Gregorio Zara's list of accomplishments also includes the following awards:

Filipino scientist Gregorio Y. Zara (D.Sc. Physics) invented, made improvements to, or discovered the following: Nicols Cabrera (1913 1989), was a Spanish physicist who did important work on the theories of crystal growth (specifically the BurtonCabrera-Frank theory) and the oxidisation of metals. He was the son of another famous Spanish physicist Blas Cabrera and the father of American Physicist Blas Cabrera. He spent many years in exile during the dictatorship of Francisco Franco. He wasProfessor of the Department of physics in the University of Virginia, where he worked from 1952. He became known for his interests in engineering and material science. He founded the physics department and was Professor at the Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), from 1971. He is considered to have given an impulse to the study of physics in Spain from the time of his return. For a time Javier Solana, whom he met at the University of Virginia, was his assistant in Madrid. Solana has described him as being a brilliant man but badly organised. The Nicols Cabrera Institute, founded in 1989 in the UAM, is named after him.

invented the two-way television telephone or videophone (1955) patented as a "photo phone signal separator network"

discovered the physical law of electrical kinetic resistance called the Zara effect (around 1930) invented an airplane engine that ran on plain alcohol as fuel (1952) improved methods of producing solar energy including creating new designs for a solar water heater (SolarSorber), a sun stove, and a solar battery (1960s)

invented a propeller-cutting machine (1952) designed a microscope with a collapsible stage helped design the robot Marex X-10 Presidential Diploma of Merit Distinguished Service Medal (1959) for his pioneering works and achievements in solar energy research, aeronautics and television.

Presidential Gold Medal and Diploma of Honor for Science and Research (1966) Cultural Heritage Award for Science Education and Aero Engineering (1966) Gregorio Zara born in Lipa City, Batangas, is one of the best known scientists from the Philippines. In 1926, Gregorio Zara graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology with a Bachelor of Science degree in Mechanical Engineering. In 1927, he received his Masters degree in Aeronautical Engineering from the University of Michigan. In 1930, he graduated with a Doctorate of Physics from Sorbonne University. On September 30, 1954 Gregorio Zara's alcohol-fueled airplane engine was successfully tested and flown at the Ninoy Aquino International Airport.

Christian Doppler was raised in Salzburg, Austria, the son of a stonemason. Doppler could not work in his father's business because of his generally weak physical condition. After completing high school Doppler studied philosophy in Salzburg and mathematics and physics at the k. k. Polytechnisches Institut(now Vienna University of Technology) where he worked as an assistant since 1829. In 1835 started to work at the Prague Polytechnic (now Czech Technical University), where he was appointed in 1841. Only a year later, at the age of 39, Doppler published his most notable work, "ber das farbige Licht der Leon N Cooper (born February 28, 1930) is an American physicist and Nobel Prize laureate, who with John Bardeen and John Robert Schrieffer, developed the BCS theory of superconductivity. He is also the namesake of the Cooper pair and codeveloper of the BCM theory of synaptic plasticity. In condensed matter physics, a Cooper pair or BCS pair is two electrons (or other fermions) that are bound together at low temperatures in a certain manner first described in 1956 by American physicist Leon Cooper. Cooper showed that an arbitrarily small attraction between electrons in a metal can cause a paired state of electrons to have a lower energy than the Fermi energy, which implies that the pair is bound. In conventional superconductors, this attraction is due to the electronphonon interaction. The Cooper pair state is responsible for superconductivity, as described in theBCS theory developed by John Bardeen, John Schrieffer and Leon Cooper for which they shared the 1972 Nobel Prize. Doppelsterne und einiger anderer Gestirne des Himmels" (On the coloured light of the binary stars and some other stars of the heavens). There is a facsimile edition with an English translation by Alec Eden. In this work, Doppler postulated his principle (later coined the Doppler effect) that the observed frequency of a wave depends on the relative speed of the source and the observer, and he tried to use this concept for explaining the colour of binary stars. The Doppler effect of sound was verified by Buys Ballot in 1845. In Doppler's time in Prague as a professor he published over 50 articles on mathematics, physics and astronomy. In 1847 he left Prague for the professorship of mathematics, physics, and mechanics at the Academy of Mines and Forests in Schemnitz (Bansk tiavnica, Slovakia), and in 1849he moved to Vienna. Doppler's research in Prague was interrupted by the revolutionary incidents of March 1848, when he fled to Vienna. There he was appointed head of the Institute for Experimental Physics at the University of Vienna in 1850. During his time there, Doppler, along with Franz Unger, played an influential role in the development of young Gregor Mendel, known as the founding father of genetics, who was a student at the University of Vienna from 1851 to 1853. Doppler died on 17 March 1853 at age 49 from a pulmonary disease in Venice (also at that time part of the Austrian Empire). His tomb is just inside the entrance of the Venetian island cemetery of San Michele.

William Henry Eccles FRS (23 August 1875 29 April 1966) was a British physicist and a pioneer in the Peter Joseph William Debye FRS (March 24, 1884 November 2, 1966) was a Dutch physicist and physical chemist, and Nobel laureate in Chemistry. His first major scientific contribution was the application of the concept of dipole moment to the charge distribution in asymmetric molecules in 1912, developing equations relating dipole moments to temperature and dielectric constant. In consequence, the units of molecular dipole moments are termeddebyes in his honor. Also in 1912, he extended Albert Einstein's theory of specific heat to lower temperatures by including contributions from lowfrequencyphonons. See Debye model. In 1913, he extended Niels Bohr's theory of atomic structure, introducing elliptical orbits, a concept also introduced by Arnold Sommerfeld. In 1914-1915, Deybe calculated the effect of temperature on X-ray diffraction patterns of Crystal crystalline solids with Paul Scherrer (the "DebyeWaller factor"). In 1923, together with his assistant Erich Hckel, he developed an improvement of Svante Arrhenius' theory of electrical conductivity in electrolytic solutions. Although an improvement was made to the Debye-Hckel equation in 1926 by Lars Onsager, the theory is still regarded as a major forward step in our understanding of electrolytic solutions. Also in 1923, Debye developed a theory to explain the Compton effect, the shifting of the frequency of X-rays when they interact with electrons. development of radio communication. He was born in Barrow-in-Furness, Lancashire, England. Following graduation from the Royal College of Science, London, in 1898, he became an assistant to Guglielmo Marconi, the Italian radio entrepreneur. In 1901 he received his doctorate from the Royal College of Science. Eccles was an advocate of Oliver Heaviside's theory that a conducting layer of the upper atmosphere could reflect radio waves around the curvature of the Earth, thus enabling their transmission over long distances. Originally known as the Kennelly Heaviside layer, this region of the Earth's atmosphere became known as theIonosphere. In 1912 Eccles suggested that solar radiation was responsible for the observed differences in radio wave propagation during the day and night.]He carried out experiments into atmospheric disturbances of radio waves and used wave detectors and amplifiers in his work. Eccles invented the term Diode to describe an evacuated glass tube containing two electrodes; an anode and a cathode. Following World War I Eccles' main interest was in electronic circuit development. In 1918 he worked in collaboration with F. W. Jordan to patent the flop circuit, which became the basis of electronic memory in computers. In 1919, Eccles became vice-chairman of the Imperial Wireless Committee. He helped in the design of the first long wave radio station, and became involved in the early work of the British Broadcasting

Company (later the BBC) following its establishment in 1922. William Eccles was a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS). He was President of the Physical Society from 1928 to 1930, and President of the Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE) in 1926. He died in Oxford.

previously worked at Argonne National Laboratory in Illinois. Works:

J. Gani, "Obituary: Jos Enrique Moyal," "J. Appl. Probab." 35 (1998), no. 4, 10121017. M.S. Bartlett, "Jos Enrique Moyal," "The Statistician," 48 (1998), 273274. (Bartlett acknowledges how much he gained from Moyal's wide knowledge of the European literature on probability.)

Jos Enrique Moyal (also known as Jo or Joe Moyal) (born 1 October 1910 in Jerusalem, then in the Ottoman Empire and soon to devolve to the Mandate for Palestine; died 22 May 1998 inCanberra, Australia) was a mathematical physicist who contributed to aeronautical engineering, electrical engineering and statistics, among other fields. He helped to establish the phase spaceformulation of quantum mechanics in 1949 by bringing together the ideas of Hermann Weyl, John von Neumann, Eugene Wigner, and Hip Groenewold. This formulation is statistical in nature and makes logical connections between quantum mechanics and classical statistical mechanics, enabling a natural comparison between the two formulations. Weyl quantization is a synonym for "Moyal Quantization", or "Phase Space Quantization," and largely avoids use of operators for quantum mechanical observables prevalent in the canonical formulation. Quantum-mechanical evolution in phase space is specified by a Moyal bracket. He was a professor of mathematics at Macquarie University and a colleague of John Clive Ward at the former School of Mathematics and Physics, having Louis Eugne Flix Nel ForMemRS (22 November 1904 17 November 2000) was a French physicist born in Lyon. He studied at the Lyce du Parcin Lyon and was accepted at the cole Normale Suprieure in Paris. He obtained the degree of Doctor of Science at the University of Strasbourg. He was corecipient (with the Swedish astrophysicist Hannes Alfvn) of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1970 for his pioneering studies of the magnetic properties ofsolids. His contributions to solid state physics have found numerous useful applications, particularly in the development of improved computer memory units. About 1930 he suggested that a new form of magnetic behavior might exist; called antiferromagnetism, as opposed to ferromagnetism. Above a certain temperature (the Nel temperature) this behaviour stops. Nel pointed out (1947) that materials could also exist showing ferrimagnetism. Nel has also given an explanation of the weak magnetism of certain rocks, making possible the study of the history of Earth's magnetic field.

only classical Lie group symmetries. In the 1980s he applied non-Abelian gauge theory to the analysis of magnetic monopoles. His interests encompassed the spin-statistics theorem, Kac-Moody and W-algebras, and included early contributions to the theory of noninvariance (dynamical) groups, among much else. His long and productive career in the application of symmetry methods to theoretical physics was acknowledged by the award of the Wigner Medal in August 2000.

Lochlainn ORaifeartaigh (11 March 1933 18 November 2000) was an Irish physicist of worldwide repute in the field of theoretical particle physics. He is best known for the O'Raifeartaigh Theorem, an important result in unification theory, and the O'Raifeartaigh Model of supersymmetry breaking. O'Raifeartaigh was born in Dublin in 1933, and most of his scientific career was centred around that city, where he obtained his first degrees at University College Dublin (BA in 1953 and MSc in Mathematical Physics in 1956), and spent from 1968 until his death as Senior Professor at the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. He obtained his doctorate from the University of Zurich in 1960, under Walter Heitler. He also visited many institutions, notably Madras, IHES Bures, and the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, but it was during an extended stay at Syracuse University (1964-8) that he made the discovery that established his reputation. This result, which became known as O'Raifeartaigh's no-go theorem, showed that it was impossible to combine internal and relativistic symmetries other than in a trivial fashion, thus ending a widespread quest by the particle physics community to achieve this fusion. The O'Raifeartaigh theorem was later generalized to a more famous result known as the Coleman-Mandula theorem. O'Raifeartaigh's prolific career in theoretical physics was manifested by many fundamental contributions to the application of symmetries in particle physics. In the 1970s he showed that the new supersymmetries could provide a mechanism (O'Raifeartaigh's mechanism) for circumventing his no-go theorem which had assumed John Clive Ward (August 1, 1924 May 6, 2000), was a British-Australian physicist. His most famous creation was the Ward-Takahashi identity, originally known as "Ward Identity" (or "Ward Identities"). This celebrated result, in quantum electrodynamics, was inspired by a conjecture of Dyson and was disclosed in a one-half page letter typical of Ward's succinct style. In their recent book entitled Quantum Electrodynamics, Greiner and Reinhardt state in their discussion of charge renormalization: "Yet the Ward Identity has a much more fundamental significance: it ensures the universality of the electromagnetic interaction." Andrei Sakharov classified Ward as one of the "titans" of quantum electrodynamics alongside Dyson, Feynman, Schwinger , and Tomonaga. In this regard, it has been said that physicists have made use of his principles and developments "often without knowing it, and generally without quoting him."

In a 1947 paper, published in Nature (with Maurice Pryce), Ward was the first to calculate the correlation of the quantum polarizations of two photons propagating in opposite directions. This prediction was experimentally confirmed by Wu and Shaknov in 1950. In current terminology this result corresponds to a pair of entangled photons and is directly relevant to a typical Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) paradox, or situation. He is also one of the creators of the Standard Model. His contributions were published in a series of papers co-authored with A. Salam An insightful and well documented discussion on Ward's contribution to the physics of the Standard Model is given in the recent book Cosmic Anger. In addition, he made important contributions to quantum mechanics, fermion theory, quantum solidstate physics, and statistical mechanics. He is further credited with being an early pioneer in the use of Feynman diagrams. In 1955-1956 Ward worked, at Aldermaston, on British atomic weapons and has been portrayed as the "creator of the British hydrogen bomb".This topic is discussed by historian Lorna Arnold while Ward's own account is given in his memoirs. An additional analysis on this issue is provided by one of Ward's colleagues, and friend, Richard Dalitz.