Analysis of Box Beams 7

WingBoxBeams
Wing,EmpennageandFuselagestructuresareessentiallybeams. LoadedinBendingShearandTorsion. CrosssectionTypicallyResemblesaBox
(Skin StringerPanelsDesign) TransportWing(Two cellbox)
TypicalWingandBodyLoads
WingDesignShearEnvelopeforstaticconditions
Wingbendingmomentenvelopeforstaticconditions
WingDesignTorsionenvelopeforStaticConditions
Bodymonocoqueverticalshearenvelope
BodymonocoqueverticalBendingMomentenvelope
BodymonocoqueTorsionenvelope
BodymonocoqueLateralshearenvelope
BodymonocoqueLateralBendingMomentenvelope
PurposeofAnalysis
Toobtainstressesduetobending StressesduetoShear StressesduetoTorsion
NeedforaBoxBeam
AsimplebeamsuchasI ResistsBending. Itisweakintorsion. A/CstructureisLoadedinTorsion. StructurerequiresadequateTorsionalStiffness.
TypesofCrossSection
UnstiffenedSingleCell TwoStringerwithStiffenedCell(LightAeroplanes) ThreestringerSingleCell(LightAeroplanes) MultistringerSingleCell(TransportThickwings) MultistringerMultiCell(MilitaryThinwings)
Assumptions
AllAssumptionsofbeamtheoryareapplicablemainly
PlanesectionsremainPlane Closelyplacedrigiddiaphragms
GeneralCharacteristicsofBoxBeams
Consistsofwideskinstringerpaneltoresistbending torsionandshear. Skinscarryalltheshear(Torsionandshear) Skinscarryverylittlecompression. Skinsexhibitpostbuckledstrength Boxsectiongenerallynotsymmetric(unsymmetricbending) Boxistaperedandmustbeconsidered.
LimitationsofBeamTheory.
Beamisnotunderpurebending Duetopresenceofshearstresses,planesectionsdonot remainplane Thisleadstoaphenomenoncalledshearlag.
ShearLageffectinawingBoxBeam
EstimationofBendingstresses.
IngeneraltheSectionisunsymmetric,hence bendingstressisobtainedfrom
Forsymmetricsection
Theprincipalstresses
SectionProperties
Themomentsofinertiaofthesectioniscomputed consideringtheskinandthestringer. Needtoaccountforskinbuckling(dependsonstress Requiresaniterativeprocedure.
IterativeProcedure
Step1Assumeskinfullyeffective(lumpskinareawithstringer) Step2ComputeIx,IzandIxz Step3Computebendingstressb Step4 Findeffectivewidth Step5 ComputeIx,IyandIxzandb Step6 RepeatSteps1to5tillconvergence
b
EstimationofShearStresses.
Shearstressduetoappliedshear Shearstressduetoappliedtorsion Shearflow=fs xt Conceptofshearflowisusedextensively.
Basicequilibriumcondition
AxialLoadandshearflowsonamember.
(qn+1qn) y =P2P1
EquilibriumEquation
Shearflowduetoshear
AlsoWrittenaswhere
ExampleofanopensectionShearflowtwocommonidealizations
Sheetcarriesbendingstress
Sheetcarriesonlyshear
Momentduetoshearflowclosedcell
BredtBathoEqn
TorqueMy appliedtoaclosedcellresultsin uniformshearflowq
TwistofaClosedCell
Shearflow Consideraunitlength
StrainenergyU=
Fromcastiglianostheorem
SinglecellBoxsubjectedtoshear
Proceduretoobtainq0 Step1Startingatanypointobtain Step2CalculatemomentMI duetoqIaboutapointO
Step3Momentduetoq0 aboutthepointisq0.2A Step4obtainq0frommomentequilibrium MI +q0.2A=VX0 Makeacuttointroduceunknownshearflowq0
ShearCenter
Iftheshearisappliedthroughshearcenterthetwistiszero Assume theshearflowq=qI +q0 isforshearthroughS.C Twist
Hence
Theshearcentermaythenbeobtainedbytakingmomentsof shearflowqaboutpointO
PointstoRemember
Shearcenterliesonanaxisofsymmetry Shearcentermaynotcoincidewithcentroid. Linejoiningshearcentersistheaxisoftwist Aircraftwingstructureisgenerallyunsysmmteric Flexuralaxisistheneutralaxis(principalaxis) Shearflowiszeroatanaxisofsymmetrywhenloadingis alsosymmetricaboutthataxis.
Dcellwithtwostringers
SectionwithGeometryandloadisshownbelow,determinethe shearstressintheskinandwebandthelocationoftheshear centerforthecell
Dcellwithtwostringers
DCellwith3Stringersection
Calculatethelineofactionoftheshearcenterforthethreestringercellas shownbelow.
SingleCellMultiStringersection
MultiCellBoxBasicPrinciple
Inamulticellboxthereareasmanyunknownshearflows astherearecells Twistcellequationsneedtobeusedtoobtainthem Twistofeachcellisequaltotwistofthebox
EquationsforTwist

LettherebeNcells MakeNcutsandobtainshearflowq1,q2qn Lettheunknownshearflowsbeq10,q20qno

Twistofanycelli= Equatingthetwistofeachcell Eqn1= 2= 3 [N1]Equations
Takingmomentofshearflowsaboutapointo Wheredspanellength, Pperpendiculardistancefromo
Withtheseequationsq10,q20.qN0 areobtained
Twocellbox
Sameexampleconsideredexceptamiddlespartomakethebox becomeatwocell(threespars)
Twocellbox
Twocellbox
Twocellbox
Twocellbox
Twocellbox
Twocellbox

Analysis of Box Beams 7

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Analysis of Box Beams 7

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WingBoxBeams

Wing,EmpennageandFuselagestructuresareessentiallybeams. LoadedinBendingShearandTorsion. CrosssectionTypicallyResemblesaBox

(Skin StringerPanelsDesign) TransportWing(Two cellbox)

Toobtainstressesduetobending StressesduetoShear StressesduetoTorsion

AsimplebeamsuchasI ResistsBending. Itisweakintorsion. A/CstructureisLoadedinTorsion. StructurerequiresadequateTorsionalStiffness.

UnstiffenedSingleCell TwoStringerwithStiffenedCell(LightAeroplanes) ThreestringerSingleCell(LightAeroplanes) MultistringerSingleCell(TransportThickwings) MultistringerMultiCell(MilitaryThinwings)

Themomentsofinertiaofthesectioniscomputed consideringtheskinandthestringer. Needtoaccountforskinbuckling(dependsonstress Requiresaniterativeprocedure.

Shearstressduetoappliedshear Shearstressduetoappliedtorsion Shearflow=fs xt Conceptofshearflowisusedextensively.

TorqueMy appliedtoaclosedcellresultsin uniformshearflowq

Proceduretoobtainq0 Step1Startingatanypointobtain Step2CalculatemomentMI duetoqIaboutapointO

Step3Momentduetoq0 aboutthepointisq0.2A Step4obtainq0frommomentequilibrium MI +q0.2A=VX0 Makeacuttointroduceunknownshearflowq0

Inamulticellboxthereareasmanyunknownshearflows astherearecells Twistcellequationsneedtobeusedtoobtainthem Twistofeachcellisequaltotwistofthebox

LettherebeNcells MakeNcutsandobtainshearflowq1,q2qn Lettheunknownshearflowsbeq10,q20qno

Takingmomentofshearflowsaboutapointo Wheredspanellength, Pperpendiculardistancefromo

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