SPM Form 4 Terminology and Concepts: Chemical Formulae and Equations (Part 3) Empirical and Molecular Formulae 1.

. Empirical (simplest ratio of atoms of each element that present in the compound) and molecular formulae (actual number of atoms of each element that are present in one molecule of the compound) indicate:

the types of the elements the symbols of the elements and the ratio of atoms or moles of atoms of each element in a compound.

2. Molecular formula = (empirical formula)n n is a positive number Compound Carbon dioxide Ethane Propene Glucose Quinine Molecular formula CO2 CH3 CH2 CH2O C10H12NO n 1 2 3 6 2 Empirical formula (CO2) = CO2 (CH3)2 = C2H6 (CH2)3 = C3H6 (CH2O)6 = C6H12O6 C20H24N2O2

3. Chemical formulae for covalent compounds. Name Nitrogen gas Oxygen gas Ammonia Water Chemical formula N2 O2 NH3 H2O Number of each element 2 nitrogen atoms 2 oxygen atoms 1 nitrogen atom and 3 hydrogen atoms 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom

4. Cations are positively-charged ions. Charge +1 +1 * +1 +1 +1 * +1 +1 +1 +2 +2 Cations Ammonium ion Copper(I) ion Hydrogen ion Lithium ion Nickel(I) ion Potassium ion Silver ion Sodium ion Barium ion Calcium ion Formula NH4+ Cu+ H+ Li+ Ni+ K+ Ag+ Na+ Ba2+ Ca2+

+2 * +2 * +2 * +2 +2 * +2 +2 * +2 +3 +3 * +3 * +4 * +4 *

Copper(II) ion Iron(II) ion Lead(II) ion Magnesium ion Manganese(II) ion Nickel(II) ion Tin(II) ion Zinc ion Aluminium ion Chromium(III) ion Iron(III) ion Lead(IV) ion Tin(IV) ion

Cu2+ Fe2+ Pb2+ Mg2+ Mn2+ Ni2+ Sn2+ Zn2+ Al3+ Cr3+ Fe3+ Pb4+ Sn4+

* refer to the Roman numerals 5. Anions are negatively-charged ions. Charge -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -3 -3 -3 Anions Bromide ion Chloride ion Chlorate(V) ion Ethanoate ion Fluoride ion Hydride ion Hydroxide ion Iodide ion Manganate(VII) ion Nitrate ion Nitrite ion Oxide ion Carbonate ion Chromate(VI) ion Dichromate(VI) ion Sulphide ion Sulphate ion Sulphite ion Thiosulphate ion Nitride ion Phosphate ion Phosphite ion Formula BrClClO3CH3COOFHOHIMnO4NO3NO2O2CO32CrO42Cr2O72S2SO42SO32S2O32N3PO43PO33-

6. Chemical formulae for ionic compounds Name Chemical formula Number of Number of cation anion

Zinc chloride Copper(II) sulphate Aluminium sulphate 7. Meaning of prefixes Prefix MonoDiTriTetraPentaHexaHeptaOctaNonaDecaMeaning 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

ZnCl2 CuSO4 Al2(SO4)3

1 Zn2+ 2 Cu2+ 2 Al3+

2 Cl2 SO423 SO42-

8. Naming of chemical (non-metal) compounds with Greek numerical prefixes. Non-metal compound Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Sulphur dioxide Sulphur trioxide Carbon tetrachloride (tetrachloromethane) Chemical formula CO CO2 SO2 SO3 CCl4

So, do come back for more Berry Essential Notes. If it is not simplified to its essense