Bo co v truyn hnh phn gii cao HDTV I. Tng quan v HDTV 1.

. Gii thiu v HDTV a, Khi nim v HDTV (High Definition Television) HDTV (High Definition Television) l truyn hnh s quang b m khun hnh rng, hnh nh c phn gii cao vi su knh m thanh s. HDTV cho hnh nh hin th trn nn khun hnh 9:16 thay v khun hnh 3:4 nh cc h thng tivi truyn thng. S khc nhau c bn u tin gia h thng HDTV v h thng truyn hnh qung b truyn thng l HDTV c khun hnh rng hn. S khc bit th hai m c th d dng nhn ra l HDTV cung cp hnh nh vi sc nt cao v r dng ln hn gp hai ln h thng truyn hnh thng thng. S khc bit ng k th ba l cc vn lm hnh nh khng hon ho nh mui tn hiu( snow), hin tung bng hnh (gosting), hay hnh nh nhp nhy do xuyn nhiu khng tm thy h thng HDTV. Qu trnh qu t h thng truyn hnh truyn thng din ra cch y vi nm. M phn ln cc chng trnh quan trng ang c cung cp bng h thng HDTV. T thng 4 nm 2006, t chc truyn thng lin bang FFC (Federal Communications Commission) c trch nhim quang b rng ri h thng tn hiu HDTV trn ton nc M. Qu trnh chuyn i t truyn hnh tng t sang truyn hnh s c phn gii cao c th xy ra nhanh chng khi cc chng trnh HDTV tr thnh c gi tr v

gi thnh ca tivi HD gim . D kin mi nm tc dch chuyn tng 20% . b, nh dng hnh nh cho HDTV HDTV provides a much wider screen than conventional television. Because, the viewing area format is similar to a movie theatre screen, the left and right edges of movie presentations don't need to be chopped off. The HDTV wide screen format provides a more intense viewing experience by taking full advantage of the actual human field of vision. The dimensions of a television screen is referred to as the aspect ratio. The HDTV television format uses an aspect ratio of 16:9. By comparison, the aspect ratio used by conventional television is almost square (4:3 ratio). While most theatrical movies have used the wide screen format for years, most television programs (until now) have been produced using the old 4:3 narrow screen format. Consequently, when purchasing a High Definition television, it is important to select a model that can displays old television shows without distorting the picture or wasting screen "real estate". Most high definition sets will allow the viewer to select from a variety of display formats. For example, one format will display the legacy television program with a dark area at both the left and right sides of the screen. Another format will crop the top and bottom portions of the television program. More sophisticated technologies will stretch out the 4:3 images horizontally with minimal picture distortion. Presuming that we will continue to enjoy reruns of "I Love Lucy" and "Friends" for years to come, it is important to consider this issue prior to making a purchase decision.

Screen Resolution

The screen resolution of High Definition television broadcasts is nearly five times as sharp as conventional broadcasts. HDTV has double the lines of resolution compared to North American analog television broadcasts. Digital-based HDTV can display 1,080 horizontal lines. Conventional televisions in North America can display only 525. The analog broadcasts in Europe use just over 600 lines. Put another way, the highest resolution HDTV format has approximately 2 million pixels compared to about million pixels in analog television in North America. The huge improvement is screen resolution that is possible with HDTV allows us to enjoy very large television screens without picture degradation. Thanks to HDTV technology, we can now enjoy sporting events on big screen TVs, without leaving our homes. If you require a small-sized television, the advantages of HDTV is negligible. Picture quality is significantly superior, however, on televisions screens 26" and larger. One should not consider purchasing a television sets that is over 27" unless it is capable of displaying HDTV broadcasts.

Surround Sound
HDTV supports high-quality surround-sound audio. Surround-sound makes you feel that you are in the action. High Definition programs use Dolby Digital sound, which is also used on DVDs. This format is used to transmit up to six channels of audio depending on the program. Television programs use a variety of stereo soundtracks (2-channel) or surround sound (multi-channel). Surround sound programs can use four-channel, five-channel or the most advanced, 5.1-channel (the .1 is the subwoofer channel). With these soundtracks driving 6 speakers, Dolby
3

Digital creates a home theater experience that rivals the best cinema sound.

HDTV Availability
Availability of HDTV broadcasts differs significantly between countries. The United States and Japan are leading the world, however, Canada and Australia are not far behind. High Definition Television is at its infancy in Europe and elsewhere. There are three different sources available for HDTV signals: 1. 2. 3. Over-the-Air Broadcasts Cable television Satellite television

The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) requires that all US TV stations broadcast DTV signals by May 2006. There is also a requirement that 50% of televisions sold in the United States include a HDTV tuner by mid-2005. These rules were established to help speed-up the deployment of HDTV in the United States. Satellite and cable companies are in stiff competition to provide consumers with access to HDTV broadcasts as they become available. Many companies offer attractive packages to attract first-time customers that include HDTV services and any required hardware

HDTV Television Sets

There are two types of HDTV televisions that can produce high definition pictures. They are: 1. 2. High Definition Televisions (i.e. Integrated HD sets) High Definition Ready Televisions

High Definition Televisions are television sets that include special tuners that are capable of receiving land-based high definition broadcasts. An antenna is needed to receive these transmissions. High Definition Ready Televisions don't include HDTV tuners but some include tuners to receive standard broadcasts. If you intent to subscribe to a cable television or satellite service to receive HDTV (and conventional TV) broadcasts, you don't normally require a HDTV tuner. The HDTV tuner is included in the cable/satellite receiver. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has mandated that 50% of the TV receivers in the 25 to 36 inch screen size range that are sold in the USA must have a digital tuner by July 1, 2005.

HDTV Receivers
HDTV Set-top receivers are required to receive HDTV broadcasts via cable or satellite. These receivers include the hardware and software necessary to communicate digitally with the satellite or cable service as well as the HDTV tuners. When renting or purchasing a television receiver, make sure that it is capable of receiving HDTV signals as most only support standard television broadcasts. Many cable companies and satellite television companies sell HDTV receivers that include HDTV digital recorders. These Digital Recorders (DVRs) allow consumers to: 1. 2. 3. 4. watch programs on their own schedules skip TV commercials pause live TV shows watch one show while recording another one

When purchasing a stand-alone DVR or one that is integrated with a receiver, it is important to ensure that it supports high definition
5

broadcasts.

Most satellite and cable companies rent or sell

integrated HDTV

Contents
[hide]

1 History 2 HDTV signal reception 3 Notation o 3.1 Changes in notation o 3.2 Standard resolutions o 3.3 Standard frame or field rates 4 Comparison with SDTV 5 Format considerations 6 Technical details 7 Advantages of HDTV expressed in nonengineering terms 8 Early systems 9 Contemporary systems 10 Recording and compression 11 Table of terrestrial HDTV transmission systems 12 References 13 See also

14 External links

Khi nim HDTV (High-definition television) l mt h thng truyn hnh qung b s vi vi phn gii hnh nh cao hn ng so vi cc nh dng truyn thng (NTSC, SECAM, PAL). Trong vi nm u tin h thng truyn hnh HDTV s dng cng ngh 6

tng t c gii thiu ti Chu u v Nht Bn. Tuy nhin HDTV thng s dng cng ngh s bi v h thng truyn hnh qung b s yu cu bng thng thp hn. Cng ngh HDTV oc gii thiu u tin ti US trong nhng nm 1990 bi mt nhm cc cng ty in t v c gi l Lin minh HDTV s ( Digital HDTV Grand Alliance). Lch s Cc tng xy dng h thng ti vi c phn gii cao trn nn tng h thng truyn hnh sn c bt u xut t nhng nm 1970. C th ni Nht Bn m c th l t chc NHK t nn mng cho vic xy dng h thng truyn hnh HDTV sau ny. u nhng nm 2000, mt b tiu chun cho h thng truyn hnh phn gii cao c hon thnh. Cc tiu chun HDTV hin ti l c nh ngha bi lin minh vin thng quc t ITU-R BT.709.(International Telecommunication Union) c th nh sau : Mt hinh nh hin th s c qut vi 1080 dng hoc 720 mnh s dng t l khun hnh l 16:9. Tt cc cc tiu chun cho h thng HDTV qung b hin ti l mt phn th thng tiu chun DVB. HDTV cng c th cung cp m thanh vi cht lung hon ho bi v n s dng tiu chun m thanh Dolby s (AC-3) vi dng m thanh vm (surround sound) surround sound. C th ni cht lng m thanh ca HDTV tt hn hn so vi cc h thng truyn hnh truyn thng. Ti nm 2007, ti M c hn 24 triu h gia nh s dng HDTV. Tuy nhin ch mt na trong s l thng xuyn ci t v thu cc chng trnh HDTV. Mt vi khch hng khng nhn thc c rng h cn phi mua cc b thu c bit thu cc chng trnh t cp hoc cc b Tuner thu cc trng trnh t h thng qung b v cng mt vi khch hng ni s c k hoc s dng n trong tng lai. Cc u im ca HDTV
-

Khun hnh rng hn, hnh nh c sc nt r dng gp hai ln h thng truyn hnh truyn thng. m thanh vi cht lung cao. Bng thng s dng hp. Kh nng chng xuyn nhiu tt, mt s hin tng nh bng hnh(ghosting), hoc mui (snow) khng tm thy vi h thng HDTV.

Danh sch mt s knh truyn s dng HDTV Hin nay trn th gii mt s knh truyn hnh ni ting s dng HDTV c th nh sau: ABC Comcast The Movie Channel 7

CBS Fox NBC PBS The CW

SportsNet Discovery HD Theater ESPN HD ESPN2 HD Food Network HD HBO HDTV HDNet HDNet Movies HGTV HD INHD/INHD2 MHD

HD National Geographic HD NBA HD NFL HD OLN HD Showtime HDTV Starz HD TNT-HD Universal HD Wealth TV

Cc tiu chun k thut cho h thng HDTV Mt s khi nim v k hiu c bn : phn gii : c nh gi bng s ung qut dng trong mt khung nh(frame). Trong HDTV S dng hai ch qut dng l qut lin tc k hiu l p (progressive scan) v qut xen k k hiu la I (interlace scan). Qut lin tc l qu trnh qut ln lut ton b s dng trong mt khung. Cn qut xen k l qu trnh qut m mt khung nh c chia thnh hai ln tng ng vi hai trng (field). Ln th nht qut ton b cc dng l. Ln th hai qut cc dng chn. Cc tiu chun ca HDTV T l khun hnh s dng :16:9 S im nh trong khun hnh : 1280720 pixel hoc 19201080 Cc tiu chun v s tc qut mnh(khung nh v s trng nh trong mt giy) : 23.977p (allow easy conversion to NTSC). 24p (cinematic film) 25p (PAL, SECAM DTV progressive material) 24p (cinematic film) 25p (PAL, SECAM DTV progressive material) 30p (NTSC DTV progressive material)

50p (PAL, SECAM DTV progressive material) 60p (NTSC DTV progressive material) 50i (PAL & SECAM) 60i (NTSC, PAL-M)
- Tiu chun v phn gii hnh nh :

In the context of HDTV, the formats of the broadcasts are referred to using a notation describing:

The number of lines in the vertical display resolution. Whether progressive scan frames (p) or interlaced fields (i) are used. Progressive scan frames redraw all the lines in each sweep. Interlaced fields redraw every second line in one sweep and the remaining lines in a second sweep. This increases picture resolution while saving bandwidth at the expense of some flicker effects. The number of frames or fields per second.

The format 720p60 is 1280 720 pixels, progressive encoding with 60 frames per second (60 Hz). The format 1080i50 is 1920 1080 pixels, interlaced encoding with 50 fields (25 frames) per second. Often the frame or field rate is left out, indicating only the resolution and type of the frames or fields, and leading to confusion [4]. Sometimes the rate is to be inferred from the context, in which case it can usually be assumed to be either 50 or 60, except for 1080p which is often used to denote either 1080p24, 1080p25 or 1080p30 at present but will also denote 1080p50 and 1080p60 in the future. A frame or field rate can also be specified without a resolution. For example 24p means 24 progressive scan frames per second and 50i means 25 interlaced frames per second, consisting of 50 interlaced fields per second. Most HDTV systems support some standard resolutions and frame or field rates. The most common are noted below.

Changes in notation
9

The terminology described above was invented for digital systems in the 1990s. A digital signal encodes the color of each pixel, or dot on the screen as a series of numbers. Before that, analog TV signals encoded values for one monochrome, or 3 color signals as they scanned a screen continuously from line to line. By comparision, radio encodes an analog signal of the sound to be sent to an amplified speaker, typically up to 20KHz, but video signals are in the MHz range, which is why they are much higher in the broadcast spectrum than audio radio. Analog video signals have no true "pixels" to measure horizontal resolution. The vertical scan-line count included off-screen scan lines with no picture information while the CRT beam returned to the top of the screen to begin another field. Thus NTSC was considered to have "525 lines" even though only 486 of them had a picture (625/576 for PAL). Similarly the Japanese MUSE system was called "1125 line", but is only 1035i by today's measuring standards. This change was made because digital systems have no need of blank retrace lines unless the signal was converted to analog to drive a CRT.

Standard resolutions

When resolution is considered, both the resolution of the transmitted signal and the (native) displayed resolution of a TV set are taken into account. Digital NTSC- and PAL/SECAM-like signals (480i60 and 576i50 respectively) are transmitted at a horizontal resolution of 720 or 704 "pixels". However these transmitted DTV "pixels" are not square, and have to be stretched for correct viewing. PAL TV sets with an aspect ratio of 4:3 use a fixed pixel grid of 768 576 or 720 540; with an aspect ratio of 16:9 they use 1440 x 768, 1024 576 or 960 540; NTSC ones use 640 480 and 852 480 or, seldom, 720 540. High Definition usually refers to one million pixels or more. In Australia, the 576p50 format is also considered a HDTV format, as it has doubled temporal resolution though the use of progressive scanning. Thus, a number of Australian networks broadcast a 576p signal as their High-definition DVB-T signal, while others use the more conventional 720p and 1080i formats. Technically, however, the 576p format is defined as Enhanced-definition television.

10

Standard frame or field rates

23.977p (allow easy conversion to NTSC) 24p (cinematic film) 25p (PAL, SECAM DTV progressive material) 30p (NTSC DTV progressive material) 50p (PAL, SECAM DTV progressive material) 60p (NTSC DTV progressive material) 50i (PAL & SECAM) 60i (NTSC, PAL-M) Close-up view

Comparison with SDTV

HDTV has at least twice the linear resolution of standard-definition television (SDTV), thus allowing much more detail to be shown compared with analog television or regular DVD. In addition, the technical standards for broadcasting HDTV are also able to handle 16:9 aspect ratio pictures without using letterboxing or anamorphic stretching, thus further increasing the effective resolution for such HDTV resolution SDTV resolution content.

Format considerations
The optimum formats for a broadcast depends on the type of media used for the recording and the characteristics of the content. The field and frame rate should match the source, as should the resolution. On the other hand, a very high resolution source may require more bandwidth than is available in order to be transmitted without loss of fidelity. The lossy compression that is used in all digital HDTV storage/transmission systems will then cause the received picture to appear distorted when compared to the uncompressed source. Photographic film destined for the theater typically has a high resolution and is photographed at 24 frames per second. Depending on the available bandwidth and the amount of detail and movement in the picture, the optimum format for video transfer is thus either 720p24 or 1080p24. When shown on television in countries using PAL, film must be converted to 25 frames per second by speeding it up by 4.1%. In countries using the NTSC standard, 30 frames per second, a technique called 3:2 pulldown is used. One film frame is held for three video fields, (1/20 of a second) and then the next is held for two video fields (1/30 of a second) and then the process repeats, thus achieving the correct film rate with two film frames shown in 1/12 of a second.

See also: Telecine

11

Older (pre-HDTV) recordings on video tape such as Betacam SP are often either in the form 480i60 or 576i50. These may be upconverted to a higher resolution format (720i), but removing the interlace to match the common 720p format may distort the picture or require filtering which actually reduces the resolution of the final output.

See also: Deinterlacing

Non-cinematic HDTV video recordings are recorded in either 720p or 1080i format. The format used depends on the broadcast company (if destined for television broadcast); however, in other scenarios the format choice will vary depending on a variety of factors. In general, 720p is more appropriate for fast action as it uses progressive scan frames, as opposed to 1080i which uses interlaced fields and thus can have a degradation of image quality with fast motion. In addition, 720p is used more often with Internet distribution of HD video, as all computer monitors are progressive, and most graphics cards do a poor job of de-interlacing video in real time. 720p Video also has lower storage and decoding requirements than 1080i or 1080p. In North America, Fox, My Network TV (also owned by Fox), ABC, and ESPN (ABC and ESPN are both owned by Disney) currently broadcast 720p content. NBC, Universal HD (both owned by General Electric), CBS, PBS, The CW, HBO, Showtime, Starz!, INHD, HDNet ,TNT, and Discovery HD Theater currently broadcast 1080i content. In UK on Sky Digital theres BBC HD, Sky One HD, Sky Arts HD, Sky Movies HD1 & 2, Sky Sports HD1,2 & X, Discovery HD, National Geographic Channel HD, The History Channel HD & Sky Box Office HD1 & 2. MTV HD, FX HD, LIVING HD, Rush HD, Ultra HD & Eurosport HD are coming in the near future. BBC HD is also on Virgin Media

Technical details

One of the first DVB-S2 tuner cards.

MPEG-2 is most commonly used as the compression codec for digital HDTV broadcasts. Although MPEG-2 supports up to 4:2:2 YCbCr chroma subsampling and 10-bit quantization, HD broadcasts use 4:2:0 and 8-bit quantization to save bandwidth. Some broadcasters also plan to use MPEG-4 AVC, such as the BBC which is trialing such a system via satellite broadcast, which will save

12

considerable bandwidth compared to MPEG-2 systems. Some German broadcasters already use MPEG-4 AVC together with DVB-S2 (Pro 7, Sat.1 and Premiere). Although MPEG-2 is more widely used at present, it seems likely that in the future all European HDTV may be MPEG-4 AVC, and Ireland and Norway, which have not yet begun any digital television broadcasts, are considering MPEG-4 AVC for SD Digital as well as HDTV on terrestrial broadcasts. HDTV is capable of "theater-quality" audio because it uses the Dolby Digital (AC-3) format to support "5.1" surround sound. The pixel aspect ratio of native HD signals is a "square" 1.0, in which each pixel's height equals its width. New HD compression and recording formats such as HDV use rectangular pixels to save bandwidth and to open HDTV acquisition for the consumer market. For more technical details see the articles on HDV, ATSC, DVB, and ISDB. Television studios as well as production and distribution facilities, use HD-SDI SMPTE 292M interconnect standard (a nominally 1.485 Gbit/s, 75-ohm serial digital interface) to route uncompressed HDTV signals. The native bitrate of HDTV formats cannot be supported by 68MHz standard-definition television channels for over-the-air broadcast and consumer distribution media, hence the widespread use of compression in consumer applications. SMPTE 292M interconnects are generally unavailable in consumer equipment, partially due to the expense involved in supporting this format, and partially because consumer electronics manufacturers are required (typically by licensing agreements) to provide encrypted digital outputs on consumer video equipment, for fear that this would aggravate the issue of video piracy. Newer dual-link HD-SDI signals are needed for the latest 4:4:4 camera systems (Sony HDC-F950 & Thomson Viper), where one link/coax cable contains the 4:2:2 YCbCr info and the other link/coax cable contains the additional 0:2:2 CbCr information.

Advantages of HDTV expressed in nonengineering terms

High-definition television (HDTV) potentially offers a much better picture quality than standard television. HD's greater clarity means the picture on screen can be less blurred and less fuzzy. HD also brings other benefits such as smoother motion, richer and more natural colors, surround sound, and the ability to allow a variety of input devices to work together. However, there are a variety of reasons why the best HD quality is not usually achieved. The main problem is a lack of HD input. Many cable and satellite channels and even some "high definition" channels, are not broadcast in true HD. Also, image quality may be lost if the television is not properly connected to the input device or not properly configured for the input's optimal performance. Almost all commercially available HD is digital, so the system cannot produce a snowy or washed out image from a weak signal, effects from signal interference, such as herringbone patterns, or vertical rolling. HD digital signals will either deliver an excellent picture, a picture with noticeable pixelation, a series of still pictures, or no picture at all. Any interference will render the signal unwatchable. As opposed to a lower-quality signal one gets from interference in an analogue television broadcast, interference in a digital television broadcast will freeze, skip, or display "garbage" information.

13

With HDTV the lack of imperfections in the television screen often seen on traditional television is another reason why many prefer high definition to analog. As mentioned, problems such as snow caused from a weak signal, double images from ghosting or multi-path and picture sparkles from impulse noise are a thing of the past. These problems often seen on a conventional television broadcast just do not occur on HDTV. HD programming and films will be presented in 16:9 widescreen format (although films created in even wider ratios will still display "letterbox" bars on the top and bottom of even 16:9 sets.) Older films and programming that retain their 4:3 ratio display will be presented in a version of letterbox commonly called "pillar box," displaying bars on the right and left of 16:9 sets (rendering the term "fullscreen" a misnomer). While this is an advantage when it comes to playing 16:9 movies, it creates the same disadvantage when playing 4:3 television shows that standard televisions have playing 16:9 movies. A way to address this is to zoom the 4:3 image to fill the screen or reframe its material to 14:9 aspect ratio, either during preproduction or manually in the TV set. The colors will generally look more realistic, due to their greater bandwidth. The visual information is about 2-5 times more detailed overall. The gaps between scanning lines are smaller or invisible. Legacy TV content that was shot and preserved on 35 mm film can now be viewed at nearly the same resolution as that at which it was originally photographed. A good analogy for television quality is looking through a window. HDTV offers a degree of clarity that is much closer to this. The "i" in these numbers stands for "interlaced" while the "p" stands for "progressive". With interlaced scan, the 1,080 lines are split into two, the first 540 being "painted" on a frame, followed by the second 540 painted on another frame. This method reduces the bandwidth and raises the frame rate to 50-60 per second. A progressive scan displays all 1,080 lines at the same time at 60 frames per second, using more bandwidth. (See: An explanation of HDTV numbers and laymens glossary) Dolby Digital 5.1 surround sound is broadcast along with standard HDTV video signals, allowing full surround sound capabilities. (Standard broadcast television signals usually only include monophonic or stereophonic audio. Stereo broadcasts can be encoded with Dolby Surround, an early home video surround format.) Both designs make more efficient use of electricity than SDTV designs of equivalent size, which can mean lower operating costs. LCD is a leader in energy conservation.

Early systems
Main article: Analog high-definition television systems
The term "high definition" was used to describe the electronic television systems of the late 1930s and 1940s beginning with the former British 405-line black-and-white system, introduced in 1936; however, this and the subsequent 525-line U.S. NTSC system, established in 1941, were high definition only in comparison with previous mechanical and electronic television systems, and NTSC, along with the later European 625-line PAL and SECAMs, is described as standard definition today.

14

On the other hand, the 819-line French black-and-white television system introduced after World War II arguably was high definition in the modern sense, as it had a line count and theoretical maximum resolution considerably higher than those of the 625-line systems introduced across most of postwar Europe. However, it required far more bandwidth than other systems, and was switched off in 1986, a year after the final British 405-line broadcasts. Japan was the only country where commercial analog HDTV was launched and had some success. In other places, such as Europe, analog (HD-MAC) HDTV failed. Finally, although the United States experimented with analog HDTV (there were about 10 proposed formats), it soon moved towards a digital approach.

Contemporary systems

Components of a 1. 2. HD 3. Standard 4. HDMI or DVI-D cable

typical HDTV

satellite satellite satellite

HDTV

system: Monitor receiver dish

In addition to an HD Ready television, other equipment is often needed for the home user to view High Definition Television. Cable Ready TV sets can display HD content without the use of an external box. They provide a card slot that accepts a CableCARD.[5] There are several sources of high definition content and the equipment used to control each of these must be HD compatible. High Definition picture sources include terrestrial broadcast, direct broadcast satellite, digital cable, high definition discs (BD and HD DVD), internet downloads and the latest generation of games consoles. The availability of television pictures broadcast in the HD format varies by region and country.

Main article: List of digital television deployments by country

Recording and compression

Main article: High-definition pre-recorded media and compression

15

HDTV can be recorded to D-VHS (Data-VHS), W-VHS (analog only), to a HDTV-capable digital video recorder (for example DirecTV's high-definition Digital video recorder, SkyHD's set-top box, or TiVo's Series 3 recorder),or a HDTV-ready HTPC. Cable boxes from Comcast are capable of receiving or recording two broadcasts at a time in HDTV format, and HDTV programming, some free, some for a fee, can be played back with the on-demand feature. The massive amount of data storage required to archive uncompressed streams make it unlikely that an uncompressed storage option will appear in the consumer market soon. Realtime MPEG-2 compression of an uncompressed digital HDTV signal is also prohibitively expensive for the consumer market at this time, but should become inexpensive within several years (although this is more relevant for consumer HD camcorders than recording HDTV). Analog tape recorders with bandwidth capable of recording analog HD signals such as W-VHS recorders are no longer produced for the consumer market and are both expensive and scarce in the secondary market. In the United States, as part of the FCC's "plug and play" agreement, cable companies are required to provide customers that rent HD set-top boxes with a set-top box with "functional" Firewire (IEEE 1394) upon request. None of the direct broadcast satellite providers have offered this feature on any of their supported boxes, but some cable TV companies have. As of July 2004, boxes are not included in the FCC mandate. This content is protected by encryption known as 5C.[6] This encryption can prevent duplication of content or simply limit the number of copies permitted.

Table of terrestrial HDTV transmission systems

Main characteristics of three DTTV systems Systems ATSC DVB-T ISDB-T

Source coding Video Main Profile syntax of ISO/IEC 13818-2 (MPEG-2 Video) ISO/IEC 13818-2 ISO/IEC 13818-7 ATSC Standard (MPEG-2 Layer II (MPEG-2 AAC A/52 (Dolby AC-3) Audio) and Dolby Audio) AC-3

Audio

Transmission system

16

Channel coding Outer coding R-S (207, 187, t = R-S (204, 188, t = 8) 10) convolutional 12 R-S block (I=12, M=17, J=1)

Outer 52 R-S block interleaver

Inner coding

PCC: rate 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6, 7/8; rate 2/3 Trellis code constraint length = 7, Polynomials (octal) = 171, 133

Inner 12 to 1 Trellis code bit-wise, frequency, selectable time interleaver Data randomizat 16-bit PRBS ion Modulation 8VSB (Only used for COFDM BST-COFDM with over the air QPSK, 16QAM and 13 frequency transmission) 64QAM segments 16VSB (Designed Hierarchical DQPSK, QPSK, for cable, but modulation: multi- 16QAM and rejected by the resolution 64QAM cable industry) constellation Hierarchical 64QAM and (16QAM and modulation: 256QAM (forced 64QAM) choice of three into ATSC standard Guard interval: different by cable industry 1/32, 1/16, 1/8 & modulations on and is cable only) 1/4 of OFDM each segment symbol Guard interval: Two modes: 2k 1/32, 1/16, 1/8 & and 8k FFT 1/4 of OFDM symbol Three modes: 2k,

17

4k and 8k FFT

References
Cited references

1. ^ the Grand Alliance includes AT&T, General Instrument, MIT, Philips, Sarnoff, 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Thomson, and Zenith) ^ Carlo Basile et al. (1995). "The U.S. HDTV standard: the Grand Alliance". IEEE Spectrum (4): 3645. ^ "Manufacturers Face Consumer Confusion Over TV Technology" Wall Street Journal Feb 28, 2007 B1 ^ The HDTV Progressive Frame Rate Clarification Initiative. ^ HDTV information. ^ 5C Digital Transmission Content Protection White Paper (pdf) (1998-07-14).

General references

United States Federal Standard 1037C DTV channel protection ratios DVB HDTV standard Images formats for HDTV, article from the EBU Technical Review . High Definition for Europe - a progressive approach, article from the EBU Technical Review . High Definition (HD) Image Formats for Television Production, technical report from the EBU TV Azteca Plans HDTV Mexican Rollout_tcm

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: High-definition television

480p, 576p, 720p, 1080i, 1080p Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) ATSC tuner Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting DVB (Digital Video Broadcasting) Digital television 18

HDTV input and colorspace (YPbPr/YCbCr). HD ready SDTV (Standard Definition Television) Ultra-High Definition Video (UHDV)

External links

US Government HDTV and DTV official site Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission CEA'S HDTV Guide

19