Rubble Mound Breakwater Design Calculations

1.
o
s
m
L
H
tan
2.


2
2
m
o m
gT
L L
3. Design H = minimum of H
max
or H
b
(H
max
may be H
1/3
or H
1/10
)
4. Run-up
a.
m S u
a H R
for
m
< 1.5
b.
c
m S u
b H R for
m
> 1.5
c.
( )
i S u S uR
H R H R
5. Overtopping
a.
m
s
m
L
H
s
b.

2
* m
s
m
s
H
R
R
c. ( ) ( )
*
exp
m m s
R b a T gH Q
( ) ( ) [ ]
m s m
T agH Q b R ln

*
2
m
m
s
R
s
H
R

6. R = maximum of
( ) [ ]
s i S u
H H R
or ( )
s m m
H R s
*
2
7. Design crest elevation = DHW + R
8. Armor weight:
( )

cot 1
3
3
50
SG K
H
W
D
a
9. Armor thickness:
3 / 1

,
_

a
W
nK r
10. Crest Width: 3
3 / 1

,
_

a
c
W
K B
11. Base Width:
( ) + + cot 2 R DHW B B
c b
12. Armor area (per unit length):
( ) ( ) + + +
2 2
cot 1 2 R DHW B A
c
13. Number of armor units:
3 / 2
100
1
,
_

,
_

W
P
Ank N
a
a
14. Underlayer thickness:
3 / 1

,
_

s
W
nK r
15. Total volume (per unit length)
h
a
b
th
a.
sin r t
h
b.
( ) +
below
i
V b a h V
2
1
16. Scour Depth:
( ) H H H d d
s s
5 . 0
17. Toe apron width: maximum of B
t
= 2H or B
t
= 0.4h
18. Toe stone weight
a. t
t
t
kB
kh
kh
K
2
sin
2 sinh
2

b. maximum of
( )
1
]
1

+
,
_

H
h
K
K
H
h
K
K
N
t t
s
3 / 1
2
3 / 1
1
5 . 1 exp 8 . 1
1
3 . 1
or N
s
= 1.8
c.
( )
3 3
3
min
1

SG N
H
W
s
s
d. assuming quarry stone sorting is 0.75 W/W
50
1.25 W
50
= W
min
/0.75
19. Toe base: b
t
= 2B
t
cot
t
20. Toe volume (total, per unit length, 2 identical toe structures):
( ) ( ) [ ]
t t t
b B h h V +
2
1
2
21. Toe-to-toe width of breakwater:
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] + + cot cot 2
t t t t b tt
h h B h h B B
22. Bedding layer stone weight:
a. kh gk tanh
2
k L 2
b.
( ) ( )
2 3
50
5
3
50
50
1 1 10 34 . 1 L SG
H
W

c.
3 / 1

,
_

W K
d
n
s s
, where d
s
= scour depth (this is the minimum bedding layer thickness)
d.
3 / 1

,
_

s
W
nK r
e. width: B
bed
= B
tt
+ 2 (5 m)
f.
r B V
bed

23. Breakwater weight (load on soil) - In order to generalize the calculation for use with concrete
armor units, the weight of the armor layer is calculated separately from the rest of the
breakwater. Also, the load is separated into above and below the low water mark (h) to correct
for buoyancy.
h
a
b
th
a. Volume of Underlayer & core above DLW:
( ) b a h V
u
+
2
1
where
( )
ha
ha a
a
t B DLW R DHW b
t B r a
r DLW R DHW h
2 cot 2
2 cot 2
+ +
+
+
b. Volume of Armor Layer above DLW:
( ) b a h V
a
+
2
1
where
( ) B DLW R DHW b
B a
DLW R DHW h
+ +

+
cot 2
c. Volume of Underlayer & core below DLW:
( ) b a h V
u
+
2
1
where
( )
ha b
ha
t B b
t B DLW R DHW a
DLW h
2
2 cot 2

+ +

d. Volume of Armor Layer below DLW:

( ) b a h V
a
+
2
1
where
( )
b
B b
B DLW R DHW a
DLW h

+ +

cot 2
e. Weight of layers:
i. above DLW
s
P
V W
,
_

100
1
ii. below DLW
( )
w s
P
V W
,
_

100
1
24. Soil Load ()
a. Base width redistributed through the bedding layer:
bed bed tt
r B B + cot 2
b. Load at top of bedding layer:
( ) ( ) [ ]
tt toe DLW b a u DLW above a u t
B W W W W W + + + +
elow
c. Load at bottom of bedding layer:
( )
bed bed tt t
B W B B +
25. Allowable Bearing Capacity
a. Normally consolidated clay:
( ) PL LL p c
o u
+ 0037 . 0 11 . 0
b. Layered Sand, Dense over Loose (Das, 1994)
( )
( )
( )
) 2 ( 2 ) 2 ( 1 2 2 ) (
) 1 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 1 1 ) (
2
1

2
1

+ + +
+ +
BN N H D N c q
BN N D N c q
q f c b u
q f c t u
H K
H
D
B
H
q q
s
f
b u u 1
2
1
) (
tan
2
1

,
_

+
or
) (t u u
q q
c. Layered Sand, Loose over Dense (from Das, 1994)
) 2 ( 2 ) 2 ( 2 ) 2 ( 2 ) (
2
1

+ + BN N D N c q
q f c b u
[ ]
2
) ( ) ( ) (
1

,
_

+

f
t u b u t u u
H
H
q q q q , H
f
= depth of failure surface ~ 2B
d. Layered Clay - Stronger over Weaker ( = 0), (Das, 1994)
f
a
c u u
D
B
H c
N c q
1 ) 2 (
2
+
,
_

+
or
) (t u u
q q
f c u t u
D N c q
1 ) 1 ( ) ' ' (
+
e. Granular Stratum over Soft Clay (Herbich, 1991)
f s
f
c u u
D K
H
D
B
H
N c q
1 1
2
1
) 2 (
tan
2
1
2
+

,
_

+
or
) (t u u
q q
f. Allowable bearing capacity:
FS
q
q
u
a

26. Depth of calculation in lower layer: H = 4B
tt
- (upper layer depth)
27. Compression Index: C
c
= slope of the e-log p curve:

,
_

,
_

o
o
c
p
p p
e
p
p
e e
C
log log
1
2
2 1
Empirically: Rendon-Herrero (1983)
38 . 2
2 . 1
1
141 . 0

,
_

s
o
s c
G
e
G C
Terzaghi & Peck (1967)
( ) 10 % 007 . 0 LL C
c
Nagaraj and Murty (1985)
( )
s c
G
LL
C
1
]
1

100
%
2343 . 0
28. Swell index:
C C S
C C C
5
1
10
1
to
29. Initial load and void ratio
a.
H H DHW p
upperlayer w o 2 2
1
1
+ +
[H from eq. (26)]
b.
wG e
o

30. Settlement
a. Normally consolidated soil (p
c
= p
o
+ p):
( ) ( )
( )

,
_

+
+

i o
i i o
o
i c
p
p p
e
H C
S log
1
b. Overconsolidated soil (p
c
p
o
+ p):
( ) ( )
( )

,
_

+
+

i o
i i o
o
i s
p
p p
e
H C
S log
1