AP World History 1 Units 3 and 4 Assessment Study Guide Classical India: Indo greek kingdom -Syncretism between Greeks

and Indians. Both peoples both interested in each others cultures, adopt them and begin being influenced. First example greek elites attracted to vedic religion and ancient Buddhism -krishna is the work of many Greeks -absorbed into vedic religion -some were attracted to Buddhism -king of indo greek was menander converts to Buddhism, book survives that talks about his conversion -book=questions of Melinda because in Sanskrit, Menander is Melinda -Dialogue between Melinda and the Buddhist monks, ask series of questions, by end of dialogue, Melinda converts to Buddhism -process of Greeks coming to learn about Buddhism -strong influence of Indians in art. -its at this time that start seeing significant Buddhist art. -start to see representation of Buddha in human form -when Buddha asked about gods, he always said I dont know anything about god, philosophy didnt teach about divinity -created Atheological religion -after Buddha died, early Buddha church decide that better if Buddha never represented in human, that people who respected him would fall into idolatry. -People would start worship Buddha as idol and as god -Greek bring expertise in creating human form in greek statue -Indian craftsmen are exposed to it -this influence of greek statue on Indian craftsmen create buddhas -Gandharan region is most found, most representation of the Buddha -indo Greeks falls from Scythians nomads from the north, and attacks from Persians empire in the west called the parthians. Attacked indo Greeks and bring it to an end. 50 C.e, years of political chaos Gandharan Art -A new indian form of art heavily influenced by the Greek techniques -happened after the Indo-greek empire -an important instance of gandharan art was the instance of buddhist sculptures, which, until up to that point in time was frowned upon b/c of the idea of idoltry Kushan Empire -Next great development 50 years later, 100 C.E., constitution of new empire, the Kushan Empire -kushan empire not Indian, not Greeks, they are nomads from the are of north western china

 -used horseback -white huns -migrated south and came into region that used to be controlled by indo Greeks -attracted to culture there -syncretism continuation -lasts 100-250 C.E -Buddhism became wide spread faith during mauryan, Buddhism was never mass religion -individual practices, early Buddhism was fairly ascetic -involved self denial, early Buddhism orientation of highly ascetic -never going to be mass appeal, b/c religion with mass appeal tend to appeal on emotional level and or also tend to bind ppl together and promote community -Kushan changes to Buddhism have more mass appeal, more appealing to more ppl, because what happens is, the Greeks come into india, they brought new idea, the idea of soteros, idea of savior god -B/c what happens with Greeks is that even tho polytheists, Hellenistic period, started to worship individual deities, started to believe that deity would provide spiritual salvation Mahayana Buddhism The first division of Buudhism, it was meant to adapt to different environments, appeal to many different types of audience, and greatly varied. It means "The Greater Vehicle". Boddhisattvas In the Kushan Empire in India, Buddhism needed mass appeal (emotional appeal and a sense of community). Bodhisattvas were the idea that some Buddhist people were about to reach Nirvana but didnt quite go in order to help others achieve it themselves. This was the equivalent to personal savior gods, and when it spreads to polytheist regions, the population can claim their gods are simply Bodhisattvas. theravada buddhism was more studying traditional buddhism not the mass appeal buddhism that was created they practiced the old teachings of buddhism so like asceticism, etc Theravada Buddhism Second division of Buudhism, it was a little more strict than Mahayana. It rejects ideas of Bodhisvattas, and does not really change. I remember it took place in Southeast Asia, and Sri Lanka Gupta Empire 320-550 CE Succession of Mauryan Empire which was smaller and weaker Gupta Empire was a rich empire with agricultural lands Wealth was from agriculture Well connected with international trade network They had strong trading economy and were cosmopolitan They had traders from all over Eurasia Also had large Jewish and Christian communities

 Had math achievements w/ concept of zero Developed numerical system called the Arabic numerals There was also literature Secular literature was more about human issues Kalidassi was a great writer during this time Hinduism Evolved from Vedic religion, it had individualistic elements which limited its appeal. Hinduism improves from Vedic religion because it includes more challenge and devotion aspects. They were polythiestic with supreme Gods that were worshipped on a regular basis. Brahma was the supreme deity making Brahmin the highest class. Bhakti -like dharma -Pray and give gifts of food in hindu temples -Indian religion is far more appealing than before because of devotionalism -No animal sacrifices -devotion to single gods, emotionially, which helps an individual move up in the castes during the reincarnation cycle Hindu Temples The classic form of hindu temples evolved during the gupta era. The temples represented the inherent order of the universe, and were built upon sacred mountains or palaces in which gods resided. The inside contained a shrine for worship, where a statue of a deity stood. Paintings or sculpture depictions of gods and events covered the walls. Cavetemples carved out of rock were also richly adorned with frescoes or with sculptures. The Spread of Buddhism into China: Chinese Demographic Changes After fall of Han Dynasty China divided into 3 states: Wei, Wu, and Shu non Chinese barbarian dynasties ruled the N 6 successive dynasties governed S Warfare and ecological disasters reduced population, so ppl moved south Shifts the population majority in the south South: useful for navigation and irrigation, warmer weather Chinas pop: 95 percent Han (referring to cultural rather than ethnic homogeneity) The Northern Wei Dynasty One of the kindgoms of the 3 kingdom period Varied ethnicity Not Chinese so accept other trad Tobawei intermarried Support and advertise Buddhism, kings convert Parthians Persians Competitors of roman especially during Pax Romana

 Parthians set up and manage silk road, Facilitate trade btwn E. Asia and the Mediterranean Demographic Changes Population movement in 3 km period When toba wei conquered they damaged the environment, so no food There was pol instability Many migrated to South China for better food For the first time, south more heavily populated, becomes more important in history Many old aristocrats (who arent important anymore because of the new leadership) move to the South because no more wealth, no place in the south for them either Assimilation After Han falls steppe nomads move in to China Taught Chinese lang, culture, etc Shows attractiveness of chi cult Northern Wei Dynasty One of the kindgoms of the 3 kingdom period Varied ethnicity Not Chinese so accept other trade Tobawei intermarried Support and advertise Buddhism, kings convert Equal Fields System North Wei Dynasty spreads land equally among peoples Chinese Pilgrims Traveled along the silk road in opp. directions to visit and study the Buudha especially Faxian(399-414). They left observations, improved trade routes, established rest houses, and temples monasteries. Buddhist Texts -no specific texts but they were transferred across the silk road into china and were one of the reasons chinese converted -They were transferred by Silk Road from Chinese pilgrims. Reasons Buddhism Spread through Silk Road Pilgrims and missionaries carried message of Buudha from India to China. Established the first monastery at Luoyang. Buddhist Relations with Daoism Daoists claimed that Buudha was Laozi as he traveled in India. Buudhism accorded Laozi and Confucius a state of bodhisvattas. Buddhist Relations with Confucianism Confucianism was crippled with connections to government, but Buudhism offered an organized, aesthetic philosophy for coping with personal challenges in life. Poetry, painting, calligraphy and monasteries started to flourish. Emporer Wu declared Buudhism

official state religion, built temples, sponsored assemblies and wrote Buudhist commentaries. Reasons for Buddhisms Spread in China -Before this transfer occurred, Muslims north of India thought that Buddhism was a proselytizing faith, and therefore attacked/threatened them away from their homelands. The Buddhist monks instantly fled to Nepal and SE Asia. -Since Buddhist monks were closer to China, and China did not have a set religion, they thought that adopting this Indian religion would set rules for their society (I am not exactly sure on this point). -Buudhist network of pilgrims crisscrossed China. THe founder of Sui Dyansty was a Buudhist himself who patronized Confucianism, and Daoism seeing them as legit for his gov. The Tang continues like this as well. Networks of Communication and Exchange: The silk Road: Origins, Regions Connected and Good traded connected Mediterranean with china went through: Mesopotamia, Iran, C. Asia Parthians traded with nomadic groups along what became the silk road keys to opening of the Silk road: o Chinese eagerness for western products o the organized Parthian state controlling the flourishing markets of Mesopotamia and culturally linked to the pastoralists of C. Asia chinese silk traded caravans bought and sold goods along the way in prosperous cities hybrid camels bred and helped trading traded: alfalfa, domestic grapes, pistachios, walnuts, pomegranates, sesame, coriander, spinach, other new crops (to china), jasmine oil, oak galls, sal amoniac, copper oxides, zinc, precious stones, peaches, apricots, cinnamon, ginger, other spices not grown in W., silk, pottery, and paper (from china) Parthians - named after homeland east of Caspian Sea - took over Iran and Mesopotamia - by 247 BCE: major force - left few written sources - recurring wars b/t Parthians and Seleucids (later Parthians and Romans) prevented travelers from Mediterranean from gaining knowledge of Parthian Kingdom Persians Competitors of roman especially during Pax Romana Parthians set up and manage silk road, Facilitate trade btwn E. Asia and the Mediterranean - their place of origin of threshold of Central Asia (and lifestyle they had in common with pastoral nomadic groups farther to the east) were key to their encouragement of trade along what became the silk road

Zhang Jian - Chinese general - 128 BCE: 1st exploration west across deserts of Central Asia (on behalf of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty) - Went to: Tarim Basin (north of Tibet) and Ferghana - Ferghana: westward flowing rivers, horses that outclassed any seen before originator of overland trade with western lands - introduced China to many new plants and trees - leader of ~18 imperial expeditions Hybrid Camels -developed along w/caravan traded -mix between bactrian camels (two humped) and dromedary camels (heavy coat of hair to withstand the cold) -perfectly adapted for the silk road -decline of silk road almost led to total disappearance of hybrid camels -hybrid camels called for careful herd management The stirrup -came first from Kushan people -VERY IMPORTANT -allowed warriors on horses to fight w/out fear of being knocked off their horses upon contact w/the enemy -armored knights dominated battlefields of europe, tang cavalry in china improved their army significantly The Indian ocean maritime network: Origins, Regions Connected and Goods Traded Indian Ocean Trade since 2000BCE Until the Portuguese come, no pol domination SE Asia, Middle East, East Africa Islam able to be spread Muslim merchants expected code of conduct from each other Muslim merchants intermarried, passed rel on to their kids SE Asia=spices and forest products India=textiles Middle East=Money and minerals East Africa=Ivory and gold Monsoon Winds The Lateen Sail -a four-sided sail with a very short leading edge and a tall peak -allowed sailors to sail more directly into the wind than a square sail -increases stability -Indian ocean vessels relied heavily on lateen sails -this allowed Indian sailors to trade over long distances, as opposed to Mediterranean sailors, who could only sail over short

distances -Indian sailors could sail very far due to the monsoon winds, and they were able to travel between southern arabia and india Seafarers Social Impact In coastal areas throughout the Indian Ocean system, sailors and merchants would marry local women in port cities. This made some families bilingual and bicultural. These wives would raise their children to be more cosmopolitan than children from inland regions, and would also introduce their culture to the sailors or merchants that they married As a result, Seafarers often had mixed heritages and a rich cultural diversity Trans-Saharan Trade Route: regions Connected and Good traded @ first there wasn't much trade o eventually expanded by 1100 CE - gold, slaves, and tropical goods going N. began to excite envy of Europeans their desire to find source of Saharan trading helped trigger farflung explorations after 1400 CE -souther traders supplied salt, linkage between south and north, traders from equatorial forest traded forest products such as kola nuts and palm oil, -Connected with Rome, and North Africa to Italy. Supplied Italy with wheat, olives, and animals, kola, palm nuts, and salt. Not sure why I put in Carthage, Hippo of Tunisia, and Libya but its definetly related to this term Camel Domestication spread of camel domestication = related to Saharan trade camel - oriented images (paintings) = most crude 46 BCE - latin texts first mention camels in N. Africa reached Sahara from Arabia about 1st millennium BCE - in Egypt in: Sudan, then farther W., then spread N. evidence from camel saddle designs N. Africa - mid. E. saddle designs predominate berber groups used camels as shields C. and S. Saharan ppls used different design when herding established in S. it became easier for ppl to move away from high grounds N. Saharans exploited camel as work animal The bantu Migrations: directions of Migrations Long term African migrations 1500BCE-500CE

 Originated Ivory Coast, West Coast Went to East and South, those ppl speak bantu lang today Bantu able to smelt iron Could clear forests for settled agriculture Bananas able to be grown, fed a lot of ppl The Proto-Bantu Homeland near the known sites of early iron smelting edge of the rainforest near modern boundary of Nigeria and Cameroon Iron Metallurgy - It began in Northern sub-Saharan Africa in early 1st millennium CE, spreading south to the rest of the continent, becoming firmly established in Africa by 800. - Historians believe that hidden techniques for iron metallurgy were discovered by the Hittites of Anatolia. (We already know about the Hittites) - Yet, historians suggest that Africans discovered iron metallurgy by themselves. No firm evidence exists. The Rise and Spread of Islam: The caravan Trade Exposed Arabs to Christians and Jews Dominated by the Quraysh tribe (Muhammads tribe) All the way from north to south Arabia Mecca It is the birthplace of the prophet Muhammed and the site of the composition of the Qu'ran. It is in Saudi Arabia and visiting this holy land is one of the five pllars of Islam. It is the holiest city in the religion of Islam. When praying, muslims face toward the holy city of Mecca. The quraysh -The richest tribe in Mecca BECAUSE of excessive caravan trading. - The tribe that Muhammad was born into. - When Muhammad began sharing his revelations with family and close friends, and began to attract followers, the Quraysh did not like his idea of a new religion (Muslim), so they gave him 3 days to get out of Mecca, or else they would execute him from his own clan. - Muhammad eventually fled from Mecca with his followers and found an inhabited place called Medina. They were convinced by Muhammad's revelations and eventually created the first Muslim community. Muhammad -Born in 570, died in 632 -Established Muslim Faith

-Member of Quraysh Tribe in Arabia -Trader -Claimed the Prophet Gabriel Appeared to him while he was Meditating in cave outside of Mecca, telling him to spread the word of god -Met opposition from Quraysh -Fled to Yathrib, a city in which several fighting clans left the city in constant fear (Hijra) -Resolved conflict, converted city to Islam. City was Renamed Al Medina. -Returned and conquered Mecca The hirja -Muhammed and followers are invited to Yathrib -Yathrib are tribes that fight all the time(they hear about Muhammed, so they ask him to solve disputes between tribes) -Muhammed is able to set up peaceful society -622: Muhammed makes Yahthrib muslim -Year 0=Birth of Christ 1)Strict monotheism 2)Salvation of Islam (By Muhammed) and i believe the result of this is -Yathrib being renamed to Al -Medinah by Muhammed and his followers The five pillars of Islam These were the 5 main themes of Islam that Muhammad preached. 1) The Shahada - Declaration of Faith: All Muslims must say this once when they convert to the faith. In order to convert, one must say (with sincerity) "there is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is his messenger" in Arabic. This is the Shahada. 2.Salat Prayer: Muslims pray 5 times a day facing Mecca (at morning, noon, afternoon, evening, and night). It is a symbol of a Muslim's faith and reminds a person of the centrality of the faith in their lives. 3. Zakat- Charity: This was based upon an old Arabic tradition to take care of the poor. One must give some of their income directly to the poor as a religious act. 4. Ramadan- Fasting : In the month of Ramadan, the month in which Muhammad received his first revelations, Muslims participate in fasting. They have no food or sexual activity during daylight hours, in order to experience the hunger and needs of the poor and feel compassion. 5. Hajj- Pilgrimage : Every Muslim, if they have the means, is required at least once in their lives to travel to Mecca for a week, for a religious festival. Every person wears the same white robes during this to show that all Muslims are equal under the eyes of God. The Sunni Shia Split Basically one side thought that the successor to mohammad should be a relative b/c they would be the closest thing to the last prophet, the other side thought that the successor should be someone of merit, The Umayyad Caliphate

 First islam great power Capital in Damascus, a largely Christian city Started in 661 lasted 70 years Policy of tolerance for other rel Non-Muslims had to pay a tax Estab garrisons thru empire, develop into market places, expose many to islam, many convert Conversion to Islam - IT CAUSED urbanization in Islamic society. - Was an OUTCOME of the gradual common of knowledge about the ruler's religion. - To convert to Muslim, a person must recite "There is no God but God, and Muhammad is the Messanger of God." - Few knew Arabic, many illiterate people (refer to "the Spread of Arabic" posted on this wall). - There was no priesthood to define or spread the faith (or was it a proselytizing faith, I am not sure about this point) The spread of Arabic - Since the Qur'an is written in Arabic, it was common for Muslims to learn Arabic in order to understand Muhammad's revelations in context. (Adding on to the Qur'an) It was better to recite the ancient Qur'an texts than to simply read them, because once recited, one would have a more pure Muslim faith than if read. And the Hadith and the Shari'a further analyzed the Qur'an more specifically. The Abbasid Caliphate It was the 3rd of the Islamic Caliphates. Ruled by the Abbasid Dynasty of caliphs who overthrew Umayyad Caliphate and built their capital in Baghdad. The Caliphate was founded by Muhammads youngest uncle. Baghdad - When Shian rebellions cause chaos in the Ummayad dynasty, they established the Abbassid Caliphate (c. 750-1258). - Once the Abbassid Caliphate took control over most of the Ummayad territory (except Spain), they moved the capital from Damascus to Baghdad (and built Baghdad). - Baghdad is entirely Muslim. - It's the culture and intellectual center of the Islamic peoples. - This RESULTS in a volting of Islamic civilization (medicine, architecture, etc.). Islamic Mathematics While Islam was spreading they were pushed into the Gupta empire where the Indian Mathematicians created the concept of zero advanced calculations Muslims were exposed to the revised number system and they made great discoveries including algebra, geometry, and calculus Islamic Medicine Islam became the most modernized in medicine

 Medical advancements were based on Greek, Indian, and Chinese medical traditions Created advanced medicine Came to the conclusion that illness had natural causes and therefore can be treated without spirits The first hospital was created in 707 CE in Damascus They became places where doctors trained emphasized hygiene understood contagiousness Made advancements in the use of drugs during surgeries At high point of medieval medicine Mamluks - Turkic slaves brought to the Abbassid Caliphate (this turned out to be a disaster for the Abbassid Caliphate). - They were an effective military force, but were expensive (they were essentially mercenaries). - When the Abbassid government couldn't pay for their mercenary army anymore, Mamluks seated and unseated caliphs & constructed a new capital at Samarra. The battle of Manzikert 1071 When the Abbassid Caliphate introduced Turkic slaves to their lands, it actually WEAKENED the Abbassids (The Turks originated from Central Asia). Thus, a migration of Turkish people occurred in the Middle East. They convert to Muslim because they are in Islamic territory. Eventually, they formed a Turkish dynasty called the Sejuks. At 1071, the Seljuks fought with the Byzantine empire at the Battle of Manzikert, and defeated them in Eastern Anatolia. After Manzikert, Turkish people flood into Anatolia and take over the vast majority of it. Early Islamic Society and Culture: The Quran Religious text summarizing the revelations of the Prophet Muhammad, and what he preached from God Provides the Islamic society a set of principles to follow and what and how to believe in Allah Quran shows concern about changing economical environment in Mecca (personal wealth) desire to return to traditional, egalitarian values Believe that Muhammad was non-literate revelations were preached orally, and were written down by the few literate Arabs on palm leaves/bark By 650, it was organized/compiled o Revelations were considered the best poetry ever hear the verses, not read them The revelations will rest with you spiritually/emotionally if it is spoken Doesnt talk much about Allah, who he is, and speculations of God instead, it talks about us, about our behavior, community, and faith Hadith

Deeds of Muhammed in a statement transferred to and back from the prophet. Some were based on ritual manners, but personal behavior of Muhammed was a role model to Islamic civilization which made the Hadith more authoritative. Sharia Incorperated ideas of hadith of scholars. Had a vision of the umma in which Muslim brothers and sisters had to have the same moral values. Political and ethnical divisions were less important. The Role of Women in Pre-Islamic Society Rural- rarely travelled worked in fields and tended animals Urban lived in seclusion and didnt leave homes without covering themselves Already existed in Byzantine and Sassanid fixtures in muslim life Indirect public roles Fared better legally under developing practices of Islamic law could own property and retain it in marriage Could remarry if husbands divorced them entitled to cash payment upon divorce Able to initiate divorce under specified conditions Could practice birth control, testify in court, and go on pilgrimages The quran and Women The Qur'an thought women were more likely to become sinners. They also believed they had to be protected by their husbands as they were seen as weak(need more info about this). The Decline of Women in Islamic Civilization Worked in fields and tended animals, elite members of women lived in seclusion and used viels that came from the Byzantine and Sassanid Empire. Women became literate, slaves performed in front of men who could mate with 4 wives in total. In some ways, women were treated better as Muslims instead of Christians or Jews because they could own property from marriage, remarry, divorce on circumstances, practice birth control, testify in court although it counted as half the meaning than men testifying, and go on pilgramage. The Mosque: Origins and Functions Mosques are the univalent of Churches to Christians and Temples to Jews. The basis for the mosque's architecture is based on Muhammad's own house. His house included a shaded area around the perimeter of the walls, a courtyard in the middle, arches with the pillars that hold up the ceilings that provide the shade and a tower where the recitations of the Qu'ran would be read aloud. Islamic Art The art found in mosques are unique from Mediterranean and Western styles. The art style found in mosques do not contain humans or animals, as that is considered a form of idolatry and that risk cannot be taken in Islam (the prophet Muhammad is not allowed to portrayed as human either). There is a large focus on plants (especially flowers) for their

connection with nature and Allah, Arabic script/calligraphy but mostly written as quotes from the Qu'ran, and geometric shapes because the Arabs revolutionized many aspects of mathematics, including geometry. The art would often be colorful, stylized and lined with a golden hue (<-I'm not really sure about that.) For those of you who decided to stay, I will also include information on the mosque. Mosques are the univalent of Churches to Christians and Temples to Jews. The basis for the mosque's architecture is based on Muhammad's own house. His house included a shaded area around the perimeter of the walls, a courtyard in the middle, arches with the pillars that hold up the ceilings that provide the shade and a tower where the recitations of the Qu'ran would be read aloud. The Crusades: The European Agricultural Revolution 700-1300 -Transformed Economy. -Europe became wealthier and had more people. -They were efficient and productive. -They adopted a new technology and new ways to plant crops. -More efficient usage of land and utilities. -They invented the horse collar, which lowers the point of traction from the neck to the shoulders. -Greater productivity with water mills. -Utilized the three crop rotation. This increase in agriculture caused an increase in almost everything European Towns and Commerce In Rome, they were the center of the world trade routes. But, once Rome fell and Germanic peoples took over, cities began to become more self-sufficient. Then when it was built back up, all self-sufficiency was diminished. European Wealth and Population Growth The Parish System Basically, it's an ecclesiastical system of government that was developed during the Crusades, wherein a certain region is divided into districts. Each district is given a "head" priest, as well an individual place of worship. Yup. Oh, it also remains in use today. My friend's town in Louisiana operates under a parish system, because religion is a predominant part of the municipal government there. Cluniac Reforms - They were reforms targeted to ignorant monks in European monastaries. - The Cluniac Reforms are essentially stricter rules in monastaries. - As a result, monks have better educations and become rich & powerful institues. - Cluniac Reforms RESULTS in Christianization of Europe (deep Christianization - By 11th century, European society is deeply Christianized. They are proud to publicly identify their faith now. Papal Power

- one of the powers that italy was divided into - power for the pope The Spanish Reconquista 1037-1492 Ummayad Muslims who invaded spain stayed there, spanish later went on territorial expansion to reclaim land. Just about land. Call for help from french who see it as holy war. Finish in 1492, columbus ocean blue. The Norman Empire -normans were like viking descendents -accidently came to siciliy - saw that it was vulnerable b/c it was owned by 3 powers so they conquered it -boehman was the son of roger de hauteville who was one of the normans conquering sicily Pope Urban II - starts 1st crusade b/c of letter the emperor of byzantine wrote to him - tapping into christian furber in europe - primary motivation = saying to all kings that he is more powerful than them - wants to assert his authority over the aristocrats - trying to face fighting towards external foes - wants to extend control onto more lands The First Crusade 1096-1099 Massacre of Jews because of a christian rule, christians could not loan other christians money and make interest -many non first born aristocratic sons that were christian took out loans from jews and were heavily in debt - as the christian aristocrats went on the crusades, they attacked many jewish people as well -it was supposed to be a war against muslims, but they could use an excuse that the jews were wrong to be jewish The Seljuk Turks The Crusader States The Fourth Crusade 1204 The Transfer of Knowledge