Minor Project On FM.

Reciver DEPT OF ELECTRICAL $ ELECTRONICS SESSION-2011-12

Submitted on partial fulfillment of requirement for degree of bachelor of engineering in Electrical $ Electronics engineering.
Guided ByPrerna Mam. Submitted byArjun Kumar (0190Ex071002)

Vedica Institute Of Technology, Bhopal

Department of Electronics & communication Engineering

Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya

(University of technology of Madhya Pradesh)

Certificate
This is to certify that Ashutosh Kumar, Arjun Kumar of B.E (3rd Year) of Electrical $ Electronics Engineering has successfully completed their minor project on FM Receiver satisfactorily. I approve that the project report provided by them for partial fulfillment of four year full time course of Bachelor of Engineering is up to mark.

Internal Examiner

External Examiner

Acknowledgement

No milestone can be achieved without proper guidance & inspiration

At beginning we would like to thank the almighty God for his constant grace that he has bestowed upon me, and his increasing gift of knowledge and his increasing gift of knowledge and strength that has relentlessly prevailed in my life through the entire project work to him by the glory. We want to express our gratitude to HEMANT SIR(H.O.D) ELECTRICAL $

Electronics Engineering Dept.

I also want to thank all our guides and mentors who helped us directly and indirectly and made us learn a lot. My deep appreciation goes to our parents for the moral & financial support without them we would never come this far. At last we would also grateful to Our Head of Department & whole

Electrical $ Electronics Engineering dept for technical support.

A rjun Kumar VI Sem (EX Dept)

Contents
Introduction Description Layout circuit diagram About the component of project Original diagrams Application Advantage & disadvantage Conclusion

References

Introduction
Frequency modulation
In telecommunications, frequency modulation (FM) conveys information over a carrier wave by varying its instantaneous frequency (contrast this with amplitude modulation, in which the amplitude of the carrier is varied while its frequency remains constant). In analog applications, the difference between the instantaneous and the base frequency of the carrier is directly proportional to the instantaneous value of the input signal. Digital data can be sent by shifting the carrier's frequency among a set of discrete values, a technique known as frequency-shift keying. Frequency modulation can be regarded as phase modulation where the carrier phase modulation is the time integral of the FM modulating signal. Broadcast band frequency modulation (FM) radio was invented to solve existing problems with noise and fidelity on the amplitude modulation (AM) broadcast band. Thus, the first FM receivers were quite complex in design, employing a super heterodyne converter, a wideband IF, a limiter stage, and a discriminator. Unlike the first AM radio sets, the earliest FM radio sets did not use the simplest possible methods for receiving signals. Perhaps Armstrong, the inventor of most modern radio methods, was fully aware of all the ways to receive FM. (Someone reading these comments might want to offer the technical history so I can add it here.) But, it was not until much after the introduction of commercial broadcast FM that simple FM receiver designs were published or sold. Although the title alludes to simplicity, these radio designs are not uniformly simple. These designs generally have low component counts, however the design or construction my have been far from simple.

Description

Layout & circuit diagram

Block Diagram

About each components

Resistor A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that produces a voltage across its terminals that is proportional to the electric current passing through it in accordance with Ohm's law: V = IR

Resistors are elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in most electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as well as resistance wire . The primary characteristics of a resistor are the resistance, the tolerance, maximum working voltage and the power rating. Other characteristics include temperature coefficient, noise, and inductance. Less well-known is critical resistance, the value below which power dissipation limits the maximum permitted current flow, and above which the limit is applied voltage. Critical resistance is determined by the design, materials and dimensions of the resistor. Capacitor

A capacitor or condenser is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator). When a potential difference (voltage) exists across the conductors, an electric field is present in the dielectric. This field stores energy and produces a mechanical force between the conductors. The effect is greatest when there is a narrow separation between large areas of conductor; hence capacitor conductors are often called plates.

An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, which is measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential difference between them. In practice, the dielectric between the plates passes a small amount of leakage current. The conductors and leads introduce an equivalent series resistance and the dielectric has an electric field strength limit resulting in a breakdown voltage. Diode

A diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts electric current in only one direction. The term usually refers to semiconductor diode, the most common type today, which is a crystal of semiconductor connected to two electrical terminals. A vacuum tube diode (now little used) is a vacuum tube with two electrodes; a plate and a cathode. The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current to flow though it in one direction (called the diode's forward direction) while blocking current in the opposite direction (the reverse direction). Thus, the diode can be thought of as an electronic version of a check valve. This unidirectional behavior is called rectification, and is used to convert alternating current to direct current, and extract modulation from radio signals in radio receivers.

Voltage to frequency converter

Amplifier An amplifier or simply amp is any device that changes, usually increases, the amplitude of a signal. The relationship of the input to the output of an amplifier usually expressed as a function of the input frequencyis called the transfer function of the amplifier, and the magnitude of the transfer function is termed the gain. In popular use, the term usually describes an electronic amplifier, in which the input "signal" is usually a voltage or a current. In audio applications, amplifiers drive the loudspeakers used in PA systems to make the human voice louder or play recorded music. Amplifiers may be classified according to the input (source) they are designed to amplify (such as a guitar amplifier, to perform with an electric guitar), the device they are intended to drive (such as a headphone amplifier), the frequency range of the signals (Audio, IF, RF, and VHF amplifiers, for example), whether they invert the signal (inverting amplifiers and non-inverting amplifiers),

or the type of device used tube amplifiers, FET amplifiers, etc.).

in

the

amplification

(valve

or

A related device that emphasizes conversion of signals of one type to another (for example, a light signal in photons to a DC signal in amperes) is a transducer, a transformer, or a sensor. However, none of these amplify power. Radio tuner A radio tuner receives radio broadcasts and converts them into audiofrequency signals which can be fed into an amplifier driving loudspeaker. FM tuner, AM tuner, DAB tuner, etc. are types of radio tuner dealing with transmissions using different methods of modulation. The term tuner can mean either part of a radio receiver or a standalone component of an audio system, to be connected to a separate amplifier. The verb tuning in radio contexts means adjusting the radio receiver to receive the desired radio signal or station, out of all the radio signals the receiver can pick up. Speaker

A loudspeaker (or "speaker") is an electro acoustic transducer that converts an electrical signal into sound. The speaker moves in accordance with the variations of an electrical signal and causes sound waves to propagate through a medium such as air or water. After the acoustics of the listening space, loudspeakers are the most variable elements in a modern audio system and are usually responsible for most distortion and audible differences when comparing sound systems.

Rectifier A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC), a process known as rectification. Rectifiers have many uses including as components of power supplies and as detectors of radio signals. Rectifiers may be made of solid state diodes, vacuum tube diodes, mercury arc valves, and other components. A device which performs the opposite function (converting DC to AC) is known as an inverter. When only one diode is used to rectify AC (by blocking the negative or positive portion of the waveform), the difference between the term diode and the term rectifier is merely one of usage, i.e., the term rectifier describes a diode that is being used to convert AC to DC. Almost all rectifiers comprise a number of diodes in a specific arrangement for more efficiently converting AC to DC than is possible with only one diode. Before the development of silicon semiconductor rectifiers, vacuum tube diodes and copper (I) oxide or selenium rectifier stacks were used. Transformer

A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through inductively coupled conductorsthe transformer's coils. A varying current in the first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core, and thus a varying magnetic fieldthrough the secondary winding. This varying magnetic field induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) or "voltage" in the secondary winding. This effect is called mutual induction.

If a load is connected to the secondary, an electric current will flow in the secondary winding and electrical energy will be transferred from the primary circuit through the transformer to the load. In an ideal transformer, the induced voltage in the secondary winding (VS) is in proportion to the primary voltage (VP), and is given by the ratio of the number of turns in the secondary (NS) to the number of turns in the primary (NP) as follows:

By appropriate selection of the ratio of turns, a transformer thus allows an alternating current (AC) voltage to be "stepped up" by making NSgreater than NP, or "stepped down" by making NS less than NP.

Original photos

Applications

 Used by Military for short distance communication F.M radio channel transmission in various cities is received by it.

F.M is commonly used as VHF radio frequency for high fidelity broadcast of music and speech. An F.M signal can also used to carry a stereo signal. F.M receiver is used in public service communication. F.M receiver is communication. used armature radio service

FM receiver is also used in telementary application. Fm is used in non commercial broadcasting from(88to108mhz).

An F.M signal can also used to carry a stereo signal. F.M receiver is used in public service communication.

Advantages

F.M signals provide much more realistic sound reproduction.

It has the advantage of operating at a higher frequency. An F.M receiver can be used by being switched between stereo phonic & monophonic. F.M is also used at audio frequency to synthesize sound. F.M is much better reception for music. The well defined service area for given transmitter power. Less radiated power. F.M tuners have the ability to capture the strongest signal available.

Disadvantages

 F.M is range is limited by line of sight like from a tall tower to the horizon. Much more bandwidth required. More complicated transmitter and receiver.

Conclusion

sensitive and offers lower distortion in demanding high-signal environments than conventional FM receivers. The design principles followed here (for the mixer, RF amplifier, and demodulator) and the evaluation method (using a slot noise generator), can be applied to other receiver implementations at any desired frequency.
THIS DESIGN is more