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Lab : 02 Amplitude Modulation.

1. Amplitude modulation in matlab. 2. Amplitude Modulation with Simulink 3. Hard ware implementation of Amplitude Modulation

OBJECTIVES:
To verify the principles of amplitude modulation (AM).

EQUIPMENT:
PC Matlab 7.xx C-pal 27 trainer . THEORY: A message signal (audio or video or pulses) cannot be transmitted over long distances directly due to attenuation, distortion, interference and noise in any medium. A suitable high Frequency signal needs to be modulated by the low frequency band so that the message can be transmitted efficiently over long distances.

Why Modulate?
Why do we have to modulate a signal for transmission? Why can't the signal be sent as it is? There are two main reasons for modulation. The 1st reason has to do with the laws of electromagnetic propagation, which dictate that the size of the radiating element, the antenna, be a significant fraction of the wavelength of the signal being transmitted. For example, if we want to transmit a 1 kHz signal by a quarter wave antenna, the size of the antenna would need to be 75 km. On the other hand, if the signal is being transmitted on a high frequency carrier, say 630 kHz, the corresponding size of the radiating antenna needs to be only 119 m. The second reason is for the simultaneous transmission of different signals. As audio signals relevant to humans lie from a few hertz to a few thousand hertz, we could broadcast only one base band signal at a time. Simultaneous transmission would cause the overlap of signals and we would not be able to separate them. However, through modulation, we can transmit many signals simultaneously by shifting their spectra using different carrier frequencies. This is called frequency division multiplexing (FDM).

Amplitude Modulation (AM):

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It is a process in which the maximum amplitude of the carrier Wave is varied linearly in accordance with instantaneous amplitude of modulating signal or base band signal. The waves can be voltage or current signals. The waveforms of the carrier wave, modulating wave and the resultant modulated wave are shown below. A carrier signal is represented by,

In amplitude modulation a voltage proportional to the modulating signal is added to the carrier amplitude. Then modulated carrier wave is given by, ( ) [ ( )] ( ) The term [Ecmax +em(t)] describes the envelop of the modulated wave. Amplitude modulation is a type of modulation where the carrier signals amplitude is varied in accordance with the information bearing signal. The amplitude modulated signals envelope or boundary embeds the information bearing signal. The total power of the transmitted signal varies with the modulating signal, whereas the carrier power remains constant.

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LAB TASK 1 Steps to Follow:
1. 2. 3. 4.

Generate a message signal of frequency 1Hz with V(t) = Vo sin (2 p f t ) and |V(t)|>0 Generate a carrier signal of frequency 20Hz Plotting both the signals. Plotting the modulated signal.

Description: Message Signal: generate the message signal

Information: V (t) = Vo sin (2 p f t )

Carrier Signal: For generation of carrier signal fc is taken as specified.

Carrier: Vc(t) = Vco sin (2 p fc t )

Spectrum Plot: Since the spectrum plot is generated to find the frequency components of a
signal, therefore, to plot the spectrum of message and carrier signal, their zero shifted Fourier transforms have been taken. Only their positive side has been taken and plotted against linear frequency.

Amplitude Modulation: As in case of Amplitude Modulation, the message signal is simply

multiplied by the carrier signal, therefore here the amplitude modulated signal has been generated by using the dot multiplication operator (.*) in MATLAB. AM: VAM(t) = { Vco + Vm(t) }sin (2 p fc t ) s(t) = V(t). xV c(t)

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OUTPUT:

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LAB TASK 2 Amplitude Modulation with Simulink Steps to Follow:
First start new model. We need to build the following function.

s(t ) Ac [1 m(t )] cos(wc )

Where m(t) is a sinusoidal function. So we got four inputs.AC and 1 which are constants, and two sinusoidal for our message and carrier. 1- From our library browser we go to Simulink > Sources, we drag two constants and two sine waves. And name them with appropriate names. 2- Double click on the Signal wave. Change the Frequency to 5 (rad/sec) and change sample time to 1/100. 3- Do the same for the carrier but with Frequency =1000.

45678-

Let's link them to gather. Go to Simulink > Math Operations. Drag one Product block and one Sum block. Now link the Signal and the Constant 1 to the Sum operation inputs. Go to Simulink > Sinks. Drag one Scope. Link the output of the Product to the Scope. Now run your model and double click one the scope. You will see your modulated signal.

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3. AIM:

To generate Amplitude Modulation (AM) wave

2. APPARATUS REQUIRED: S.N. 1 Item required communication trainer kit CRO Specification(Range )
__

Quantity one

2 3

30 MHz one 3 to4

Connecting leads _ _

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BLOCK DIAGRAM

Methods of modulation & demodulation: Amplitude modulation is carried out by a circuit utilizing the nonlinear characteristic of solid state device like a diode called Square law modulator or collector circuit of a transistor called as collector modulator. It can be seen from the waveforms of the carrier wave, modulating wave and the resultant modulated wave that the envelope of the resultant waveform is identical to the modulating wave and thus utilized by the AM receiver for recovery of original message i.e. the modulating signal. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE : 1. Make the connection according to the block diagram 2. Switch on the power supply .Connect AF Generator to CRO and note the Frequency and amplitude of AF output. . 3. Similarly note the output amplitude and frequency of RF Carrier wave. 4. Set the amplitude of AF generator and amplitude of carrier wave so that modulated Output can be observed conveniently by easy manipulation of CRO. 5.Draw wave forms as observed on CRO CONCLUSION:

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LAB 3 MODULATING INDEX OF AM. To generate Amplitude Modulation (AM) wave and determine its modulation Index ma 1. OBJECTIVE: To generate AM wave for different value of modulation index (m<1, m=1 & m>1) using Matlab 2. APPARATUS REQUIRED Computer Matlab 3. AM In AM the transmitter uses the information signal, Vm(t) to vary the amplitude of the carrier, Vco to produce a modulated signal, VAM(t). Here are the three signals in mathematical form:
Information: Vm(t) = Vmo sin (2 p fm t) Carrier: Vc(t) = Vco sin (2 p fc t) AM: VAM(t) = { Vco + Vm(t) }sin (2 p fc t + f)

4. MODULATION INDEX : If the information signal is also a simple sine wave the modulation index has a simple form: m = Vmo/Vco
The interpretation of the modulation index, m, may be expressed as: The fraction (percentage if multiplied by 100) of the carrier amplitude that it varies by. If m = 0.5, the carrier amplitude varies by 50 % above and below its original value. If m= 1.0 then it varies by 100%. Here is a typical AM signal, showing the parts. Note that the information modulates the envelope of the carrier signal.

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In this example, the modulation index is < 1.0

5. LAB TASK Perform the AM WITH:

100% Modulation 50% Modulation 25% Modulation 150% Modulation

In matlab and simulink.

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6. OUTPUT:

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7. CONCLUSION:

8. QUESTIONS:
1. Write down AM equation in terms of modulation index. 2. Draw AM envelope. 3. Write down AM transmitted power equation in terms of modulation index. 4. Why we have not addressed the meaning modulating by more than 100% and why AM has a maximum practical efficiency of about 33 %.

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2. AIM:

To generate Amplitude Modulation (AM) wave and determine its modulation Index ma
2. APPARATUS REQUIRED: S.N. 1 Item required comunication trainer kit CRO Specification(Range )
__

Quantity one

2 3

30 MHz one 3 to4

Connecting leads _ _

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BLOCK DIAGRAM

Modulation index: The ratio of maximum amplitude of the modulating signal to the maximum amplitude of carrier wave is defined as the amplitude modulation index and denoted by ma . The modulation index is also known as depth of modulation or degree of modulation or modulation factor. Normally the value of ma lies between 0 and 1. The modulation index is given by expression.

It can be seen from the resultant of AM(single tone modulation) waveform

From (1) & (2) Clearly, the Envelope of the modulated signals has the same shape as m(t) when m < 1. If the Value of ma exceeds 1, then the percentage modulation is greater than 100 and the base band signal is not preserved in the envelope. In this case the base band signal recovered from the envelope by the demodulator of a receiver will be distorted. This type of distortion is called envelope distortion and AM signal is called over modulated. Methods of modulation & demodulation: Amplitude modulation is carried out by a circuit utilizing the nonlinear characteristic of solid state device like a diode called Square law modulator or collector circuit of a transistor called as collector modulator. It can be seen from the waveforms of the carrier wave, modulating wave and the resultant modulated wave that the envelope of the resultant waveform is identical to the modulating wave and thus utilized by the AM receiver for recovery of original message i.e. the modulating signal.
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EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE : 1. Make the connection according to the block diagram 2. Switch on the power supply .Connect AF Generator to CRO and note the Frequency and amplitude of AF output. . 3. Similarly note the output amplitude and frequency of RF Carrier wave. 4. Set the amplitude of AF generator and amplitude of carrier wave so that modulated Output can be observed conveniently by easy manipulation of CRO. 5. Note down the values of Vmax and Vmin 6. Change the amplitude of AF Generator to different values, keeping RF output constant And note down the corresponding values of Vmax and Vmin. Calculate amplitude modulation index ma =.(Vmax Vmin) / (Vmax+ Vmin) 8. Repeat step No.6 and tabulate the results. 9. Draw wave forms as observed on CRO and label the different waveforms Appropriately.

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OBSERVATION TABLE:

CONCLUSION:

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