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Mar30

Design and Simulation of Half Wave Rectifier on MATLAB

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Abstract
One of the first and most widely used application of power electronic devices have been in rectification. Rectification refers to the process of converting an ac voltage or current source to dc voltage and current. Rectifiers specially refer to power electronic converters where the electrical power flows from the ac side to the dc side. In many situations the same converter circuit may carry electrical power from the dc side to the ac side where upon they are referred to as inverters. We will be Designing and Simulating single phase half wave Rectifier; commonly used rectifier circuits supplying different types of loads (resistive, inductive, capacitive, back emf type) will be presented. Contents

Introduction

Objectives of the Project.. Point of interests Circuit Description & Operation.. Mathematical Analysis. Computer simulation o Software Code o Sample Run o Outputs Circuit Outputs Block Diagram Outputs MATLAB Simulation MATLAB Simulink (Time Domain Implementation) MATLAB Simulink (Frequency Domain Implementation) Multisim Implementation

1. 2. 3. 4.

Introduction Single phase rectifiers are extensively used in a number of power electronic based converters. In most cases they are used to provide an intermediate unregulated dc voltage source which is further processed to obtain a regulated dc or ac output. They have, in general, been proved to be efficient.

Objectives of the Project:

Analyze the operation of single phase half wave rectifier supply resistive, inductive loads. Define and calculate the Performance Parameters of the rectifier. Simulate the circuit with computer software package (MATLAB) In addition to MATLAB we also simulated the project in Multisim

Points of interest in the analysis will be. Waveforms and characteristic values (average, RMS etc) of the rectified voltage and current. Influence of the load type on the rectified voltage and current.

 Reaction of the rectifier circuit upon the ac network, reactive power requirement, power factor, harmonics etc. Circuit Description & Operation: Let the source voltage vs be defined to be E*sin (wt). The source voltage is positive when 0 < wt < pi radians and it is negative when pi < wt < 2 pi radians. When vs is positive, diode D1 conducts and the voltage vc is positive. This in turn leads to diode D2 being reverse-biased during this period. During pi < wt < 2 pi the voltage vc would be negative if diode D1 tends to conduct. This means that D2 would be forwardbiased and would conduct. When diode D2 conducts, the voltage vc would be zero volts, assuming that the diode drop is negligible. Additionally when diode D2 conducts, diode D1 remains reverse-biased, because the voltage vs is negative. When the current through the inductor tends to fall, it starts acting as a source. When the inductor acts as a source, its voltage tends to forward bias diode D2 if the source voltage vs is negative and forward bias diode D1 if the source voltage vs is positive. Even when the source voltage vs is positive, the inductor current would tend to fall if the source voltage is less than the voltage drop across the load resistor. During the negative half-cycle of source voltage, diode D1 blocks conduction and diode D2 is forced to conduct. Since diode D2 allows the inductor current circulate through L, R and D2, diode D2 is called the free-wheeling diode. We can say that the current freewheels through D2.

Mathematical Analysis An expression for the current through the load can be obtained as shown below. It can be assumed that the load current flows all the time. In other words, the load current is continuous. When diode D1 conducts, the driving function for the differential equation is the sinusoidal function defining the source voltage. During the period defined by pi < wt < 2pi, diode D1 blocks current and acts as an open switch. On the other hand, diode D2 conducts during this period, the driving function can be set to be zero volts. For 0 < wt <pi, the equation (1) shown below applies. For the negative half-cycle of the source, equation (2) applies. As in the previous case, the solution is obtained in two parts. The expressions for the complementary integral and the particular integral are the same. The expression for the

complementary integral is presented by equation (3). The particular solution to the equation (1) is the steady-state response and is presented as equation (4). The total solution is the sum of both the complimentary and the particular solution. The total solution is presented as equation (5).

The difference in solution is in how the constant A in complementary integral is evaluated. In the case of the circuit without free-wheeling diode, i(0) = 0, since the current starts building up from zero at the start of every positive half-cycle. On the other hand, the current-flow is continuous when the circuit contains a free-wheeling diode also. Since the input to the RL circuit is a periodic half-sinusoid function, we expect that the response of the circuit should also be periodic. That means, the current through the load is periodic. It means that i(0) = ).i(2 Since the current through the load free-wheels during < < ) for the elapsed period in- , we get equation (6). We use ( 2 = itself, since the free-wheeling action starts at radians instead of ) from equation (7) by . From the total solution, we can get i( . To obtain A, the following steps are necessary. From = substituting the total solution, obtain an expression for i(0) by substituting 0 for in for ) by substituting . Also obtain an expression for i( ) in equation (6), obtainequation (7). Using this expression for i( ), we can obtain A from . Since i(0) = i(2 = 2) by letting i(2 equation (8). In equation (8), the terms containing constant A are grouped

on the left-hand side of equation and the other terms on the right-hand side.

The operation of the circuit can be simulated as shown below. During 0 < < , the expression for current is presented as equation (9). During < < , the expression for current is shown as2 equation (10).

Computer simulation We simulated the project using various computer simulation techniques, the soft form is also provided MATLAB Simulation Software Code: %PROJECT TITLE: %DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF HALF WAVE RECTIFIER disp(%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% POWER ELECTRONICS PROJECT %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%); disp(%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%);

disp(%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% SINGLE PHASE HALF WAVE RECTIFIER %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%); disp(%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%); disp(%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%); disp(%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%); disp(%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%); disp(ENTER REQUIRED DESIGN PARAMETERS) %PEAK VOLTAGE: Vp IN VOLTS peakV=input(ENTER PEAK VOLTAGE IN VOLTS: ); %CIRCUIT OPERATI0N FREQUENCY freq (Hz) freq=input(ENTER OPERATING FREQUENCY IN Hz: ); %LOAD INDUCTANCE L(mH) L=input(ENTER LOAD INDUCTANCE IN mH: ); %LOAD RESISTANCE R(Ohms) R=input(ENTER LOAD RESISTANCE IN ohm: ); %Setting the required parameters w=2.0*pi*freq; angle=atan(w*L/R); Idc =0.318*peakV/R; Vdc=0.318*peakV; X=w*L/1000.0; if (X<0.001) X=0.001; end; Z=sqrt(R*R+X*X); tauInv=R/X;

loadAng=atan(X/R); A1=peakV/Z*sin(loadAng); A2=peakV/Z*sin(pi-loadAng)*exp(-pi*tauInv); A3=(A1+A2)/(1-exp(-2.0*pi*tauInv)); Ampavg=0; AmpRMS=0; dccur =0; dcvolt=0; Pdc = 0; for n=1:360; theta=n/180.0*pi; X(n)=n; if (n<180) cur=peakV/Z*sin(theta-loadAng)+A3*exp(-tauInv*theta); Ampavg=Ampavg+cur*1/360; AmpRMS=AmpRMS+cur*cur*1/360; else A4=peakV/Z*sin(pi-loadAng)*exp(-(theta-pi)*tauInv); cur=A4+A3*exp(-tauInv*theta); Ampavg=Ampavg+cur*1/360; AmpRMS=AmpRMS+cur*cur*1/360; end; if (n<180) Vind(n)=peakV*sin(theta)-R*cur; Vout(n)=peakV*sin(theta);

diode2cur(n)=0; diode1cur(n)=cur; dcvolt = sqrt(Vout(n))/2; else Vind(n)=-R*cur; Vout(n)=0; diode2cur(n)=cur; diode1cur(n)=0; end Vrms=peakV/2; Irms=Vrms/R; Is1=Irms; iLoad(n)=cur; dccur = sqrt(iLoad(n))/2; end; disp(SINGLE PHASE HALF WAVE RECTIFIER PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS); Pdc = Vdc*Idc; disp(1: The Average DC Power is); disp(Pdc); Pac = Vrms*Irms; disp(2: The Average AC Power is); disp(Pac); eff=Pdc/Pac; disp(3: THE PERCENTAGE RECTIFICATION RATIO OF THE RECTIFIER); disp(eff);

Vac=sqrt(Vrms^2-Vdc^2); disp(4: The Effective Value Of AC Componenet of Output Voltage is); disp(Vac); FF=Vrms/Vdc; disp(5: The Form Factor is); disp(FF); RF=Vac/Vdc; disp(6: The Ripple Factor is); disp(RF); TUF=Pdc/(Vrms*Irms); disp(7: The Transformer Utilization Factor is); disp(TUF); DF=cos(angle); disp(8: The Displacement Factor is); disp(DF); HF=sqrt((Irms/Is1)-1); disp(9: The Harmonic Factor is); disp(HF); PF=(Is1/Irms)*cos(angle); disp(10: The Power Factor is); disp(PF); CF=peakV/(R*Irms); disp(11: The Crest Factor is); disp(CF); %Plotting Corresponding input and Output Currents and Voltages

plot(X,iLoad,m') title(The Load current) xlabel(degrees) ylabel(Amps) grid pause plot(X,Vout,r') title(Voltage at cathode) xlabel(degrees) ylabel(Volts) grid pause plot(X,Vind,b') title(Inductor Voltage) xlabel(degrees) ylabel(Volts) grid pause plot(X,diode1cur,m') title(Diode 1 current) xlabel(degrees) ylabel(Amps) grid pause plot(X,diode2cur,r')

title(Diode 2 current) xlabel(degrees) ylabel(Amps) grid Sample Run: %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% POWER ELECTRONICS PROJECT %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%% SINGLE PHASE HALF WAVE RECTIFIER %%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ENTER REQUIRED DESIGN PARAMETERS ENTER PEAK VOLTAGE IN VOLTS: 110 ENTER OPERATING FREQUENCY IN Hz: 50 ENTER LOAD INDUCTANCE IN mH: 1000 ENTER LOAD RESISTANCE IN ohm: 1000

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% OUTPUT %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% SINGLE PHASE HALF WAVE CONTROLLED RECTIFIER PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 1: The Average DC Power is 1.2236

2: The Average AC Power is 3.0250

3: The Efficiency Of Rectifier is 0.4045

4: The Effective Value Of AC Componenet of Output Voltage is 42.4429

5: The Form Factor is 1.5723

6: The Ripple Factor is 1.2133

7: The Transformer Utilization Factor is 0.4045

8: The Displacement Factor is 0.0032

9: The Harmonic Factor is 0

10: The Power Factor is 0.0032

11: The Crest Factor is 2

OUTPUTS: The Voltage waveform at output or at the cathodes of both the diodes:

The current waveform at output or Load current:

The voltage waveform across the inductor:

Diode1 current waveform:

Diode2 current waveform:

MATLAB Simulink (Time Domain Implementation) Following is the Matlab Simulink Implementation in time domain:

OUTPUTS:

The Voltage waveform at output or at the cathodes of both the diodes

The current waveform at output or Load current

The voltage waveform across the inductor

Diode1 current waveform

Diode2 current waveform MATLAB Simulink(Frequency Domain) Following is the Matlab Simulink Implementation in Frequency domain:

Output Voltage Waveform

Output Current Waveform MULTISIM Implementation:

The waveform of voltage at the Input

The waveform of voltage at the cathode of both diodes i.e. Output voltage

The waveform of voltage across the inductor

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