IB Chemistry BioChem WS 1 Carbon Compounds

1. What is an organic compound? 2. Besides carbon, name 3 other elements that make up most organic compounds. 3. Carbon dioxide, CO2, is NOT an organic compound. Explain why.

4. How many electrons are in the outermost energy level of carbon? How many does it need to have this energy level filled?

5. How many covalent bonds can carbon form?

6. Draw these 3 molecules and circle a single bond, double bond, and a triple bond in your drawings --- benzene, acetylene, and ethanol.

7. Explain what is meant by a functional group, & tell what effect they have on the molecules they are attached to.

8. Write the formula for these functional groups --- hydroxyl, carboxyl, phosphate group, amino group, and methyl group.

9. Hydroxyl groups attached to carbon atoms forms an _____________. 10. Name an alcohol used in humans to assemble molecules needed for life.

11. Large carbon molecules are built from smaller, simpler molecules called ____________. 12. Large carbon molecules made of monomers are called _______________. 13. What are large polymers called? 14. What type of reaction links monomers to make polymers? 15. Sketch a molecule of sucrose (table sugar) formed from condensation. Name the 2 sugars that were combined to form sucrose

16. Condensation reactions involve the removal of a molecule of ____________. 17. What reaction is used to breakdown polymers? Is water added or removed? How does this compare to condensation?

Macromolecules
18. Name the 4 main classes of macromolecules (organic molecules) & tell what 3 elements all of these contain.

Carbohydrates store energy for organisms!

19. In what ratio are hydrogen & oxygen atoms in carbohydrates? 20. In what 3 forms do carbohydrates exist?

21. What are the monomers of carbohydrates called? What is their common name? Give the ratio of carbons, hydrogens, & oxygens.

22. Name the 3 common monosaccharides.

23. Sketch & label a molecule of each of these monosaccharides. How do they compare? Write the chemical formula for all three.

24. Because all 3 simple sugars have the same chemical, but different structural formulas, they are called _______________. 25. What are double sugars called? Name & describe the process that forms them.

26. Name 3 common disaccharides and draw and label each part. How do they compare? Write the chemical formula for all three. Why are they important to the human body?

27. What forms a polysaccharide? Name a polysaccharide found in animals. Name 2 found in plants? What are their functions?

28. What chemical reaction formed these large molecule? What reaction would be needed to break these molecules? What human disorders might be caused by these?

Proteins are used to build cells, & they act as enzymes!

29. What are the 4 main elements making up proteins? How many covalent bonds does each of these elements form?

30. Sketch these two amino acids --- glycine & alanine. Circle the center carbon, place a triangle around the amino group, and put a box around the carboxyl group.

31. What are the monomers of proteins called? How many are there? Name the 4 things bonded to the center carbon of this monomer.

32. The main difference among amino acids is their ___________ group. What is the R-group on glycine? on alanine? Why is this important?

33. How does a dipeptide form? Sketch and label the dipeptide formed from glycine and alanine. What molecule had to be removed to join these 2 amino acids?

34. What do you call the covalent bonds that hold amino acids together? Put a box around these bonds and label them in the sketch you did on question 33. 35. Long chains of amino acids are called ___________________ and these join together to make a ________________.

36. Hydrogen bonding among individual amino acids in a chain cause what effect on the protein's shape?

37, What is the effect of temperature on protein shape? Give an example of this.

Lipids include fats that are used for long-term energy storage!
38. Are lipids polar or nonpolar? What happens to lipids when they are placed in water? 39. Compared to carbohydrates, what is true about the ratio of carbon & hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms? If a compound has more bonds, what can it store more of in those bonds?

40. Most lipids are made of ______________ acids. Describe their shape. What functional group is found on the head end of the molecule?

41. Sketch these 2 fatty acids --- palmitic & linoleic. Circle the carboxyl group on the "head" of the molecule. Is this end polar or nonpolar? Will this end be attracted to or repelled by water?

42. Are both ends of a fatty acid polar? Explain.

43. Hydophilic means water ___________. Which end of a fatty acid is hydrophilic. The nonpolar end of a fatty acid is said to be _______________ or "water fearing". 44. Which end of a fatty acid chain WOULD dissolve in water? Which WOULDN'T?

45. In what type of fatty acid are there only single bonds in the carbon chain? Name one such fatty acid. 46. What type of bond appears in an unsaturated fatty acid? Give an example of an unsaturated fatty acid. Go back to your fatty acid drawings in question 41 and put a box around the double bond in the unsaturated fatty acid.

47. Name the 3 groups of complex lipids. 48. What makes up a triglyceride? What is the difference between a saturated & unsaturated triglyceride?

49. What type of triglycerides tend to be solids at room temperature & why? Which are liquids & why?

50. What type of triglyceride would these substances be --- vegetable oil? butter & shortening?

51. What makes up a phospholipid? How are they different from triglycerides? What main part of a cell is made of phospholipids?

52. What is meant by a lipid bilayer? What makes this such an effective barrier between the inside & the outside of the cell? Draw and label a phospholipid bilayer.

53. What makes up steroids? To what group of organic compounds do steroids belong? How are they used in animals?

54. Name a steroid made by the body & used by nerve cells.