supplementation was done and some changes occur on their diet (1,2). These discoveries and many others is leading to investigate further unknown roles of selenium within the human body. Many theories and researches suggests that free radical production does increase during times of elevated oxygen intakes, such as those levels that accompany exercise (3,4,5,6). An important role of selenium is protecting the cells from the oxidative stress and free radical formation that occurs during exercise. In lack of selenium in the body, the peroxidase enzyme cannot be formed (7). As selenium has interaction with other metal trace elements, for increasing the absorption, dietary intake of antioxidants vitamins recommended by many articles and researches.(8)
metabolic syndrome. It has been shown that aerobic training improves metabolic syndrome markers and tissue triglycerides content (10,11). Also, aerobic exercise can reduce weight, and also improve glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity (12).Furthermore, exercise affect glutathione (GSH) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT)) activities and selenium and L-arginine supplementation may protect the liver against exhaustive exercise-induced oxidative damage (13).
The objective of this study is to investigate effect of selenium and vitamin c supplementation and aerobic exercise protocol on performance of active and sedentary students in a 4 week duration.
Research Procedure
Design & Procedure of this study are to investigate whether selenium and vitamin c supplementation and aerobic exercise protocol effects on the performance.
What is Performance in sport and physical education? Carrying out of specific physical routines or procedures by one who is trained or skilled in physical activity is called Performance. Performance is influenced by a combination of physiological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors. The Performance can be measured by many items and tests as follows: Talent evaluation Aerobic endurance VO2 max Anaerobic endurance Agility Balance Body composition Coordination Flexibility Reaction time Psychology Strength core Speed and power and etc.
We purchase the most common performance tests for measuring it, 1) agility, 2) Aerobic endurance, 3) Reaction time and 4) Balance.
Methodology
This study will be done as a case - control study. At first we assess the performance one time with the tests mentioned above both case and control groups. After that we start supplementation for 4 weeks. After finishing supplementation period, we examin the case and control groups again, repeating the Performance tests.
References: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9)
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counteracts fatty liver disease in rats fed on fructose-rich diet. Lipids in health and disease, 2010, 9: 116.
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13) MallikarjunaKorivi,
Chien-Wen Hou, Chih-Yang Huang, Shin-Da Lee, Ming-Fen Hsu, Szu-Hsien Yu, Chung-Yu Chen, Yung-Yang Liu, and Chia-HuaKuo: Ginsenoside-Rg1 Protects the Liver against Exhaustive ExerciseInduced Oxidative Stress in Rats, Published online 2011 September 20.