MBB2083-EXP 1 Transformer

EXPERIMENT 1: TRANSFORMERS
MBB2083 - ELECTRICAL POWER & MACHINES (LAB) MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PROGRAM INSTRUCTION MANUAL
1. TRANSFORMERS LABORATORY
1.1 MEASUREMENT OF THE TRANSFORMER WINDINGS RESISTANCE
1.1.1 OBJECTIVES Measure the primary and secondary windings resistance of single phase transformers with the Volt-Ampere method (Ohm's Law). 1.1.2 THEORETICAL REVIEW The transformers' windings resistance cause internal voltage drops that reduce their efficiency. Therefore, it must be as low as possible. It is calculated by applying known DC voltage and measuring the resulting current flow. 1.1.3 FORMULAE PARAMETER Winding Voltage Winding Current Winding Resistance SYMBOL V I R for single phase transformer UNIT Volts Amperes Ohms
R=V/I
R=V/I * 2 for STAR connected three phase transformers

1.1.4 COMPONENTS Single Phase Transformer Power Supply Cables Cables Support Ammeter (A) Voltmeter (V) Model A4110 Model A0240 Model A4890 Model A4891 With adequate range for this test With adequate range for this test
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1.1.5 CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS Single Phase Transformer Theoretical Diagram
Primary + PS3 _ A V
Secondary
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MBB2083 - ELECTRICAL POWER & MACHINES (LAB) MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PROGRAM INSTRUCTION MANUAL Execution Diagram ELWE POWER SUPPLY
A4110
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MBB2083 - ELECTRICAL POWER & MACHINES (LAB) MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PROGRAM INSTRUCTION MANUAL 1.1.6 EXECUTION The components must be connected as shown in the circuit diagrams and grounded. MANUAL DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Set the DC windings voltage PS3 = 0 V. Switch on the power supply. Increase input voltage gradually by operating on the front knob power supply. It must be increased in 2% steps up to 10 % max. Do not exceed 10 % of nominal winding voltage to avoid overheating of the windings. Measure the voltage and current for any step and enter them tables. in the worksheet must be
Repeat the above steps for all primary and secondary windings and calculate their resistance with the formulae given above. Now calculate the average value of the resistance for each primary and secondary winding. Similar windings should have similar resistance.
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MBB2083 - ELECTRICAL POWER & MACHINES (LAB) MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PROGRAM INSTRUCTION MANUAL 1.1.7 WORKSHEETS Parameter Symbol Unit PRIMARY Winding Voltage Winding Voltage Winding Current Winding Resistance V I R % V A SECONDARY Winding Voltage Winding Voltage Winding Current Winding Resistance Winding Voltage Winding Current Winding Resistance Transformer Model: V I R V I R % V A V A 2 4 6 8 9 2 4 6 8 9 Value
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1.2
MEASUREMENT OF THE TRANSFORMATION RATIO
1.2.1 OBJECTIVES Calculate the transformation ratio of single phase transformers. 1.2.2 THEORETICAL REVIEW The transformation ratio is a characteristic value of every transformer and can be calculated either as a ratio between primary and secondary windings turns or voltages. It is therefore >1 in a step-down transformer and <1 in a step-up. 1.2.3 FORMULAE PARAMETER Primary Voltage Secondary Voltage Transformation Ratio SYMBOL V1 V2 K UNIT Volts Volts
K=V1/V2 for single and three phase transformers K=N1/N2 for single and three phase transformers
1.2.4 COMPONENTS Single Phase Transformer Power Supply Cables Cables Support Voltmeter (V1) Voltmeter (V2) Model A4110 Model A0240 Model A4890 Model A4891 With adequate range for this test With adequate range for this test
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MBB2083 - ELECTRICAL POWER & MACHINES (LAB) MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PROGRAM INSTRUCTION MANUAL 1.2.5 CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS Theoretical Diagram
Single Phase Transformer Primary PS2 V1 Secondary V2
Execution Diagram
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Elwe Power Supply
V1 A4110
V2
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MBB2083 - ELECTRICAL POWER & MACHINES (LAB) MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PROGRAM INSTRUCTION MANUAL 1.2.6 EXECUTION The components must be connected as shown in the circuit diagrams and must be grounded. MANUAL DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Set the AC input voltage PS2 or PS1 = 0 V. Switch on the power supply. Increase the input voltage gradually in 20% steps from 0% to 100% of transformers nominal voltage At each step measure the voltage readings of V1 and V2 and enter them worksheet tables. in the
At each step compute the transformation ratio with the formulae given above and enter them in the worksheet tables. At this point calculate the average value of the transformation ratio.
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MBB2083 - ELECTRICAL POWER & MACHINES (LAB) MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PROGRAM INSTRUCTION MANUAL 1.2.7 WORKSHEETS
Parameter
Symbol
Unit
Value
Input Voltage Primary Voltage Secondary Voltage Transformation Ratio Transformer Model: V1 V2 K
% V V
20
40
60
80
100
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1.3
SHORT CIRCUIT TEST
1.3.1 OBJECTIVES Calculate the resistance losses, determine the short circuit voltage and the short circuit power factor, calculate the additional losses, the equivalent resistance and reactance. 1.3.2 THEORETICAL REVIEW With this test the transformer primary windings are fed with up to the nominal current and the secondary windings are short-circuited. The power drawn is very low and therefore it is possible to simulate the leakage fluxes in both primary and secondary windings because the latter depends upon the load current in the two windings. As the transformer is short-circuited, the input voltage must be very low, usually 5% of the nominal rating and the mutual flux is of the same order of magnitude. Since the core losses are approximately proportional to the square of the mutual flux, they are negligible. This means that a wattmeter connected to measure the input power indicates only the copper losses because there are no output power or core losses. 1.3.3 FORMULAE PARAMETER Voltage Current Input Power SYMBOL V I W UNIT Volts Amperes Watts
Single phase transformers:
P = Cos = I = R= Z= X=
Model Model Model Model
W P/(V * I) P/(V * Cos ) P/I2 V/I Z2 - R2

A4110 A4120 A0240 A4890
1.3.4 COMPONENTS Single Phase Transformer Three Phase Transformer Power Supply Cables
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MBB2083 - ELECTRICAL POWER & MACHINES (LAB) MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PROGRAM INSTRUCTION MANUAL Cables Support Ammeters (A) Wattmeters (W1, W2) Voltmeter (V) 1.3.5 CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS Theoretical Diagram Model A4891 With adequate range for this test With adequate range for this test With adequate range for this test
Single Phase Transformer Primary A PS2 W1 V Secondary
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MBB2083 - ELECTRICAL POWER & MACHINES (LAB) MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PROGRAM INSTRUCTION MANUAL Execution Diagram
A0240
Section PS4
Section PS1
Sections PS2 - 3
Digital Multimeter
Power supply
Transformer
A
220v
160v
> 24V
ACDC
> 230V
0v
110v
220v
A
0v
0v
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MBB2083 - ELECTRICAL POWER & MACHINES (LAB) MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PROGRAM INSTRUCTION MANUAL 1.3.6 EXECUTION The components must be connected as shown in the diagrams and must be grounded. MANUAL DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Set the AC input voltage PS2 or PS1 = 0 V. Switch on the power supply. Increase the input voltage at 1% steps to about 5% of nominal rating until the nominal current can be read in the primary winding. At each step enter the readings in the worksheet tables. At the end calculate the Equivalent Secondary Reactance, Impedance and Resistance with the above formulae. Plot the graphs
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Parameter
Symbol
Unit
Value
Input Voltage Winding Voltage Current Wattmeter Power Factor Reactance Impadance Resistance Transformer Model: V A W Cos
% V A W
Page 15
Cos P V
1.4
NO LOAD TEST
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MBB2083 - ELECTRICAL POWER & MACHINES (LAB) MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PROGRAM INSTRUCTION MANUAL 1.4.1 OBJECTIVES Calculate the hysteresis losses, measure the no-load current and calculate the no load Power Factor of single and three phase transformers. 1.4.2 THEORETICAL REVIEW The power absorbed by a transformer with its secondary windings open (no load) is caused by hysteresis losses and eddy currents. To reduce the hysteresis losses a ferromagnetic material is used that has a narrow hysteresis loop, while to reduce the eddy currents the magnetic iron core is laminated and its sheets are insulated by means of special resins. 1.4.3 FORMULAE PARAMETER Voltage Current Input Power Power Power Factor SYMBOL V I P W Cos UNIT Volts Amperes Watts Watts
Single phase transformers:
P= I = Cos =
W P/(V * Cos ) P/(V * I)
1.4.4 COMPONENTS Single Phase Transformer Power Supply Cables Cables Support Ammeters (A) Wattmeters (W) Voltmeter (V) Model A4110 Model A0240 Model A4890 Model A4891 With adequate range for this test With adequate range for this test With adequate range for this test
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MBB2083 - ELECTRICAL POWER & MACHINES (LAB) MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PROGRAM INSTRUCTION MANUAL 1.4.5 CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS Theoretical Diagram
Single Phase Transformer Primary A PS2 W1 V Secondary
Execution Diagram
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A0240
Section PS4
Section PS1
Sections PS2 - 3
Digital Multimeter Transformer Power supply
A
220v 160v
< 24v
AC DC
230 V
110v
0v 220v
mA
0v
0v
1.4.6 EXECUTION The components must be connected as shown in the circuit diagrams and must be grounded. MANUAL DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Set the AC input voltage PS2 or PS1 = 0 V. Switch on the power supply. Increase the input voltage gradually in 20% steps from 0% to 100% of the transformer nominal voltage At each step measure the voltage, current and power readings and enter them in the worksheet tables. Calculate the no load input power, power factor and no load current with the above formulae. Plot the graphs
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Parameter
Symbol
Unit
Value
Input Voltage Winding Voltage Current Wattmeter Power Factor Transformer Model: V A W Cos
% V A W
20
40
60
80
100
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P I
Transformer Model:
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P I
Transformer Model:
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MBB2083-EXP 1 Transformer

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MBB2083-EXP 1 Transformer

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EXPERIMENT 1: TRANSFORMERS

R=V/I * 2 for STAR connected three phase transformers

1.1.5 CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS Single Phase Transformer Theoretical Diagram

MEASUREMENT OF THE TRANSFORMATION RATIO

Single Phase Transformer Primary PS2 V1 Secondary V2

Elwe Power Supply

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

Single phase transformers:

W P/(V * I) P/(V * Cos ) P/I2 V/I Z2 - R2

Single Phase Transformer Primary A PS2 W1 V Secondary

Single phase transformers:

W P/(V * Cos ) P/(V * I)

Single Phase Transformer Primary A PS2 W1 V Secondary

Digital Multimeter Transformer Power supply

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