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Introduction
Since 1979, the United States has instituted sanctions against Iran in retaliation for the seizure of the U.S. Embassy and its staff, support of international terrorism, role in the Beirut Marine Corps barracks bombing, and its attacks on vessels during the 1984-1987 Tanker War. Over the past 15 years, concerns about Irans nuclear program are the driving factors behind efforts for tougher U.S. sanctions. These sanctions attempt to isolate Iran from the international banking and finance system, reduce Irans exports, and prevent investment in Irans oil and natural gas sector. Below is a list of the 15 most significant sanctions and actions against Iran. Key points
In 1995 President Clinton declared that Iran constitutes an extraordinary threat to national security in Executive Order 12957. 1, 2 The Iran-Libya Sanctions Act of 1996 attempts to prevent Iran from furthering its nuclear program by sanctioning non-U.S. investment in Irans energy sector. Executive Order 13382 Freezes the assets of proliferators of weapons of mass destruction and their supporters. Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act (CISADA) sanctions companies and individuals that aid Irans energy sector. Section 1245 of FY2012 National Defense Authorization Act requires the President to freeze the property of all Iranian financial institutions. Pending legislation sanctions any firm that issues sovereign debt to Iran, prohibits U.S. nuclear cooperation agreements with countries that are assisting the nuclear program of Iran, and allows the president to deny visas to Iranian senior officials.
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H.R. 2105: The Iran, North Korea, and Syria Nonproliferation Reform and Modernization Act
Date: Passed the House, has not yet passed the Senate Purposes and Actions: Prohibits U.S. nuclear cooperation agreements and related export licenses, transfers of materials, and goods and services with any country that is assisting Irans nuclear program or provides advanced conventional weapons. Directs the President to institute sanctions on foreign individuals involved with Irans nuclear or WMD program. Selected Entities Affected: None, not yet implemented
S. 1048: Iran, North Korea, and Syria Sanctions Consolidation Act of 2011
Date: Introduced to Senate Purposes and Actions: Sanctions foreign firms that participate in energy-related joint ventures with Iran outside Iranian territory. Allows the president to deny visas to senior officials of Iran, North Korea, and Syria. Provides for sanctions against any person determined to be providing or acquiring militarily useful equipment to/from Iran, North Korea, or Syria. Selected Entities Affected: None, not yet implemented
References
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. Executive orders are directives or actions by the President which are founded on the authority of the President derived from the Constitution or statute and are regarded to have the force and effect of law. http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-1995-03-17/pdf/95-6849.pdf http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-1995-03-17/pdf/95-6849.pdf http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-1995-05-09/pdf/95-11694.pdf http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/109529.pdf http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-1997-08-21/pdf/97-22482.pdf http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2000_04/irnap00 http://www.state.gov/t/isn/inksna/c28836.htm http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/135435.pdf http://www.state.gov/t/isn/c22080.htm http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RS20871.pdf http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2011/03/159309.htm For more information see: http://www.state.gov/e/eb/esc/iransanctions/docs/index.htm http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/Programs/Documents/isa.pdf http://www.iranwatch.org/government/US/Treasury/us-treasury-faqs-section1245-ndaa-021412.htm http://www.kelleydrye.com/publications/client_advisories/0722 http://www.iranwatch.org/government/US/Treasury/factsheet-neweo-020612.htm
Building a new American Arsenal The American Security Project (ASP) is a non-partisan initiative to educate the American public about the changing nature of national security in the 21st century. Gone are the days when a nations strength could be measured by bombers and battleships. Security in this new era requires a New American Arsenal harnessing all of Americas strengths: the force of our diplomacy; the might of our military; the vigor of our economy; and the power of our ideals. We believe that America must lead other nations in the pursuit of our common goals and shared security. We must confront international challenges with all the tools at our disposal. We must address emerging problems before they become security crises. And to do this, we must forge a new bipartisan consensus at home. ASP brings together prominent American leaders, current and former members of Congress, retired military officers, and former government officials. Staff direct research on a broad range of issues and engages and empowers the American public by taking its findings directly to them. We live in a time when the threats to our security are as complex and diverse as terrorism, the spread of weapons of mass destruction, climate change, failed and failing states, disease, and pandemics. The same-old solutions and partisan bickering wont do. America needs an honest dialogue about security that is as robust as it is realistic. ASP exists to promote that dialogue, to forge consensus, and to spur constructive action so that America meets the challenges to its security while seizing the opportunities the new century offers.
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