Skeletal system I.

Functions Of Skeletal System

Support - framework that supports body and cradles its soft organs Protection -for delicate organs, heart, lungs, brain Movement - bones act as levers for muscles Mineral storage -calcium & phosphate Blood cell formation -hematopoiesis

A. Axial skeleton The axial skeleton provides: 1. structural support for the body, 2. attachment points for ligaments and muscles, and 3. Protects the brain, spinal cord and major organs of the chest. The axial skeleton includes bones of the skull, inner ear, chest and spinal column. The vertebral column

located in the mid-dorsal region behind the skull forms the endoskeleton along the longitudinal axis of the body. It consists of 9 signet ring like vertebrae and a long urostyle. the 2nd to 7th vertebrae are complete and more or less similar and hence are called typical vertebrae, while the other vertebrae differ from the typical vertebrae as well as from each other.

Atlas - articulates with the base of the skull. - is the only cervical vertebra in the frog. Frogs inner ear 1. Sound enters the ear via the tympanum located at skin level behind the eyes which is the analog of the mammalian ear drum. 2. The tympanum vibrates back and forth pushing and pulling the bone against the fluid filled sacks of the inner ear. 3. This sloshes the fluid back and forth within the inner ear tubes which house the two auditory sensory structures called the amphibian and basiler papillas. 4. This sloshing fluid bends the sensory hairs along one axis so that they can trigger neural signals which travel to the rest of the brain via the eighth nerve. 5. The Round Window at the end of the inner ear is another membrane having the purpose of "giving way" so as to allow fluid sloshing to occur. B. Appendicular Skeletal Parts of the Appendicular Skeletal System

Pectoral Girdle Forelimbs Pelvic Girdle Hind Limbs

1.

Pectoral Girdle provides a mobile connection of the upper extremity with the torso, based on the attachment of the girdle by several skeletal muscles. The landing of frogs after a leap is cushioned by this structural arrangement. Irregular Bone

Two kinds of bone of Pectoral Girdle a. 2 Main Parts:

Scapula - Shoulder Bone or Blade. Most of the Shoulder muscles are also attached to this. Largest Bone of the Pectoral Girdle Suprascapula - lateral portion or area above or on the Scapula; protection

b. Long Bone 2 Main Parts:

Clavicle Cranial portion of the Girdle, it is connection of the sternum and the scapula Procoracoid Bones L-shaped Bones; gives major support and stability to the Pectoral Girdle Forelimbs

1. 2.

Front legs; used to walk, swim and jump. Initiates the push-off of a jump. Humerus Upper Arm Bone Radioulna Lower Arm Bone Phalanges Small bones that make up the four digits of the Hand Carpals Small Bones that make up the Wrist Metacarpals Rod Shaped Bones of the Hand Pelvic girdle

3.

which on each side is made up of three fused Bones absorbs much of the impact of landing after a jump

3 parts of Pelvic girdle 1. the ilium- Long narrow bones that unite the sacral vertebral to the hip joint. 2. Ischium- small bones that form the caudal portion of the pelvic girdle 3. Pubis-forms the ventral portion of the pelvic girdle 4.

The hind limb bones like the bones of the forelimbs, follow the basic plan of a pentadactyl limb, but with the fusion of the two lower leg bones the tibia and fibulato form the tibiofibula. Unlike the forelimb, the hind limb has retained the full five digits.

Parts of hind limb bones 1. Femur the long bone in the cranial portion of the hind limb, -extends from its union with the acetabulum at the hip joint to the knee point 1. Tibio-fibula a fused bone that articulates with the femur at the knee joint proximally and with the tarsals at the ankle joint distally 2. Tarsal- two bones on each hind limb that form the elongated ankle and proximal portion of the foot

Tibiale- medial tarsal Fibulare- lateral

1. Metatarsal- the five bones of each foot that support the sole of the foot 2. Phalanges small bones that form 5 digits on each foot. 3. Frog V.S. Human (Skeleton)

The axial and appendicular both make up a frog and human's skeletal system. For a frog, the skeletal system's main function is locomotion and maintaining posture. human and frog skeletal system also protect vital organs the frog does not have any ribs whereas a human does. The frog also has less number of vertebrae, extended pelvic bones, and long bones of the hind legs. The frog skeletal system has l59 and the human has 206. The human's skeletal system is a moveable frame and is an efficient factory for producing red blood cells. The frog's skeletal system also produces red blood cell and all their bones are covered with a membrane called the periosteum from which they get their circulation nerves.

Comparison of number of bones in frog to number of bones in a human: Frog / Man Skull: 33 / 22 Middle ear: 2 / 6 Hyoid: 1 / 1 Vertebrae: 9 / 26 Urostyle: 1 / none Sternum: 1 / 1 Ribs: None / 24 Pectoral Girdle: 8 / 4 Forelimbs: 46 / 6 Pelvic Girdle: 6 / 2 Hind limbs: 52 / 60 .